Indian Freshwater Fish Research Articles

Morphological and molecular characterization of Henneguya bicaudi n. sp. (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) infecting gills of Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) in Harike Wetland, Punjab (India).

In the present study, Henneguya bicaudi n. sp. infecting gills of Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) an Indian major carp from Harike Wetland in Punjab, India, has been described on the basis of myxospore morphology and partial amplification of the SSU rRNA gene. The pseudocysts of H. bicaudi n. sp. were located within the gill filament, whitish with round to irregular outer margin and 0.5-0.7 mm in diameter, 3-4 pseudocysts each containing about 50-100 myxospores were detected per gill. Mature myxospores were oblongate, 21.0 × 6.2 μm had a caudal appendage bifurcating into two thin thread-like branches starting posterior to middle of its length. The two equal polar capsules were 3.14 × 2.02 μm. The present species was compared morphologically with 21 species of the genus Henneguya infecting fresh water fishes in India and related geographical area. H. bicaudi n. sp. differed in having a peculiar oblongate shape and size of the myxospore, equal polar capsules, and also by the location of the point of bifurcation of the caudal appendage. 18S rDNA sequences of H. bicaudi n. sp. obtained revealed 96% homogeneity with H. pseudorhinogobi (Kageyama et al., Fish Sci 75:657-663, 2009) infecting gill filaments of Rhinogobius sp. (Rutter, PANS Philad 56-90, 1897) in Japan. The intensity of infection was determined by the gill pseudocyst index (GPI) based on the number of countable pseudocysts by stereo zoom trinocular microscopy per gill (on one side).

Monogenoidea on Exotic Indian Freshwater Fish. 3. Are Indian Guidelines for Importation of Exotic Aquarium Fish Useful and can they be Implemented; The Case of Neotropical Gussevia spiralocirra Kohn and Paperna, 1964

Gussevia spiralocirra , a Neotropical parasitic monogenoid (Platyhelminthes), has been recorded from the type host, freshwater angelfish Pterophyllum scalare (Cichlidae), collected from the post-quarantine populations in local aquarium markets of Lucknow and Itanagar, India. The finding establishes India as a geographical distribution record for G. spiralocirra , and more importantly, reveals a potentially serious breach of quarantine regulations of the country. The present communication provides a summary assessment of existing Indian guidelines for importation of exotic aquarium fish and highlights some of its major shortcomings.

The systematic status of Piscinema barakensis [sic] Gambhir et Ng, 2014 and Rhabdochona carpiae Nimbalkar, Deolalikar et Kamtikar, 2013, two nematodes recently described from freshwater fishes in India.

Based on the original description, the nematode genus Piscinema Gambhir et Ng, 2014 and its type species, P. barakensis [sic] Gambhir et Ng, 2014 (probably a misidentified physalopterid larvae), are removed from the Philometridae, where they were allocated; they are considered a genus inquirendum and incertae sedis and a species inquirenda, respectively. The poorly described nematode Rhabdochona carpiae Nimbalkar, Deolalikar et Kamtikar, 2013 (Rhabdochonidae) appears largely fabricated and is regarded a species dubia.

Unraveling the sequence information in COI barcode to achieve higher taxon assignment based on Indian freshwater fishes

Efficacy of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) DNA barcode in higher taxon assignment is still under debate in spite of several attempts, using the conventional DNA barcoding methods, to assign higher taxa. Here we try to understand whether nucleotide and amino acid sequence in COI gene carry sufficient information to assign species to their higher taxonomic rank, using 160 species of Indian freshwater fishes. Our results reveal that with increase in the taxonomic rank, sequence conservation decreases for both nucleotides and amino acids. Order level exhibits lowest conservation with 50% of the nucleotides and amino acids being conserved. Among the variable sites, 30–50% were found to carry high information content within an order, while it was 70–80% within a family and 80–99% within a genus. High information content shows sites with almost conserved sequence but varying at one or two locations, which can be due to variations at species or population level. Thus, the potential of COI gene in higher taxon assignment is revealed with validation of ample inherent signals latent in the gene.

A Review on Status, Potentials, Threats and Challenges of the Fish Biodiversity of West Bengal

Explorations and germplasm inventories of fish biodiversity in the aquatic water bodies of India are being progressively updated and analysed with several new discoveries however; a well-defined number of existing fish species at regional/state level remains to be determined. Of the total freshwater fish diversity of the country, imperilment ranges from 10-13% indicates widespread and pervasive degradation of aquatic freshwater fish habitats. The State of West Bengal is endowed with 7.5% of the water resource of the country and that is becoming increasingly scarce with the uncontrolled growth of population, expansion of irrigation network and developmental needs. Concern over declining harvests and an obvious reduction in biodiversity of fish species has led to a more holistic approach to fisheries management and research. The state is endowed with vast aquatic resources in the form of rivers, ponds/tanks, reservoir, beel and boar, brackish water fishery and also predominated by several wetlands. Perusal of literature reveals that several scattered information on fish biodiversity of West Bengal is available. In the present review, altogether, 190 native freshwater fish species were recorded from the West Bengal contributing nearly 23% of the Indian freshwater fishes. The presented review highlighted a concise review of Indian fish biodiversity, analyse the threats, challenges, conservation programmes and offer hope for the future of the nation’s imperilled freshwater fish sustainability of the West Bengal. Conserving the biodiversity of these fishes and at the same time managing their exploitation in a sustainable way is a difficult exercise. The diverse assemblages of freshwater species of the state should be targeted by all who have a stake in our freshwater heritage. This paper highlights the pattern of freshwater fish biodiversity in many perspectives, utilization, threats and discusses the management strategies to be implemented for the conservation of freshwater fish diversity in the state.

Histopathological Studies on Nitrite Toxicity to Freshwater Fish, Cirrhinus Mrigala

Nitrite is an intermediate component of nitrogenous compound and is a naturally occurring inorganic salt found in industrial effluent as a by product of corrosion inhibitors, production of explosives and used extensively in agriculture for crop fertilization. When used at low doses nitrite is toxic. The effect of nitrite on histopathological parameters were evaluated exposing Indian freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala to a sublethal concentration of nitrite (28.31) ppm for different periods from 7 th to 35 th days. Exposure of fish to nitrite showed changes. During 7 th day exposure, in sublethal treatment, the tubular epithelial cells of the kidney exhibited pyknotic and karyohectic nuclei and distrupted luminal surface was observed. Further the kidney showed tubular necrosis, hyaline droplets degeneration, and renal tubular separation as the exposure period extended (14 th and 21 st days). At the end of 20 th day, kidney showed marked contraction of glomeruli, dissolution of lymphoidal tissues and its replacement of blood forming sinuses, leading to formation of cellular debris, tubular necrosis and renal tubular separation. At the end of exposure period (35 th day), kidney appeared spongy and friable; the glomeruli were conspicuously shrunken and collapsed, pyknotic nucleus in tubules, coagulative necrosis, nuclear pycnosis, renal tubular separation and hyaline droplets degeneration.In control fish, the histology showed normal disposition of renal tubules, glomeruli and interspersed lymphoid tissue. In acute treatment (24h) the glomeruli of kidney contracted markedly resulting in a wide gap between the capsular walls, extensive degeneration of lymphoid tissue and nephric tubules were noticed

An assessment of the DNA barcodes of Indian freshwater fishes

Freshwater fishes in India are poorly known and plagued by many unresolved cryptic species complexes that masks some latent and endemic species. Limitations in traditional taxonomy have resulted in this crypticism. Hence, molecular approaches like DNA barcoding, are needed to diagnose these latent species. We have analyzed 1383 barcode sequences of 175 Indian freshwater fish species available in the databases, of which 172 sequences of 70 species were generated. The congeneric and conspecific genetic divergences were calculated using Kimura's 2 parameter distance model followed by the construction of a Neighbor Joining tree using the MEGA 5.1. DNA barcoding principle at its first hand approach, led to the straightforward identification of 82% of the studied species with 2.9% (S.E=0.2) divergence between the nearest congeners. However, after validating some cases of synonymy and mislabeled sequences, 5% more species were found to be valid. Sequences submitted to the database under different names were found to represent single species. On the other hand, some sequences of the species like Barilius barna, Barilius bendelisis and Labeo bata were submitted to the database under a single name but were found to represent either some unexplored species or latent species. Overall, 87% of the available Indian freshwater fish barcodes were diagnosed as true species in parity with the existing checklist and can act as reference barcode for the particular taxa. For the remaining 13% (21 species) the correct species name was difficult to assign as they depicted some erroneous identification and cryptic species complex. Thus, these barcodes will need further assay and inclusion of barcodes of more specimens from same and sister species.

Conservation of freshwater habitats and fishes in the Western Ghats of India

The Western Ghats, India, present a series of challenges and opportunities for novel approaches to conservation. Running parallel to the coast of the Indian Peninsula, the Ghats represent the western edge of the Deccan Plateau and traverse 1400 km over six states, giving rise to rivers that drain over a third of the country. A global biodiversity hotspot with varied topography housing diverse ecological niches, the Western Ghats present significant challenges to, and opportunities for, conservation. Dense human habitation near river systems and dependence on freshwater resources for livelihoods make it difficult to establish protected areas. Freshwater fishes in this region account for c. 40% of the freshwater fishes in India and around 189 species are endemic to the Western Ghats. All the usual threats to the fishes and their habitats are present, and the freshwater fishes of the Western Ghats are of great social and economic importance to the local community. Zoos, aquariums and the general public can play a role in conservation efforts through education and research. Utilizing traditional customs already in place, such as water bodies in the vicinity of temples where no fishing occurs, in conjunction with ecotourism and more modern technologies, such as live gene banks and cryopreservation, may ease the burden on the freshwater habitats and fishes in the region.

Length-weight relationships (LWRs) of 12 Indian freshwater fish species from an un-impacted tropical river of Central India (River Ken)

Summary The length–weight relationships (LWRs) were studied of 441 fish individuals covering six families, eight genera and 12 freshwater species (L. dyochilus, L. calbasu, L. gonius, L. fimbriatus, P. sarana, L. boggut, C. mrigala, W. attu, B. bagarius, E. vacha, N. notopterus and S. aor) captured in the River Ken (tributary of the Yamuna River) from December 2007 to January 2009. The b value ranged from 3.52 for Cirrihinus mrigala, to 2.11 for Labeo gonius, with a mean of 3.03 at p < 0.001 for all species. The present observations are significant for conservation and management because the Ken River has been approved under India’s first interlinking plan with the River Betwa. The objective was to evaluate the LWRs of the freshwater fish species of an unimpacted and understudied river, which serves as a baseline for comparison to other relatively altered tropical Indian rivers.

Ribosomal DNA and morphological analysis of Dactylogyrus species from freshwater fishes of India

Dactylogyrus species (Dactylogyrideae: Monogenea) are a group of monogenean gill parasites these parasites are highly host specific to freshwater fish of family Cyprinidae. A method is presented for the isolation and morphometric analysis of hamuli marginal hooks and bars form individual dactylogrids monogenoidea using phase contrast microcopy and camera lucida drawing, while simultaneously processing for rDNA analysis using the polymerase chain reaction. The identification and taxonomy of the worms in question was done by the morphometrical methods and rDNA analysis. ITS-1 regions of the rDNA gene of worms were amplified, sequenced and then the discrimination was recorded at the species level. The studied segments were compared with the published data on such segments of other Dactylogyrids species and were found to have significant relationship in the genes and spacer regions of the rDNA.

Two new species of Myxobolus (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) infecting Indian freshwater fishes in Punjab Wetlands (India)

A survey of parasites of freshwater fishes in Harike and Ropar Wetlands of Punjab (India) revealed the presence of two new myxosporean species belonging to the genus Myxobolus Butschli 1882. Spores of the first species, M. duodenalis sp. nov. parasitize the inner wall of the duodenum of Wallago attu (Bloch and Schneider) (Cypriniformis: Cyprinidae) vern. mulli are characterized by a broad, pyriform shape with a blunt anterior end and measures 9.0 × 3.20 μm. Spore valves are thin, smooth, and symmetrical with no parietal folds. There are two polar capsules, prominently unequal and pyriform in shape, with a narrow anterior end and a rounded posterior end. The larger polar capsule measures 4.70 × 1.76 μm and the smaller 2.76 × 1.06 μm. The larger polar capsule occupies more than half, while the smaller one occupies one third of the spore body cavity. An intercapsular process is absent. Spores of the second species, Myxobolus patialensis sp. nov. parasitize the caudal fin of Labeo rohita (Ham. 1822) (Cypriniformis: Cyprinidae) vern. rohu are pyriform in valvular view, measuring 11.28 × 6.67 μm. The two shell valves are asymmetrical and contain five parietal folds along the posterior end of the spore. Two anteriorly situated polar capsules, elongated and oval in shape are prominently unequal in size. The larger polar capsule measures 4.8 × 3.1 μm and smaller one 1.70 × 1.51 μm. The larger polar capsule lies obliquely to the spore axis and the smaller one is at the same level but pointing outward anteriolaterally. An intercapsular process is absent. This species is characterized by having a prominent ridge on the shell surface anteriolaterally on the side of the smaller polar capsule.

New data on the morphology and taxonomy of three species of Rhabdochona (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) parasitizing fishes in India

Specimens of three little-known species of Rhabdochona (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) were collected during occasional examinations of some freshwater fishes in India: R. (Rhabdochona) hellichi turkestanica (Skryabin, 1917) in Schizothorax sp. (Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes) from the Lodhomakhola and Rangit Rivers, West Bengal and Sikkim, respectively; R. (R.) hospeti Thapar, 1950 in Tor sp. (Cyprinidae) from the Rangit River; and R. (Globochona) mazeedi Prasad et Sahay, 1965 in Clupisoma garua (Hamilton) (Schilbeidae, Siluriformes) from the Farakka Dam Lake, West Bengal. Their detailed light and electron microscopical studies revealed some taxonomically important, previously not observed features and made possible their redescription. Fourth-stage larvae of R. hospeti are described for the first time. Rhabdochona hellichi turkestanica (syns. R. denudata filamentosa Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, 1936, R. kashmirensis Thapar, 1950, R. schizothoracis Siddiqi et Khattak, 1984) is proposed as a subspecies, differing from the nominotypical subspecies R. hellichi hellichi (Srámek, 1901) mainly in the shape of the distal end of the left spicule, molecular data and geographical distribution. Rhabdochona moraveci Katoch et Kalia, 1991 (a homonym to R. moraveci Duggal et Kaur, 1987) is renamed R. indica nom. n. The following six species are considered new junior synonyms of R. hospeti: Comephronema [sic] mackiewiczi Malhotra et Rautela, 1984, Rhabdochona moraveci Duggal et Kaur, 1987, R. bifidum Kakar et Bilqees, 2007, R. uvaginus Kakar et Bilqees, 2007, R. bolani Kakar, Bilqees et Ahmad, 2008 and R. cephalodiverticula Kakar, Bilqees et Ahmad, 2008. Rhabdochona edentati Paul et Majumdar, 1994 is considered a species incertae sedis.

Length-weight relationships of 14 Indian freshwater fish species from the Betwa (Yamuna River tributary) and Gomti (Ganga River tributary) rivers

Summary The length-weight relationships (LWRs) were studied of 588 fish covering eight families, 13 genera and 14 species (Notopterus notopterus, Gudusia chapra, Labeo calbasu, Puntius sarana, Cirrhinus mrigala, Ompok bimaculatus, Mystus tengara, Mystus cavasius, Sperata aor, Sperata seenghala, Eutropiichthys vacha, Wallago attu, Rhinomugil corsula, and Mastacembelus armatus) captured in the Betwa River (tributary of the Yamuna River) and Gomti River (tributary of the Ganga River) from December 2007 to January 2009. The b values varied between 2.4 (M. armatus) and 3.52 (P. sarana), with the mean b = 2.96 at P < 0.001 for all species. The observations are significant for conservation and management because the Betwa River has been approved under India’s first interlinking plan with the Ken River, and no length-weight data had thus far been reported for the Gomti River. The objective was to evaluate the LWRs of these two unstudied rivers for fisheries management.

Monogenoidea on Exotic Indian Freshwater Fishes. 1. A New Geographical Record of Sciadicleithrum iphthimum Kritsky, Thatcher, and Boeger, 1989 (Dactylogyridae) with the First Description of Its Egg

Sciadicleithrum iphthimum is reported from the gills of Pterophyllum scalare (Cichlidae), collected from aquarium markets in Uttar Pradesh, India. The new material fits well with the original species description. The report represents a new geographic record and another case of a growing list of freshwater monogenoids that are being distributed around the world by the aquarium trade.

Pro-apoptotic effect of fly ash leachates in hepatocytes of freshwater fish ( Channa punctata Bloch)

The pro-apoptotic effect of fly ash leachates (FAL) was studied in the hepatocytes of an Indian freshwater fish, Channa punctata Bloch. Hepatocytes were exposed to different concentrations of ‘7-day’ FAL for 24 and 48 h and various parameters of apoptosis were studied using standardized procedures. FAL-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes was indicated by cytological examination, DNA fragmentation and DNA laddering. The induction in cytochrome-c release, caspases 3, 7, 10 and 9 activities and lactate dehydrogenase level provide mechanistic platform for FAL-induced apoptosis. Cytological examination showed an unambiguous apoptotic effect of ash leachates in fish hepatocytes. Exposed hepatocytes also showed increased production of H 2O 2, superoxide ions and an increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO). The present study suggests a possible role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in FAL-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes. Lactate dehydrogenase, LPO and apoptosis as biomarkers of cytotoxicity have recently been used for assessment of ecotoxicological impact of environmental chemicals. Our findings show that these biomarkers may also be used for evaluation of ecotoxicological impact of complex chemical mixture such as fly ash and its leachates.

In vitro free radical scavenging activity of hepatic metallothionein induced in an Indian freshwater fish, Channa punctata Bloch

Mammalian metallothioneins (MT) have been reported to scavenge free radicals. There is no experimental evidence to show that fish MT has a similar property. In the present study cadmium-induced MT (Cd-MT) from the liver of an Indian freshwater fish Channa punctata Bloch was investigated for its free radical scavenging activity using three different in vitro assays. Exposure to cadmium chloride (0.2 mg/kg body weight; three doses on alternate days) resulted in a marked induction of Cd-MT in liver. Only a single isoform of Cd-MT was found to be induced. Molecular weight of Cd-MT was found to be 14 kDa as deduced by SDS-PAGE analysis. The purified Cd-MT effectively scavenged the following free radicals: superoxide radical (O 2 − ), 2,2′-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS + ) and 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH ). The radical scavenging effect was found to be concentration-dependent. Also, the purified MT exhibited an inhibitory effect on ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) induced oxidative DNA damage in vitro. The cysteine residues of MT are proposed to be the main candidate for its radical scavenging activity. Findings of the present study strongly suggest a free radical scavenging role for fish MT. Present study adds to the little existing knowledge about fish MT and its possible biological functions.

Biomarkers of oxidative stress in Wallago attu (Bl. and Sch.) during and after a fish-kill episode at Panipat, India

The present investigation was carried out by sampling water, sediment and fish during a fish-kill episode at Panipat (Haryana, India), and again sampling at the same site was conducted after a gap of two months. During the second sampling no fish-kill was observed and the water was relatively less turbid and clear. Antioxidant profile and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in fish tissues were studied. Analysis was also carried out on the physico-chemical characteristics of water samples along with heavy metal and pesticide analysis in water and sediment samples during and after the episode. Dissolved oxygen level was substantially low during the fish-kill episode. Heavy metals (copper and chromium) and pesticides like BHC (Benzene hexachloride), DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) were also detected during the episode in water and sediment samples. Various oxidative stress biomarkers in liver, kidney and gill tissues in the Indian freshwater fish Wallago attu (Bl. and Sch.) collected from the site were investigated. The levels of reduced glutathione and non-protein thiol were significantly (P<0.001) higher in the liver of Wallago attu collected from Panipat after the fish-kill episode. Ascorbic acid levels in all the tissues did not change significantly after the episode. The LPO in liver, kidney and gills was significantly low (P<0.01–0.001) in all tissues of fish collected after the fish-kill episode. The protein carbonyl levels were significantly low (P<0.05–0.01) in all the fish organs sampled after the fish-kill episode. The findings suggest that industrial effluent may result in the massive loss of a commercial commodity. The simultaneous measurement of the physicochemical parameters of the water samples showed a good correlation between the biomarkers responses and the environmental chemical stress conditions.

Genotoxicity evaluation of acute doses of endosulfan to freshwater teleost Channa punctatus (Bloch) by alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis

The Indian freshwater air-breathing teleost fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) was exposed to acute concentrations of the organochlorine pesticide endosulfan. In flow-through bioassays the 24, 48, 72, and 96 h LC 50 values were estimated as 19.67, 12.95, 10.15, and 7.75 ppb, respectively. DNA damage (single-strand breaks) was also studied in gill and kidney tissues at single-cell levels in the specimens, exposed to different acute doses of endosulfan, by applying single-cell gel electrophoresis or comet assay. Dose-dependent responses were observed in DNA damage in both tissues. A comparison of DNA damage in both tissues at different doses indicated that the gill cells were more sensitive to the pesticide exposure than the kidney cells. This study explored the utility of the comet assay for in vivo laboratory studies using fish for screening the genotoxic potential of various agents.

Biomarkers of oxidative stress: a comparative study of river Yamuna fish Wallago attu (Bl. & Schn.)

Various oxidative stress biomarkers in gill, kidney and liver tissues in the Indian freshwater fish Wallago attu (Bl. & Schn.) were investigated. Fish were collected from two sites along the river Yamuna, which differ in their extent and type of pollution load. A comparison was made between the biomarker responses and general water chemistry at the two sites. The oxidative stress biomarkers that were analyzed included superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), xanthine oxidase (XOD) and glutathione redox cycle enzymes viz., glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were also evaluated. All biomarkers; SOD ( P<0.001 in liver, kidney and gill), XOD ( P<0.01 in kidney and P<0.001 in liver and gill), GR ( P<0.01 in liver, P>0.05 in kidney and P<0.001 in gill), G6PD ( P<0.001 in liver, P>0.05 in kidney and P<0.01 in gill), GSH ( P<0.001 in liver, kidney and gill) and LPO ( P>0.05 in liver, kidney and gill) were found to be substantially higher in the fish collected from Panipat when compared with values in tissues of fish collected from Agra site. GPx and CAT showed a varied response. GPx activity was higher ( P<0.001) in gills and kidney of the fish collected at Panipat site. However, liver showed significant low values ( P<0.01) when compared with Agra site values. CAT activity was found to be significantly low, in both liver ( P<0.01) and kidney ( P<0.001) whereas in gills non-significant ( P>0.05) low values were observed. Water chemistry data at two sites indicated that Panipat site with higher biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, pH and low dissolved oxygen was comparatively more polluted than Agra site. Industrial activity profile of both the sites also indicates that Panipat has vigorous industrial activity coupled with intensive use of chemicals in agricultural practices in Haryana state. The findings of the present investigation provide a rational use of oxidative stress biomarkers in aquatic ecosystem pollution biomonitoring. This is also the first such attempt reported from India.

Insect conservation - a reaction to Narendran and Cherian

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