Freshwater Shrimp Research Articles

Nutritional components of five main products of freshwater shrimp in Anhui Province

To analyze and evaluate the nutritional composition of five main products of freshwater shrimp including crawfish, river prawn, macrobrachium, freshwater shrimp, exopalaemon modestus in Anhui Province. Conventional and biochemical analytical method were used to detect the moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, amino acid, fatty acid, minerals and vitamin. The contents of crude protein, crude fat, ash of the five freshwater shrimp were 13. 9-20. 8 g/100 g edible, 0. 6-2. 2 g/100 g edible, 1. 5-4. 1 g/100 g edible, respectively. A total of 18 amino acids were detected, the content of which were 11600-18600 mg/100 g edible. The amount of nine essential amino acid was measured to be 5336-9342 mg/100 g edible. The main restrictive amino acids in the five kinds of shrimps were methionine and cysteine, threonine and valine. The essential amino acid indexes in five kinds of shrimps(EAAI) were 39. 62 and 31. 81, 28. 65, 44. 85, and 33. 48, respectively. Fourteen types of fatty acid were detected. The total content of fatty acid was 287-1851 mg/100 g edible. The monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA) and the polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) were 12-234 mg/100 g edible, 164-377 mg/100 g edible, respectively. Nine minerals were detected which including five microelements and four microelements. The content of calcium in river prawn, macrobrachium and exopalaemon modestus was higher than that in crawfish and freshwater shrimp. The content of phosphorus, kalium, sodium, magnesium in five freshwater shrimp were 221-296 mg/100 g edible, 196-278 mg/100 g edible, 120. 7-202. 7 mg/100 g edible, 37-95 mg/100 g edible, respectively. The content of iron, manganese, cuprum in crawfish were higher than the others. The content of zinc in river prawn and exopalaemon modestus was high. Moreover, the vitamin B_2 and E were also detected in five freshwater shrimp. The content of vitamin B_2 and E were 0. 02-0. 07 mg/100 g edible and 1. 61-3. 30 mg/100 g edible. Five main products of freshwater shrimp in Anhui belong to super nutritional value food which contained high protein, variety of amino acid, low fat, a certain amount of vitamin B_2 and E, rich in minerals.

Predators affect temperature responses of freshwater shrimp metabolism

![Figure][1] Three freshwater shrimp ( Gammarus minus ), showing the dramatic size difference between the smallest and largest. Photo credit: Douglas Glazier. At first glance, the fact that large animals have higher metabolic rates makes sense, but when you look at the metabolic rates of

Transcriptome analysis of the Macrobrachium nipponense hepatopancreas provides insights into immunoregulation under Aeromonas veronii infection

The oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense is a commercially important freshwater shrimp that is widely farmed in China. Aeromonas veronii is a conditional pathogen of farmed shrimp, which has caused huge economic losses to the industry. Therefore, there is urgency to study the host-pathogen interactions between M. nipponense and A. veronii to screen individuals with antimicrobial resistance. In this study, we examined the hepatopancreas of moribund M. nipponense infected with A. veronii and healthy individuals at both the histopathological and transcriptomic levels. We showed that A. veronii infection resulted in tubular necrosis of the M. nipponense hepatopancreas. Such changes likely affect assimilation, storage, and excretion by the hepatopancreas, which could ultimately affect the survival and growth of infected individuals. Among the 61,345 unigenes obtained through RNA sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly, 232 were differentially expressed between the two groups. KEGG and GO analyses revealed that these differentially expressed genes were implicated in pathways, including PPAR, PI3K/AKT, and AMPK signaling. The results of this study will contribute to an analysis of the immune response of M. nipponense to A. veronii infection at the transcriptomic level. Furthermore, the RNA-seq data generated here provide an important genomic resource for research on M. nipponense in the absence of a reference genome.

Postembryonic development and differentiation of the midgut in the freshwater shrimp Neocaridina davidi (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Decapoda) larvae.

Neocaridina davidi is a freshwater shrimp that originates from Taiwan and is commonly bred all over the word. Like all decapods, which develop indirectly, this species has pelagic larvae that may differ entirely in their morphology and habits from adult specimens. To fill a gap of knowledge about the developmental biology of freshwater shrimps we decided to document the 3D-localization of the midgut inside the body cavity of larval stages of N. davidi using X-ray microtomography, and to describe all structural and ultrastructural changes of the midgut epithelium (intestine and hepatopancreas) which occur during postembryonic development of N. davidi using light and transmission electron microscopy. We laid emphasis on stem cell functioning and cell death processes connected with differentiation. Our study revealed that while the intestine in both larval stages of N. davidi has the form of a fully developed organ, which resembles that of adult specimens, the hepatopancreas undergoes elongation and differentiation. E-cells, which are midgut stem cells, due to their proliferation and differentiation are responsible for the above-mentioned processes. Our study revealed that apoptosis is a common process in both larval stages of N. davidi in the intestine and proximal region of the hepatopancreas. In zoea III, autophagy as a survival factor is activated in order to protect cells against their death. However, when there are too many autophagic structures in epithelial cells, necrosis as passive cell death is activated. The presence of all types of cell death in the midgut in the zoea III stage confirms that this part of the digestive tract is fully developed and functional. Here, we present the first description of apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis in the digestive system of larval stages of Malacostraca and present the first description of their hepatopancreas elongation and differentiation due to midgut stem cell functioning.

Digestibility of Local Feed Ingredients in Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Juveniles, Determined on Faeces Collected by Siphoning or Stripping

Eight locally available protein source ingredients in Tanzania were selected for assessment of apparent digestibility (AD) in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, using faeces samples collected by siphoning or stripping. The selected protein source ingredients were Lake Victoria sardines (FM), brewers spent yeast (BSY), moringa leaves (ML), freshwater shrimp (FSH), marine shrimp (MSH), cattle blood (CB), duckweed (DW) and fish frames (FF). The AD (%) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) was unaffected (p > 0.782–0.901) by the faeces collection method (i.e., siphoning or stripping), with correlation coefficient (r) of 0.98, 0.99 and 0.93 between AD values for DM, OM and CP, respectively, following siphoning and stripping. The AD (%) of DM, OM, CP and gross energy (GE) in the test ingredients differed (p < 0.0001). The AD (%) of DM and OM was lowest in BSY and DW, followed in increasing order by ML, MSH, FF, FSH and CB. In general, the AD (%) of CP was high (>76%), but with a low value (46%) for DW. The AD (%) of GE was closely correlated (r = 0.96) with the AD of OM. In conclusion, FSH, MSH, CB, FF, BSY and ML have acceptable protein digestibility to be used in tilapia diet formulation.

The aquaculture of Acipenseriformes. Part 6. Northern and South America

The history and contemporary state of global aquaculture of sturgeons and paddlefish are reviewed. The paddlefish Polyodon spathula became first object of cultivation of Acipenseriformes in USA. The paddlefish has high rate of growth in ponds using natural feeds, mature females can produce about 15% of their body weight in roe similar to eggs of star sturgeon Acipenser stellatus. Some liabilities include juveniles vulnerable to bird predation, poor tolerance to high densities, low oxygen and handling stress, waiting period of at least 7 years before females produce eggs. The paddlefish farming is carried out mainly in Kentucky, Indiana, Missouri and Alabama in polyculture with canal catfish Ictalurus punctatus or freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The most important object of North-American sturgeon breeding is white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus, the biggest and fast-growing species of Acipenser genera. The largest commercial sturgeon farms are located in California, Idaho and Florida. A research program on biotechnology of white sturgeon farming has been initiated by the University of California at Davis in December 1979. The first successful artificial propagation of white sturgeon from Sacramento River was carried out in 1980, the first hatchery females matured in 1994. The hatchery progeny of Snake River white sturgeon was received in 1988, the first females matured in 2000. The first caviar was processed only after maturation of second generation. In Florida and North Carolina farmers used for cultivation small number of Russian sturgeon A. gueldenstaedti, Siberian sturgeon A. baeri, sterlet A. ruthenus, beluga Huso huso and star sturgeon A. stellatus. The total annual volume of sturgeon farming in USA was equal to 1285 tons (1166 MT). In Canada the only object of sturgeon farming is white sturgeon with annual production near 2 tons of caviar. In South America Uruguay has developed sturgeon culture with one large farm created in 1994 using help of Russian specialists.

A visual indicator based on curcumin with high stability for monitoring the freshness of freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Abstract An ink-free printing method of multifunction pH indicator was provided based on agar and polyvinyl alcohol (AP) incorporated with curcumin for monitoring shrimp freshness. The physical properties results showed that the addition of curcumin increased elongation at break of hydrogel films from 47.02% to 68.69% but reduced their water content. The curcumin film showed a greater colorimetric stability at 4 °C which ΔE value was 3.93. The hydrogel film exhibited obvious color changes to ammonia while the electrochemical writing pattern was well-stable acts as a reference. Meanwhile, the intelligent indicator presented the highly color change from yellow to red with the increasing of shrimp storage time. Last but not the least, the printed information not only provides the basic information of packaging (production date, shelf-life, etc.) but also has the reference function for indicators.

Influence of ontogenetic stages and seasonality on the diet of the longtail knifefish Sternopygus macrurus (Gymnotiformes, Sternopygidae) in a large Neotropical river

ABSTRACT The longtail knifefish Sternopygus macrurus is widely distributed in Neotropical regions, but because of its activity pattern, low recruitment, and ability to hide make it difficult to capture. Records of this species are rarely included in natural history and ecology studies. We studied the influence of both ontogenetic stages and seasonality on the diet of S. macrurus in the São Francisco River, using structure and proprieties trophic webs analysis. A total of 11 items were identified in the diet of 62 S. macrurus specimens: eight in juveniles, 10 in adults, 10 in the dry season, and eight in the rainy season. The trophic webs produced for adults and for the rainy season were more complex, showing a greater number of nodes, links, and link densities in relation to juveniles and for the dry season. However, Decapoda (i.e. freshwater shrimp) was the most important food item regardless of ontogenetic stage or season. This contrasts with previous reports of a predominantly piscivorous diet in S. macrurus. We have identified food plasticity for S. macrurus, suggesting that this species is opportunistic.

Mitogenome phylogenetics in the genus Palaemon (Crustacea: Decapoda) sheds light on species crypticism in the rockpool shrimp P. elegans.

The genus Palaemon comprises worldwide marine and freshwater shrimps and prawns, and some of them are ecologically or commercially important species. Palaemon is not currently a monophyletic group, so phylogenetics and systematics are constantly changing. Species crypticism has been pointed out in several Palaemon species, being the clearest evidence in the European rockpool shrimp P. elegans. Here we sequenced and described seven European Palaemon mitochondrial genomes. The mitochondrial protein-coding genes were used, along with those of three other Palaemon species, to perform mitogenome phylogenetic analyses to clarify the evolutionary relationships within the genus, and particularly to shed light on the cryptic species found within P. elegans. The Messinian Salinity Crisis (5.3-5.9 Ma, late Miocene) was proposed to be the origin of this cryptic species and it was used as aged constraint for calibration analysis. We provide the largest and the first time-calibrated mitogenome phylogeny of the genus Palaemon and mitogenome substitution rate was estimated (1.59% per million years) in Decapoda for the first time. Our results highlighted the need for future systematics changes in Palaemon and crypticism in P. elegans was confirmed. Mitochondrial genome and cox1 (1.41%) substitution rate estimates matched those published elsewhere, arguing that the Messinian Salinity Crisis was a plausible event driving the split between P. elegans and its cryptic species. Molecular dating suggested that Pleistocene glaciations were likely involved in the differentiation between the Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of P. elegans. On the contrary, the divergence between the Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of the common littoral shrimp P. serratus was greater and dated to be much older (4.5-12.3 Ma, Plio-Miocene), so we considered that they could represent two separated species. Therefore, species crypticism in the genus Palaemon seems to be a common phenomenon.

Effects of Dietary Potassium Diformate on Growth Performance, the Relationship between Fish Length and Weight, Feed Conversion and Survival Rate of Giant Freshwater Shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

This study was purposed to determine the optimal dose addition of potassium diformate to commercial feed to increase the growth of giant freshwater shrimp. The method employed in this study was an experimental method, embracing application of a Randomized Block Design (RBD) method. It consists of four treatments and four replications. The treatments was based on the difference of potassium diformate amount in which given to giant freshwater shrimp. The difference of potassium diformate amount was 0% (control), 1%, 3%, and 5%. The sample of study used giant freshwater shrimp with a length of 4 - 6 cm. The samples were obtained from the Giant freshwater Shrimp Breeding Center, Pamarican, West Java Province. The shrimp were kept in 16 nets in a density of 20 shrimps and the size of the net cage is about 1 m3. The parameters observed in this research were daily growth rate, feed efficiency, the relation between length and weight, survival rate (analyzed using ANOVA with p < 0,05), and water quality. The sampling was made every 10 days. The results showed that the addition of potassium diformate by 1% gave the best result of daily growth rate of 1.86% ± 0.60, feed efficiency value of 19% ± 1.91, survival rate of 92% with net profit Rp. 67.160.- and for the length and weight relationship has a value of b> 3 which means that it has positive allometry along with water quality parameters regarded to SNI (Indonesian national standard).

Enterobacter cloacae: A probable etiological agent associated with slow growth in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Macrobrachium rosenbergii, the giant freshwater prawn, is an economically crucial freshwater shrimp that has been severely affected by slowing growth in recent years. In Gaoyou County, Jiangsu Province, China, Enterobacter cloacae infection frequently occurs in M. rosenbergii hatcheries, and E. cloacae has been detected with high prevalence in slow-growing prawns. In this study, the growth of prawns was found to be significantly reduced after E. cloacae infection. In addition, under co-culture of healthy and slow-growing prawns, slow-growing prawns were infectious and able to cause the slow growth of healthy prawns. The expression of growth-related genes after E. cloacae infection was analyzed, and differential expression of growth-related genes between slow-growing and healthy prawns was investigated. The results showed that the expression of CHIT3, Cat, JHEH, EcR, and RXR was downregulated after E. cloacae infection and that of EcR was upregulated after E. cloacae infection. Similarly, the expression of CHIT3, Cat, JHEH, EcR, and RXR was downregulated in slow-growing prawns compared to that in healthy prawns, and that of EcR was upregulated in slow-growing prawns compared to that in healthy prawns. The present results reveal a high prevalence of E. cloacae in slow-growing M. rosenbergii and suggest that this pathogen is the probable cause of the slow growth in M. rosenbergii.

Solomon’s Gold Mine: Description or redescription of 24 species of Caridina (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) freshwater shrimps from the Solomon Islands, including 11 new species.

Following recent (2014–2017) collections made in the Solomon Islands by the MNHN and the NGO ESSI, we provide a checklist of the species of amphidromous freshwater shrimps of the genus Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 from this region. Using morphological as well as molecular data in an integrative taxonomic perspective, we found a total of 24 species, including 11 new for science, that are described or re-described, illustrated and discussed in relation to their habitat and distribution. Newly described species are Caridina barakoma sp. nov., C. choiseul sp. nov., C. intermedia sp. nov., C. maeana sp. nov., C. nana sp. nov., C. piokerai sp. nov., C. pisuku sp. nov., C. paratypus sp. nov., C. poarae sp. nov., C. sikipozo sp. nov. and C. turipi sp. nov. Caridina gueryi Marquet, Keith & Kalfatak, 2009 is re-validated as a species distinct from C. buehleri Roux, 1934. Lectotypes are designated for C. mertoni Roux, 1911 and C. papuana Nobili, 1905. Diagnoses for 6 informative species groups are provided: C. brevicarpalis group, C. gracilirostris group, C. nilotica group, C. typus group, C. serratirostris group and C. weberi group. A map of the species distribution in the Solomon Islands, as well as the phylogenetic relationships between the species and their relatives, are provided.

Effect of Addition of Cod Liver Oil in the Commercial Feed Protein Retention and Retention Energy Meat Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

Prawns (Macrobrachiumrosenbergii) is one of the freshwater shrimp species native to Indonesia. Shrimp prawns are the most popular of all freshwater shrimp because of its large size and has a high economic value in both domestic market and abroad. Problems commonly encountered in the cultivation of prawns currently includes several factors such as water quality, disease and feed. Efforts that can be done is by feeding in sufficient quantity and quality and not excessive is a very decisive factor. Technical constraints on the level of farmers are limited in supply mains quality. Therefore, efforts are needed to tackle these problems by managing the stock of prawns parents. This study aims to determine the addition of cod liver oil on a commercial feed can increase protein retention and energy retention prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). This research was carried out experimentally with a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments were given a dose of cod liver oil 0% (control), and the treatment 1-4 using a 3% increase each treatment dose. Analysis of data using ANOVA followed by Duncan test. Based on the research results giving cod liver oil on a commercial feed effect on increasing protein retention and energy retention of lobster meat. Retention of the best protein found in 4 treatments with a dose of 12%, while the retention of the best energy contained in the second treatment with a dose of 6%.

Antimicrobial properties of chitosan extracted from freshwater shrimp (Astacus leptodactylus) caught from Aras Lake

Antimicrobial properties of chitosan extracted from freshwater shrimp (Astacus leptodactylus) caught from Aras Lake

Differences in the cnidomes and toxicities of the oral arms of two commercially harvested rhizostome jellyfish species in Thailand

AbstractIn Thailand, two species of rhizostome jellyfish, Rhopilema hispidum and Lobonemoides robustus, are commercially harvested. The cnidomes, nematocyst size and toxicities were compared between these species. Rhopilema hispidum and L. robustus each had four types of nematocysts on their oral arms. For R. hispidum, these nematocyst types included two types of isorhiza and two types of rhopaloid, while in L. robustus, there were three types of isorhiza and one type of rhopaloid. For R. hispidum, tubule lengths of the largest nematocyst type (large round isorhiza; mean ± SD = 313.8 ± 62.2 μm) were significantly longer than those of L. robustus (large ellipsoid rhopaloid; 162.1 ± 38.5 μm). Using the freshwater shrimp, Palaemon paucidens, in a bioassay, we determined that the lethal nematocyst concentrations for R. hispidum and L. robustus were 5705.3 ± 1118.1 and 3408.3 ± 1032.9 unit g−1 wet weight, respectively, and that these concentrations were significantly higher in the former than in the latter.

Identification of candidate loci for adaptive phenotypic plasticity in natural populations of spadefoot toads.

Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to alter their phenotype in direct response to changes in the environment. Despite growing recognition of plasticity's role in ecology and evolution, few studies have probed plasticity's molecular bases—especially using natural populations. We investigated the genetic basis of phenotypic plasticity in natural populations of spadefoot toads (Spea multiplicata). Spea tadpoles normally develop into an “omnivore” morph that is favored in long‐lasting, low‐density ponds. However, if tadpoles consume freshwater shrimp or other tadpoles, they can alternatively develop (via plasticity) into a “carnivore” morph that is favored in ephemeral, high‐density ponds. By combining natural variation in pond ecology and morph production with population genetic approaches, we identified candidate loci associated with each morph (carnivores vs. omnivores) and loci associated with adaptive phenotypic plasticity (adaptive vs. maladaptive morph choice). Our candidate morph loci mapped to two genes, whereas our candidate plasticity loci mapped to 14 genes. In both cases, the identified genes tended to have functions related to their putative role in spadefoot tadpole biology. Our results thereby form the basis for future studies into the molecular mechanisms that mediate plasticity in spadefoots. More generally, these results illustrate how diverse loci might mediate adaptive plasticity.

Фактологическое обеспечение практик повышения эффективности выращивания тропических пресноводных видов

The article describes the possibility to grow tropical freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (Von Martens, 1868) and shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) 
 in the climatic conditions of the Astrakhan region during 3-5 months, with further wintering in the ponds of fish farms. To achieve the maximum effect of the semi-intensive and intensive cultivation conditions it is necessary to apply additional feeding, observe the norms of seeding density and the diets of crustaceans. In two series of experimental works conducted in 2019-2020 on the base of Astrakhan State Technical University and a small innovative enterprise Modern Fishbreeding Complex Sharapovsky there was studied the method of increasing the biological and aquaculture potential of fast-growing tropical freshwater crayfish and shrimps by adjusting feed diets, chilled wet feed, and native formula feed based on feed components of local raw materials. Salicornia perennans Willd, a halophyte plant, was introduced into the formulation for the first time. As a result of experimental works the recommendations on semi-intensive and intensive cultivation of tropical freshwater species have been formulated, the possibility of increasing biological and aquaculture productivity of grown objects has been considered, which is recorded in the fish-biological standards and general management processes.

Breeding and life cycle of the ornamental freshwater shrimpNeocaridina davidiin a biofilm‐based culture system

Breeding and life cycle of the ornamental freshwater shrimp<i>Neocaridina davidi</i>in a biofilm‐based culture system

Identification of Functional SSR Markers in Freshwater Ornamental Shrimps Neocaridina denticulata Using Transcriptome Sequencing.

The amazing colors and patterns are fascinating characteristics in all of the aquarium species. However, genetic and breeding molecular investigations of ornamental shrimps are rather limited. Here, we present the first transcriptomic analysis and application of microsatellites based on the chromatophore-encoded genes of Neocaridina denticulata to assist freshwater ornamental shrimp germplasm enhancement and its extensive applications. A total of 65,402 unigenes were annotated, and 4706 differentially expressed genes were screened and identified between super red shrimp and chocolate shrimp strains. Several gene ratios were examined to put in perspective possible genetic markers for the different strains of normal pigmentation development, including flotillin-2-like, keratin, the G protein-coupled receptor Mth2-like, annexin A7, and unconventional myosin-IXb-like. Five simple sequence repeat markers were effective for colored shrimps and were used to develop a marker-assisted selection platform for systematic breeding management program to maintain genetic diversity of the species. These markers could also be used to assist the identification of pure strains and increase the genetic stability of ornamental shrimp color phenotypes. Consequently, our results of microsatellite marker development are valuable for assisting shrimp genetic and selection breeding studies on freshwater ornamental shrimp and related crystal shrimp species.

Freshwater shrimp farm monitoring system for Bangladesh based on internet of things

SummaryThe freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) fisheries sector is of vital significance to the economy of Bangladesh. This sector plays an important role in supplying nutrition, employment creation, poverty alleviation, and overseas currency acquisition. Rapid population growth, environmental pollution, and global warming are reducing the production level of the fisheries (freshwater shrimp) sector. There are various environmental metrics, such as acidity and salinity level of water, turbidity, dissolved oxygen level, and so on, which play a vital role in the effective production of shrimps. It is hence paramount environmental and production parameters be constantly monitored to ensure quality in the production chain. Nevertheless, old‐fashioned (ie, manual) monitoring systems are cumbersome, time‐consuming, and never performed in real time. Therefore, a constant and computerized monitoring system is the only way to handle those metrics efficiently and in real time. In order to address these problems, a real‐time freshwater shrimp farm monitoring system is presented in this article. This monitoring system integrates technologies such as microcontroller‐based physical devices, internet of things, and web applications, that allow users to remotely monitor a shrimp farm, as well as to receive alerts when an out‐of‐range water parameter (ie, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity level, and turbidity of water) is detected. The physical implementation of this system consists of a set of sensors that allow for collecting data about the water metrics of shrimp farm. This system was evaluated to test its effectiveness in terms of the size, weight, and the percentage of survival of the shrimp achieved when the shrimp culture pond is monitored by this system.