Freshwater Fish Clarias Batrachus Research Articles

Impact of sub-acute exposure to nuvan on serum lipoproteins of catfish, Clarias batrachus and their potential effects indirectly on human health

Pesticides are frequently applied in agricultural land, public health programs, and maintenance of trees or plants and also used as preservatives for different food materials for a long time. But these pesticides cause a lot of negative health and environmental impacts which affects the sustainability of an ecosystem. Among the different pesticides organophosphorus pesticide mostly used in agricultural purposes to prevent the disease causing agents like insects, pests, parasite due to its less persistence in our environment. Synthetic pesticide like Nuvan accumulations in the tissues of animals produce cyto-toxicity and have severed health issues due to its persistent nature. When these pesticides intake by aquatic animals specially fishes, they can interfere with the food chain. When such contaminated fishes eaten by someone they can destroy multiple systems in the body of human and other livings. Changes in blood biochemical indices gives signs what is happening in body of animals after exposure of pesticides. Most edible and commercially valuable freshwater fish Clarias batrachus was used in this work for analyzed the hazardous nature of toxic pesticide nuvan on some biochemical parameters. When fish exposed to two sub-lethal levels of nuvan (0.0137 ml/L and 0.0274 ml/L) for 60 days showed that the pesticide induces changes in blood parameters. The results showed very highly significant (p<0.001) increase in Low- density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL) and highly significant (p<0.01) increase in Very low- density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL) while very highly significant (p<0.001) reduction in high density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL) were noted in treated groups compared with the control. This study implicates that adverse effect on lipoproteins due to synthetic pesticides have a negative health effect as cardiovascular risk status. Research of environmental pollution and its adverse effects on human and other animals including fish is remarkable which can leads the sustainability of our environment.

Isolation of a Novel Mosquitocidal Bacterium <i>Bacillus cereus</i> VCRC-641 from Fresh Water Fish <i>Clarias batrachus</i>

In this study, search for new mosquitocidal bacterium was attempted from the gut content of the fresh water fish Clarias batrachus (walking cat fish) which resulted in the isolation of a highly potential mosquitocidal bacterium. The isolate was identified as Bacillus cereus VCRC 641 by Bacillus species specific molecular markers ilvD, pur and pycA gene sequence analysis. Laboratory mosquito larval toxicity assay (bioassay) against mosquito larvae revealed that this new isolate was highly potent against Culex quinquefasciatus followed by Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. The lethal concentration values at LC50 for these three mosquito species were 0.001, 0.004 and 0.007mg/ L respectively. Therefore, in the present study, this is the first report that a highly potential mosquitocidal bacteria of B. cereus VCRC 641 was isolated from the gut content of Clarias batrachus and suggested that it can be used for mosquito vector control program.

BIOCHEMICAL STUDY OF FRESHWATER FISH CLARIAS BATRACHUS (L.) INFECTED WITH CESTODE PARASITE, LYTOCESTUS SP. FROM DISTRICT JALGAON, INDIA

: This study involved analyzing bio-molecules including protein, glycogen and lipids in parasites as well as in both the infected and non-infected intestine of the host. The worms were sourced from the intestinal region of the freshwater fish Clarias batrachus and underwent a washing and other necessary processes. The dry weight was recorded after subjecting the samples to a temperature range of 50-60°C for duration of 24 hours. During the comparison between cestode parasites and the host intestine, it was observed that Lytocestus sp. displayed reduced concentration of protein and glycogen in comparison to both the infected and non-infected segments of the host's intestine. Moreover, the lipid concentration in the parasite exceeded that found in the host intestine, regardless of infection status. Author noticed that concentration of protein, glycogen, and lipids were notably high in the non-infected region compared to the infected section within the host intestine.

Acute high dose Of L-Lysine amino acid leads nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in fresh water fish Clarias batrachus

The present investigation was carried out to find out the effects of high dose of L-lysine on the fish and also an attempt has been made to predict the impact on human health. L-lysine is an essential amino acid which is used in medical practices as a growth promoter of bones especially in infants. Important work on metabolism and functions of amino acids in human health and major diseases has been reported by many workers and evaluated the key role of various amino acids in response to infections. Lysine is not synthesized by body; therefore, it must be taken either by diet or supplementation. Lysine first of all isolated from casein in 1889 and introduced as Lysine hydrochloride in 1955. The recommended dose of lysine is 12mg/kg body weight. Side effects of Lysine in large doses i.e. 10-30gm/day may cause abdominal cramps and diarrhea but renal and hepatic toxicity is not reported in normal person. Amino acids are used to treat end stage renal failure and also in liver failure. Recently lysine is used to treat herpes and as a supplement for diabetic people. In present study the effect of acute high dose 2mg/100gm body weight of L-lysine in fish shows toxic effects on kidney and liver which is an alarming indication towards use of high dose of Lysine in man. In kidney it caused glomerular dilation of the capillaries, glomerular hemorrhages and cloudy swelling of renal tubules. In liver it leads swelling of hepatocytes, vacuolization, fatty degeneration and central vein dilation. These histopathological changes are supported by marked rise in level of blood urea, serum creatinine, blood sugar and serum cholesterol.

Restorative effect of Azadirachta indica against fenvalerate induced haematological and biochemical toxicity in a freshwater fish Clarias batrachus

Pesticide use in recent times has increased many folds to enhance the yield of crops. The water bodies like ponds and others are extensively used for the cultivation of fishes. Since these fishes are a good source of protein and nutritious value, hence are consumed by humans. These pesticide-contaminated fishes are consumed by the human, causing health hazards. The objective of the present research work was to know the bio remedial effect of Azadirachta indica on fenvalerate induced toxicity in a freshwater air-breathing catfish "Mangur" known as Clarias batrachus ( Linnaeus). The fishes were treated with 1/3rd of LC50, i.e. 0.92 ppm of a pyrethroid pesticide fenvalerate and observed the fishes for 96 hours. Thereafter, the aqueous leaf extract of Azadirachta indica was administered orally, daily by gastric intubation method at the dose of 100 mg/Kg body weight per day for 15 days. The study revealed that, after the exposure of 0.92 ppm of fenvalerate, there was a significant decrease in RBC count from 2.76 to 2.14 X (106) (mm-3), Total leukocyte count from18.10 to 16.30 X (103) (mm-3), , packed ell volume from 24 % to 16% , haemoglobin from 6.89 g/100 ml to 4.23 g/100ml of blood whereas increase in the level of serum glucose and cholesterol level from 50.33 mg/dl to 103.73 mg/dl and 168.52 g/dl to 248.99 g/dl respectively. At the same time, serum protein level decreased from 3.16g/dl to2.52 g/dl due to pesticide in the experimental fishes. But, after the administration of aqueous leaf extract of Azadirachta indica there was significant normalisation in the test parameters of the fishes. The study indicated that neem leaves possessed restorative effect against fenvalerate induced toxicity in Clarias batrachus.

Evaluation of genotoxicity induced by herbicide pendimethalin in fresh water fish Clarias batrachus (linn.) and possible role of oxidative stress in induced DNA damage

The present study was carried out in fish Clarias batrachus to evaluate the genotoxicity induced by herbicide pendimethalin and to find out the role of oxidative stress in induced DNA damage. The LC50 value (96 h) of pendimethalin was determined (3.55 mg/L) and based on this, sub lethal test concentrations were calculated as SL-I (1/20th LC50), SLII (1/15th LC50) and SL-III (1/10th LC50) to which fish were exposed for 30, 45 and 60 days. Maximum DNA damage was observed in fish exposed to highest concentration of herbicide and for a particular concentration maximum damage occurs after 30 days then a time dependent decrease was observed. After 30 days the SOD and CAT activity was found to be significantly increased with respect to the control group while it was significantly decreased after 45 and 60 days as compared to 30 days of exposure. Level of lipid peroxidation in pendimethalin exposed fish followed the same pattern. GR activity remained same for all duration of herbicide exposure. The DNA damage is due to ROS generated by the metabolism of herbicide which is evident by alteration in LPO and anti-oxidant enzyme activities accompanied by incidence of DNA damage in a similar way. It can also be concluded that for pendimethalin genotoxicity testing C. batrachus can be used as model organism and comet assay and micronucleus test as effective tools.

Histological Sublethal Concentration Effect on the Liver of Clarias Batrachus (Linn.) Exposed to Malathion

Malathion is a vital agent and indicator that kills targeted (harmful) organic of flora and fauna. Word „pest‟ has comprised of detrimental animals, plants and microorganisms. These are widely used all over the world in agriculture. several agricultural pesticides nowadays in the trend in which organisms toxicity and harmful alterations are noticeable. Malathion pesticides used as agricultural benefits for crop production. This type of pesticide mostly affects the histological and biochemical parameters of the organism. This study focuses on alterations of malathion observing special site tissues of freshwater fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.,1758). Malathion (50% EC) was ordered from super ford insecticides limited, Sikandrabad (BSR) and a volumetric practical performed to result out the LC50 96 hours of malathion. Value of malathion LC50 96 hours calculated 0.25 ppm. The SLC as 0.025 parts per million was fixed by using 1/10th of LC50 at 96 hours [1]. The effect of malathion SLC (1/10 of 96 hours of LC50) was investigated on the histology of the liver in treated groups of host fish. Specific changes were checked in liver histology using control and treated groups. Histological observations as hepatocytes degeneration, Necrosis in hepatocytes, vacuolar degeneration, congestion were recorded and analyses as per experimental requirement. The main objective of this article is to carry out a histological study to check the impacts of the Sublethal concentration of Malathion (EC50%) on the liver of “Clarias batrachus.”

Effect of Sago Effluent on the Growth Hormone Levels in Clarias batrachus Blood Sample

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Sago effluent on the levels of growth hormone in the blood samples of the fresh water fish Clarias batrachus. The fish were exposed to control and different concentrations of treated sago effluents. The concentrations chosen were 25%, 50% and 75% of treated sago effluent. The levels of the growth hormone were increased in the blood sample of the experimental fish Clarias batrachus, when compared with that of controls.

Impact of haematological characteristic alteration in sago factory effluent treated fish Clasrias batrachus

In the present study was undertaken to evaluate the Sago effluent toxicity stress symptoms in the fish blood during a long term period. The effect of sago effluent on various Haematological parameters were evaluated exposing the fresh water fish Clarias batrachus to different concentration i.e., (Control, 25%, 50% and 75% Sago effluent concentrations respectively. Changes were observed after 28 days of exposure, (sublethal concentration). Red Blood Cells count (RBC), Haematocrit value (HCT), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH) content decreased when compared to the control. The number of White Blood Cells count (WBC) increased in the effluent treated fishes. Increase and decrease in haematological indices means that fish exposed to effluents were under stress.

Djombangia mannai sp. n. (Cestoidea: Caryophyllidea: Lytocestidae) from a Siluroid Fish in West Bengal, India

The genus Djombangia Bovien, 1926 is a monotypic genus with only one valid species Djombangia penetrans Bovien, 1926 under it. In this paper Djombangia mannai sp.n. obtained from the intestine of a siluriform fresh water fish Clarias batrachus Linnaeus, 1758 from Diamond Harbour, South-24 Parganas, West Bengal, India is described and illustrated. The species is characterized by a small, globular scolex with spherical apical organ; body without transverse grooves; absence of neck; absence of seminal receptacle and 300–350 testes that differentiates it from the only known species under this genus.

Toxic effects of sub lethal concentration of dioctyl phthalate on the histology of liver of Clarias batrachus (Linn.).

Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) commonly used as plasticizer enters into aquatic environment from the industries manufacturing plastic products, PVC resins, cosmetics and many other commercial products. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the acute toxicity effects of Dioctyl phthalate on fresh water fish Clarias batrachus. The 96 hour LC50 of Dioctyl phthalate in Clarias batrachus was estimated as 14.5ml/L. Histopathological changes in liver of Clarias batrachus were determined by exposing them to a fraction of LC50(1/5th) dose with every change of water for 30 days.The liver of Clarias batrachus was excised at every interval of 30 days and histological changes of liver were studied under light microscopy. Liver tissues showed abnormalities. Centrilobular vacuolation, necrosis, eccentric nuclei and enlarged nuclei, Centrilobular degeneration of hepatocytes were observed in liver tissue of fish.

The role of vitamin C as antioxidant in protection of biochemical and haematological stress induced by chlorpyrifos in freshwater fish Clarias batrachus

The study was conducted to explore the modulatory effects of chlorpyrifos and protective role of vitamin C in tissues of Clarias batrachus. Treatments include E1 group (basal diet plus 1.65mgL−1 CPF) and E2 group (basal diet+200mgkg body weight vitamin C and 1.65mgL−1 CPF) along with a control group of fishes (fed on basal diet only). After 1, 7, 15, and 30d of treatment, fish tissues (brain, blood and liver) were used for the estimation of growth, biochemical and haematological parameters. The results of E1 group indicated significantly lower weight gain and survival rate. Brain AChE activity was inhibited. The RBC, Hb, respiratory burst activity, total protein and HSI were also reduced whereas WBC count, plasma glucose and haematocrit were elevated. In contrast, liver glycogen content, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were inhibited and malate dehydrogenase, aspartate, alanine amino transferase were enhanced. The E2 group of fish exhibited significant improvement in growth, survival, haematological indices, brain AChE, liver glycogen and oxidative enzyme activity. The findings support that dietary vitamin C supplementation might be helpful in abrogation of chlorpyrifos toxicity and improves growth, survival, biochemical and haematological conditions in fishes.

IMPACT OF SAGO EFFLUENT ON THE LEVELS OF ACID PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN THE LIVER TISSUE OF THE FRESH WATER FISH CLARIAS BATRACHUS

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Sago effluent on the activity of Acid phosphatase in the liver tissue of the fresh water fish Clarias batrachus. The fish were exposed to control and different concentrations of treated sago effluents. The concentrations chosen were 25%, 50% and 75% of treated sago effluent. The levels of the enzyme acid phosphatase decreased significantly in the liver tissue of the experimental fish Clariasbatrachus , when compared with that of controls.

In vivo Impact of Monocrotophos on Biochemical Parameters of a Freshwater Fish during Subacute Toxicity and Following Cessation of Exposure to the Insecticide

In vivo toxicity of monocrotophos on key metabolites and enzymes of the protein metabolism was investigated in important tissues of the freshwater fish Clarias batrachus. Fish were exposed to 1/10 and 1/20 of LC50 concentration for 28 days. After 28 days of exposure, some fish were transferred to monocrotophos-free water and kept in the same for 21 days (recovery period) in order to study the recovery response. Total protein, amino acid, and ammonia contents were decreased in gill, kidney, liver, and muscle tissues, and recovery was slight at the end of 21 days of transfer of fish into freshwater. Urea and glutamine levels were elevated, except in kidneys, and recovered at the end of the recovery period. The activities of protease, transaminase, and phosphatase enzymes were elevated in all tissues during 28 days of exposure and at both concentrations. Recovery of the activity of enzymes was more significant at the lower concentration as compared to the higher concentration.

Adverse effects of chromium on amino acid levels in freshwater fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.)

Various heavy metals released into the rivers and lakes affect aquatic fauna including Clarias batrachus. Elevated levels of chromium (Cr) in aquatic organisms, especially fish, represent an ecological and human concern. Amino acid levels were estimated in five tissues (gills, liver, kidneys, muscle, and brain) of C. batrachus after 28 days of exposure to Cr. This study showed that Cr elevated levels of free amino acids in organs of fish C. batrachus, indicating a compensatory mechanism to counter sublethal metallic stress. Data suggest that the measurement of amino acids may serve as a biomarker for Cr toxicity in fish.

Cypermethrin-Induced Biochemical Perturbations in Freshwater Fish Clarias Batrachus at Sublethal Exposure and After Released into Freshwater

Cypermethrin-induced alterations in the fish, Clarias batrachus were studied. The fish were exposed to cypermethrin at a concentration of 0.07 mg/L for 10 days. After 10 days, fish were released into freshwater to observe the recovery response. At the end of 1, 5, and 10 days of exposure and after transfer into freshwater, different parameters were estimated in muscle and kidneys. Reduction in proteins was observed in both tissues, and recovery response was seen in muscle and kidneys. Free amino acid and ammonia content was enhanced in muscle and kidney for the 10 days. Transaminases (ALAT and AAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase activities were increased in both tissues for 10 days exposure span. Enzyme activities did not show much of the recovery.

Certain pesticide-induced carbohydrate metabolic disorders in the serum of freshwater fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.)

A freshwater edible catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.), was exposed to sublethal concentrations of two different groups of pesticides—carbaryl, a carbamate and phorate, an organophosphorus (OP) pesticide—for 24, 72, 120 and 168 hours. The alterations and the disorders of carbohydrate metabolism were studied in the serum. Serum glucose, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels increased with both the pesticides throughout the exposure period. The results indicate that the carbohydrate metabolism was adversely affected by both the pesticides, as evidenced in the serum of the fish.

Effect of urea exposure on the hematological parameters of Clarias batrachus

Hematological parameters, viz. hemoglobin content, erythrocyte count, and hematocrit values, of the freshwater fish Clarias batrachus upon its exposure to 50 and 100 ppm of urea in aquatic medium decreased by 7.93 and 16.22, 20.96 and 29.12%, and 11.11 and 36.65%, respectively, below controls, while the total leucocyte count increased by 29.26 and 52.63%, respectively, above controls.

Evaluation of hematotoxic effects of two commonly used fertilizers, diammonium phosphate and urea, on fish Clarias batrachus

The effects of two commonly used fertilizers, diammonium phosphate and urea, on hematological parameters (hemoglobin, red blood cell count, hematocrit, and total leucocyte count) of fresh water fish Clarias batrachus were studied. The toxic effect of diammonium phosphate was more pronounced than that of urea. The toxic effect of diammonium phosphate resulted in a sudden fall of hematological parameters—Hb, RBC count, Hct—at higher concentrations, and at lower concentrations gradual decreases were seen over comparatively longer durations. In urea intoxication, slight decreases in the three parameters were seen at lower concentrations during shorter intervals, while at higher concentrations, significant decreases during shorter intervals were observed. Total leucocyte count (TLC) increased during toxicity with both fertilizers, but higher elevations in TLC were produced by diammonium phosphate than by urea.

Lead nitrate induced changes in lipid and cholesterol levels in the freshwater fish Clarias batrachus

C. batrachus exposed to 5 ppm of lead nitrate for 150 days exhibited marked inhibition of gonadal growth. Brain, testis and ovary showed decrease in cholesterol and lipid levels whereas the liver showed an elevation of both.