Freshwater Availability Research Articles

Sustainability issues of solar desalination hybrid systems integrated with heat exchangers for the production of drinking water: A review

Sustainability of human life is dependent on drinking water. The availability of fresh water is a global concern today because more than 97.5 % of the water is saline water. Present data indicate that 1.9 billion people will suffer from the scarcity of basic hygiene facilities by 2030. Desalination is a purification technique for the purification of contaminated water, especially brackish water. Conventional desalination techniques are mostly driven by fossil fuels and contribute to global carbon footprint and global warming. Ensuring access to clean water and sanitation (SDG-6) and “sustainable green energy for all (SDG-7)” are major sustainable development goals. It is a sustainable technique to produce potable water from saline water. Adopting solar technologies, including solar desalination, can be very helpful for the reduction of CO2 emissions and global warming. But the performance of solar desalination is yet to match with conventional desalination technologies. Several methods are employed to enhance the performance of solar desalination and using heat exchangers as hybrid mode is one of them. This paper critically reviews the application of heat exchangers for performance enhancement of solar desalination. Contributions of solar desalination, towards the reduction of CO2 emission and global warming have also been discussed in detail.

Mapping of heterogeneity on groundwater level and potential zones along expeditiously urbanizing tropical coastal regions

The study of coastal groundwater potential is critical as freshwater availability is under tremendous stress due to increased coastal region development and noticeable monsoonal changing patterns over time. In addition to these factors, Odisha's coastal region has a larger drainage network in low-lying plains, which reduces freshwater recharge by increasing surface discharge. To sustain freshwater usage, the demarcation of the Groundwater potential zone (GWPZ) was done using Geographic Information System (GIS), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and Multi Influence Factor (MIF). Factors such as geomorphology, geology, land use/land cover, rainfall, lineament density, drainage density, elevation, slope, and soil were considered to accurately predict GWPZ. The AHP technique was used to construct a pairwise comparison matrix (PCM) and assign weights to each thematic layer, whereas the MIF method computes a recommended score for each layer based on the sum of the major and minor effect weights. The findings demonstrate that a significant portion of the study area falls into the "good" GWPZ (∼ 83% for both methods) category, indicating that the aquifer's storage is adequate. The output was validated by the Receiver operating curve (ROC) and groundwater prospects data. The ROC findings showed that the Area under curve (AUC) was 81% and 80.1% for AHP and MIF, respectively. This outcome signifies moderate to high precision indicating that the model could make accurate positive predictions. Analysis of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon water levels reveals spatial variations, with lower water levels indicating higher potential. Water levels in low-lying plains with high groundwater potential zones (GWPZ) are declining due to coastal erosion, sediment accumulation, limited infiltration, and increasing seawater intrusion. Continued groundwater abstraction may aggravate seawater intrusion despite favorable geological conditions. This study would be advantageous for coastal region decision-making involving water resource management and planning for sustainable development.

Mapping center pivot irrigation systems in global arid regions using instance segmentation and analyzing their spatial relationship with freshwater resources

Ensuring freshwater availability and supply sufficient for socio-economic development is important for human health and productivity. Globally, increasing industrial agriculture is driving crop productivity, with increasing surface water and groundwater being withdrawn for irrigation. This study mapped center pivot irrigation systems (CPIS), which are indicators of intensified industrial agriculture and large-scale investment in agriculture, with satellite data using a convolutional neural network in global arid areas. A cascade instance segmentation network was adopted, and both the convolutional block attention module technique and PointRend technique were used to increase the performance of off-the-shelf algorithms. Geospatial analysis methods were used to derive the relationships between CPIS and freshwater resources. Overall there were about 10.26 million hectares (Mha) of irrigated areas equipped with CPIS in global arid areas in 2021, and there were 4.41 Mha of CPIS-equipped irrigated fields added in the past twenty years at a relative increase of 75% compared with those at the beginning of this century. Although the largest extent of increased CPIS-equipped irrigated fields was in North America, the other five continents had higher relative increases, with Africa having the highest relative growth of 253%. The analysis of spatial relationships between CPIS and freshwater resources indicates that the stress on freshwater resources from industrial agriculture is intensifying in arid areas globally. Overall, the world's arid regions with the highest water stress from CPIS are mostly located in western North America, northern Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula. The results facilitate a better understanding of the current status of freshwater stress and ecosystem sustainability in relation to the development of agricultural intensification in global arid areas. The outcomes support governments to judge better the environmental consequences of agricultural modernization and further help them make balanced agriculture and water management policies.

Salinity and nitrogen source affect productivity and nutritional value of edible halophytes.

Saline agriculture may contribute to food production in the face of the declining availability of fresh water and an expanding area of salinized soils worldwide. However, there is currently little known about the biomass and nutrient/antinutrient accumulation response of many edible halophytes to increasing levels of salinity and nitrogen source. To address this, two glass house experiments were carried out. The first to study the shoot biomass, and nutrient accumulation response, measured by ICP-MS analysis, of edible halophyte species, including Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (ice plant), Salsola komarovii (Land seaweed), Enchylaena tomentosa (Ruby Saltbush), Crithmum maritimum (Rock Samphire), Crambe maritima (Sea Kale) and Mertensia maritima (Oyster Plant), under increasing levels of salinity (0 to 800 mM). The second experiment studied the effects of nitrogen source combined with salinity, on levels of oxalate, measured by HPLC, in ice plant and ruby saltbush. Species differences for biomass and sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) accumulation were observed across the range of salt treatments (0 to 800mM). Shoot concentrations of the anti-nutrient oxalate decreased significantly in ice plant and ruby saltbush with an increase in the proportion of N provided as NH4+ (up to 100%), while shoot oxalate concentrations in ice plant and ruby saltbush grown in the absence of NaCl were not significantly different to oxalate concentrations in plants treated with 200 mM or 400 mM NaCl. However, the lower shoot oxalate concentrations observed with the increase in NH4+ came with concurrent reductions in shoot biomass. Results suggest that there will need to be a calculated tradeoff between oxalate levels and biomass when growing these plants for commercial purposes.

Performance study of paracetamol sequestration from hospital wastewater by thermo-chemical activated sandstone clay: understanding of the removal mechanism

ABSTRACT Water is essential for the survival of all living beings and availability of freshwater is being threatened due to increase in pollution and emerging contaminants such as pharmaceutical product. In the light of tightening norms, proper treatment of wastewater released from hospitals and pharmaceutical industry becomes a requirement. This study is aimed to explore the feasibility of using thermally and chemically modified Algerian Sandstone clay as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of Paracetamol (PCTML) from hospital wastewater. The adsorbents properties were assessed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA/DSC) analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Operating conditions, including pH of solution, contact time, initial concentration, and temperature, were optimised by conducting removal tests in batch mode. The results indicates that the adsorption capacity of PCTML was obtained at neutral pH and the equilibrium reached after 60 min of contact. The equilibrium isotherms were well fitted by Langmuir isotherm model for raw and calcined Algerian Sandstone, while the adsorption isotherms of the treated Algerian Sandstone were more appropriate with Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption kinetics was well described by the pseudo-second order model. The potential reusability of the Algerian Sandstone clay shows that removal rate was kept performing up to the 3rd cycle of regeneration. The combined thermo-chemical activation shows great promise for utilising clay as an effective adsorbent for removing various organic contaminants. This study promotes the objectives of European green deal by utilising natural material e.g. clay and contributes towards circular economy and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6 and 12.

Springs Water Quality Assessment for Drinking Purposes: A Case Study of Bsaira, Jordan

Water scarcity is one of the biggest challenges to Jordan. Jordan is considered one of the poorest countries in the world in terms of freshwater availability. The protection of freshwater springs from pollution is among the possible solutions that can help in mitigating the water scarcity problem. In this study, the quality and quantity of water flowing from three springs namely Um Sarab, Dana, and Gharandl within Bsaira area that is located in Tafilah governorate in Jordan were evaluated as potential drinking water sources. During the spring period (March to June 2021), several water samples from the springs were collected and tested for biological, physical, and chemical parameters. Spring water samples were tested for (Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Zn, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+), pH, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, total solids, total coliforms, and E-coli. Results indicated that all the physical and chemical parameters of water in the three springs are within the acceptable standard limits according to Jordanian standards for drinking water. However, the biological parameters (i.e. total coliforms and E-coli) exceeded the permissible limits, and this is more significant in Gharandl spring. The field investigation of the study area showed that the main sources of pollution are the presence of many septic tanks and agricultural activities in the surrounding areas of the springs. Therefore, applying Jordanian regulations for the protection of groundwater resources can significantly improve the quality of water in these springs. The total quantity of water from these springs exceeds 1300 m3/day which is considered a significant source of drinking water after local treatment and disinfection.

Habitat coupling dynamics of mobile consumers along a freshwater and marine resource gradient in a sub-Arctic estuarine system

Food webs consist of numerous connections between consumers and resources that can couple adjacent ecosystems together by the movement of nutrients, prey, and consumers leading to habitat coupling. Habitat coupling and isotopic niche dynamics among mobile consumers at the individual and population-level has been examined extensively in freshwater systems but has received little attention in sub-Arctic estuaries, which act as transition zones between freshwater and marine habitats and resources. The objective of this study was to quantify the diet composition between freshwater-and marine-derived resources and the isotopic niche size of mobile consumers (13 fishes and 2 seal species) within the lower Churchill River, Manitoba, Canada using stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N and δ34S) in a Bayesian framework. Cisco, lake whitefish, and northern pike represented the habitat couplers in this system and also exhibited the greatest amount of individual variability since most (75%, 56%, 65% of individuals for cisco, lake whitefish, and pike respectively) consumed a mix of both freshwater-and marine-derived resources. The largest isotopic niche sizes were found for lake whitefish and northern pike, whereas the smallest isotopic niche sizes were found for both harbour and ringed seals. The isotopic niche of lake whitefish overlapped with the most species (5 in total), which supports their broader use of both freshwater- and marine-derived resources. Habitat couplers in this system exhibited more variability in their foraging strategy than the other consumers, which aligns with their known life histories and migratory or resident movement strategies. Future changes in the relative availability of freshwater and marine-derived resources due to climate and anthropogenic stressors could pose consequences to these habitat coupling species and overall trophic dynamics of sub-Arctic estuarine systems.

Connate Water Distribution Zone Affecting Groundwater Quality of Semarang City Coastal Plain

Semarang City Coastal Plain is an alluvial plain with groundwater conditions that have a salty, slightly brackish, or brackish taste, and some are fresh. The limited availability of fresh water on alluvial plains is caused by several factors, including the influence of seawater on coastal aquifers. There is connate water or water trapped in the clay layer will affect the quality of groundwater to be brackish or salty. Connate water is water trapped in the cavities of sedimentary rocks, since the deposition occurred. The process is caused by seawater entering the land, or seawater that is trapped during the sedimentation process. The results of the study using the hydro stratigraphic estimation method showed that there were several distributions of salt water that were trapped or trapped in the cavities of sedimentary rocks along the coastal plain of Semarang city. The trapped salt water can be predicted to be caused by the phenomenon of connate water. Based on map data, it is shown that the coastline of the city of Semarang around the 900s, is in the Simongan area with a line extending eastwards along the Brintik or Bergota mountain area. Geological and sedimentation factors cause changes in the coastline towards the north, and can result in salt water being confined or trapped in rock cavities.

An integrated modeling approach for coupled risk management of regional Blue- and Greenwater under changing land-use patterns

land use change had a considerable impact on the regional water cycle throughout the past century, leading to an influence on water security. Bluewater (BW) and Greenwater (GW) concepts have found broad application in evaluating the water accessibility of both socioeconomic and ecological systems. However, regarding the interactions between BW and GW systems and their coupled risk under land use change, there has been limited research in this area. This study aims to address this gap by developing an integrated Hydrology and Water Security Modeling Framework (HWSMF) that combines a hydrological model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), a copula-coupled risk model, and a water security assessment model to assess the impact of land use change on regional water security. As an example, the methodology was utilized in the East River basin (ERB) located in China’s Pearl River Delta. Results showed that the sensitivity of GW to forest land change was significant. In general, land use change had a notable impact on the GW coefficient at a rate of more than 4% of change and in certain areas, it was over 8%. Due to land use change the freshwater availability per individual in each city of this basin decreased. When the probability of coupled risk is defined, the BW required is greater than the GW required in this basin. Land use change can lead to fluctuations in the coupled risk of the regional Bluewater- Greenwater nexus system (BGN), which implies that appropriate land use management could be promising for regional water system risk mitigation. The results of this study will be valuable for policymakers and managers of watersheds in their endeavors to manage water resources sustainably amidst evolving land use patterns.

Climate change and water-related threats in the Indian Sundarbans: food security and management implications

ABSTRACT Based on a desk review and three rounds of the Delphi method, this study examines the impacts of climate change-induced water-related threats on food security in the Indian Sundarbans, and develops management strategies to address the issues. Results show climate change, through its impacts on water, has lowered agricultural output, endangered traditional livelihoods, reduced access to food, and affected food utilization by impacting freshwater availability and creating health hazards. In addition, intensified weather extremes are likely to threaten food security further. A combination of local-level adaptation measures and global-level mitigation initiatives is necessary to ensure food security in this region.

Past and future freshwater availability scenarios and their impact on the Indian Sundarbans ecosystem and fisheries

Abstract The Indian Sundarbans is considered one of the zones of highest vulnerability in the world in terms of climate change. About 4.43 million people living in the Indian Sundarbans face a lack of freshwater availability due to the erratic behaviour of monsoon rains, frequent cyclonic storms, intrusion of saline water, and other factors, all of which affect the fisheries and agriculture activities of this area. In this study, estimates of freshwater availability through past and predicted future rainfall and evapotranspiration change scenarios in the Sundarbans are presented. Due to the lack of high-quality in-situ data, various sources of gridded rainfall and evapotranspiration data were used. Between 1948 and 2010, half of the 19 administrative blocks showed a decreasing trend of monsoonal rainfall while the rest showed an increasing trend. Freshwater availability showed a decreasing trend during the monsoon season over different blocks of the Sundarbans, which is a matter of great concern for fisheries and agricultural activities. Statistical downscaling was used to generate future rainfall and evapotranspiration scenarios, using coarse resolution Global Climate Models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase five for a smaller area like the Sundarbans. Downscaled Global Climate Models project an increasing trend in future monsoon rainfall in both RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 emission scenarios. The increasing rainfall can trigger excessive run-off and flooding, which would in turn affect aquaculture infrastructure and damage lentic aquaculture productions across the Sundarbans. However, increased rainfall may expand the flood plain area and extend the feeding grounds of fish. Hence, the impact of rainfall change is quite unpredictable. Proper adaptation techniques may be required to harness the positive impacts while preventing negative effects.

GLOBAL CLIMATIC TRANSFORMATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN

Global climate change has tremendous economic, environmental and social implications for Pakistan. Recently, there has been increased awareness about inevitability of climate change and the realization that though everyone is affected, yet not equally. The central argument of this paper is that Pakistan is the victim of global climate change and facing consequences of the action it has not committed. We will analyze the global perspective of climate change, how Pakistan is being affected by climate change and what is policy response of Pakistan for adapting and responding. We will apply qualitative approach for our analysis. Developing world is facing challenges of poor governance, resource scarcity and violence, thus suffer greater because of natural disasters. Pakistan is among those countries which have experienced increasing frequency of flooding and droughts, erratic weather and agricultural pattern, loss of biodiversity and decline in freshwater availability. Social theory forms the basis of understanding of climate related threats to developing countries. It gives rise to conceptual framework of societal vulnerability, which can be used to explain why Pakistan is the major victim of global climate change. Pakistan has experienced serious impacts of climate change in various sectors like agriculture, water scarcity, inter provincial conflicts over resources, public heath, floods and other extreme weather events. This calls for rapid climate action and concrete policy for addressing this rapidly deteriorating situation. The country should enhance is disaster management and coping capacity and work on building the resilience of people and institutions. Availability and distribution of fresh water must be guided by laws formed by coordination of central ad provincial government. For efficient administration, interaction, and implementation, it is crucial to combine the relevant ministries under the aegis of provincial and federal disaster response organizations. Keywords: climate change, Pakistan, social theory, floods, food security, water scarcity.

A co-generation success story: Improving drinking water management through hydro-climate services

Hydro-climate services have been emerging to address the needs in the drinking water supply sector. Here, we demonstrate how co-generation can lead to the uptake of a service for supporting decision-making and ensuring a sustainable use of water resources. Insights are based on the storyline of the SMHI Aqua service co-generation. A framework consisting on four pillars (co-design, co-development, co-delivery and co-evaluation) was implemented based on the active involvement and close collaboration of service purveyors, data providers and users. The service consists of three main components: data assimilation, forecast production and a decision support system. Two hydrological models were locally customized to simulate freshwater availability in surface and groundwater reservoirs, generating further short- and long-range forecasts updated twice a day. Real-time hydro-meteorological measurements are used to update the model and initialize the forecasts, while different water extraction strategies allow simulating freshwater availability scenarios for the upcoming months. The hydro-meteorological measured and modelled data are accessible in a web-based platform and presented in a user-intuitive and informative way. We conclude that knowledge co-evolution is crucial for ensuring a hydro-climate service uptake. For water managers to take informed decisions, the hydro-meteorological information (including propagated uncertainty) generated by the service needs to be efficiently communicated. We finally note that the benefits resulting from the adoption of the hydro-climate service go beyond water-related users reaching to the general public by guaranteeing access to freshwater and by improving awareness and preparedness to extreme conditions.

Vulnerability assessment for climate adaptation planning in a Mediterranean basin

ABSTRACT The Iberian Peninsula is a climate change hotspot, where the temperature is increasing faster than the global annual mean surface temperature, with the largest reduction of precipitation. Consequently, freshwater availability is expected to decrease substantially. In this context, freshwater systems are especially vulnerable in terms of meeting the water demands and ecosystem requirements we know today. In this paper, we present an extension of the eco-engineering decision scaling (EEDS) method to explore trade-offs in agricultural and ecologic metrics at the catchment scale across a range of unknown future hydrological and climate states. The extended EEDS method evaluates current water resource management rules focusing on agricultural and ecologic objectives, identifies climate hazards that make the system fail and assesses climate risk in three time horizons for the design of adaptation measures. The case study is the Serpis River basin, Spain, where 72% of available water is used for agricultural purposes.

Bibliometric analysis on hybrid renewable energy-driven desalination technologies

Throughout human history, water and energy have played pivotal roles in the expansion and progress of societies. However, the availability of fresh water on Earth is limited, constituting less than 3% of the global water resources. Moreover, the distribution of freshwater across countries is inequitable, with a considerable amount being returned to oceans and underground reservoirs. The escalating effects of global warming further disrupt the natural water cycle, posing a serious threat to numerous countries in the form of drought and famine. To meet the increasing demand for freshwater, desalination technologies have been widely employed worldwide. Nevertheless, most of the existing commercial desalination methods heavily rely on fossil fuels and contribute to significant greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbating the issue of global warming. Consequently, the integration of hybrid renewable energy sources into desalination processes emerges as a promising solution to simultaneously address the freshwater demand and combat global warming. So, utilizing hybrid renewable energy supply to drive various desalination technologies is a very promising solution to meet freshwater demands and help mitigating the global warming problem. Therefore, it is imperative to gain a comprehensive understanding of the latest advancements in hybrid renewable energy-driven desalination technologies to guide future research endeavors in this domain. The primary objective of this study is to perform a bibliometric analysis in order to identify the key sources, authors, countries, research institutions, and topics within the field of hybrid renewable energy-driven desalination technologies. By utilizing the R Bibliometrix library and the biblioshiny application, a dataset comprising 451 publications obtained from the Scopus database was analyzed. The results of the analysis reveal a substantial increase in the annual publication rate within this research field over the past five years. Notably, Iran, the United States, and China have emerged as leading contributors in terms of total publications. However, it is noteworthy that countries in the Middle East and the Mediterranean region, in addition to China and the USA, exhibit prominent involvement in various categories of research within this field.

Projected future European power sector water usage across power scenarios and corresponding trends in water availability

The current transition toward added renewables into the power mix is essential to mitigate climate change effects, but the energy transition has environmental impacts outside the scope of greenhouse gas emissions that also need attention. One such impact is the water-energy dependency nexus, where water dependencies are also seen for non-fossil technologies such as concentrated solar power (CSP), bioenergy and hydropower and mitigation technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS). In this light, the selection of power production technologies can potentially affect long-term water resource renewability and dry summer conditions, causing, e.g., power plant shutdowns. In this study, we employ an established and validated scheme of water consumption and withdrawal rates across energy conversion technologies at the European scale to project corresponding water usage rates towards 2050 for EU30 countries. We further use the entire range of global- and regional climate model ensembles for low-, medium- and high-emission scenarios to project trends and robustness estimates of freshwater resources and availability at the distributed level for corresponding countries and years towards 2100. The results show a high sensitivity of water usage rates to the implementation of energy technologies such as CSP and CCS, as well as the decommissioning rates of fossil technologies and some scenarios generally show unaltered or even vastly increasing water consumption and withdrawal rates. Further, the assumptions on using CCS technologies, an evolving field, show a high impact. The assessment of hydro-climatic projections showed some degree of overlaps between decreasing water availabilities and increasing power sector water usage, especially for one power production scenario with a high share of CCS implementation. Further, a vast climate model spread in water availability was seen for both yearly means and summer minima, emphasising the need to include extremes in water management, and the water availability was highly dependent on the emission scenario in some regions.

Step-by-Step Fabrication of PVDF-TiO2 Hollow Fiber Membrane and Its Application Desalination of Wetland Saline Water via Pervaporation

Wetland water is opted as the source of domestic water supply when the availability of clean fresh water is scarce. Wetland water requires proper treatment due to the high concentration of organic matter and high salinity, particularly in the dry season. This research aims to synthesize, characterize, and investigate the performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-TiO2 hollow fiber membrane for wetland saline water desalination via pervaporation. The PVDF-TiO2 hollow fiber membranes were fabricated through the dry wet spinning method under various air gaps (10, 15, and 20 cm). Then, the resulting membranes were tested in a pervaporation process at temperatures of 25, 40, and 60°C. Results show that the incorporation of TiO2 into the PVDF matrix imparted hydrophilicity properties into the resultant membranes. The presence of TiO2 was confirmed by the TiO2 stretching vibration at 1640 cm-1 (FTIR) and the TiO2 phase at diffraction peaks at 25.5 and 37°. The membranes exhibited the highest water flux (7.48 kg/m2.h) and salt rejection ( 99.5%) at 40°C. Overall, the developed PVDF-TiO2 hollow fiber membranes showed encouraging results and demonstrated their effectiveness for the desalination of wetland saline water.

Fresh Water availability and Its Global challenge

Water is prime natural resources fulfilling our needs in a precisious assets.we must acts to preserve and utilize every drop of water.water resources can be assessed on the basis of surface and subsurface water bodies.Climate change impact on ground Water the impact of climate change on ground water has been studied much less than the impact on surface waters. Ground water reacts to climate change mainly due to change in ground water recharge,but also change in river level in response to increase in mean Temperature,precipitation ,variability and sea level as mean precipitations.Changing land use pattern due to increasing ,urbanization, industrialization and agriculture activities are serious issues that causing increase ground water with drawal resulting in depletion of ground water resources and mining of ground water resources,along with deterioration of water quality.Rainfall is highly irregular and erratic and declining year to year due to change climatic conditions as result of serious deforestation global warming etc.Human health is affected by change in biodiversity and ecosystem.Climate change will affect the quality of drinking water and impact of fresh water availability and impact on public health. About 70% of Earth’s surface is water of which 97.5% is salty water and 2.5% is fresh water. Less than 1% of this 2.5% amount of freshwater is accessible. As sea water rise’s , salt water of ocean in filtrate as coastal fresh water due heavy rainfall and flooding waste more fertilizer and municipal sewage mixed with costal fresh water and change alter into more oxygen dead zone. Weather extreme and climate variability is main driver of food production in recent global challenge. Recent global challenge food security, fresh water availability, increase incidence of extreme high sea level. Loss of agriculture reproduction and increase in food prices and changes in weather patterns and alter availability and quality of water in many part of world. Climate change is an on-going phenomenon. This will inevitably bring about numerous environmental problems, including alterations to the hydrological cycle, which is already heavily influenced by anthropogenic activity.Chemical fertlizer’s has been adversely affecting the flora, fauna as well as soil quality . more ever every year plant pathogen are causing loss of 10 to 20% of agricultural production worldwide. Ground water will be vital to alleviate some of the worst drought situations. flooding and contaiminated water supplies, more intense weather events are likely to increase to risk of infectious disease epidemics and erosion of low-lying and costal land. Climate Chang will affect the quality of drinking Water and impact of fresh water availlablity and impact on public health it’s better to use UV Water purifiers.This paper will explore what climate change. Water is prime natural resources fulfilling our needs in a precisious assets.we must acts to preserve and utilize every drop of water.water resources can be assessed on the basis of surface and subsurface water bodies.Climate change imapact on ground Water the impact of climate change on ground water has been studied much less than the impact on surface waters. Ground water reacts to climate change mainly due to change in ground water recharge,but also change in river level in response to increase in mean Temperature,precipitation ,variability and sea level as mean precipitations.Changing land use pattern due to increasing ,urbanization, industrialization and agriculture activities are serious issues that causing increase ground water with drawal resulting in depletion of ground water resources and mining of ground water resources,along with deterioration of water quality.Rainfall is highly irregular and erratic and declining year to year due to change climatic conditions as result of serious global warming .Impacts of sea level rise on salinity intrusion global climate change has resulted in gradual sea level rise. sea level rise can cause saline water to migrate up stream in estuaries and rivers,thereby threating fresh water habitat and drinking- water supplies.Hydrology all the costal margin; fresh ground water flowing in land areas meets with saline ground water from the ocean. the fresh ground water flows from in land areas towards the coast where elevation and groundwater level are lower because salt water has higher content of dissolved salt and minerals. it denser the fresh water,causing it to have hydraulic head than freshwater. hydraulic head refers to the liquid pressure exerted by water column. the higher pressure density of salt water causes it to move into costal aquifiers in a a wedge shape under the freshwater. the salt water and fresh water meets in a transition zone where mixing occurs through dispersion and diffusion.

Current availability and distribution of Congo Basin’s freshwater resources

The Congo Basin is of global significance for biodiversity and the water and carbon cycles. However, its freshwater availability and distribution remain relatively unknown. Using satellite data, here we show that currently the Congo Basin’s Total Drainable Water Storage lies within a range of 476 km3 to 502 km3, unevenly distributed throughout the region, with 63% being stored in the southernmost sub-basins, Kasaï (220–228 km3) and Lualaba (109–169 km3), while the northern sub-basins contribute only 173 ± 8 km3. We further estimate the hydraulic time constant for draining its entire water storage to be 4.3 ± 0.1 months, but, regionally, permanent wetlands and large lakes act as resistors resulting in greater time constants of up to 105 ± 3 months. Our estimate provides a robust basis to address the challenges of water demand for 120 million inhabitants, a population expected to double in a few decades.

Awareness and interventions to reduce dehydration in pregnant, postpartum women, and newborns in rural Kenya.

Extreme heat exposure is associated with adverse outcomes in pregnancy and has the potential to impact maternal, neonatal and child health for a lifetime. In an extremely hot climate, pregnant women face an increased risk of premature birth, stillbirth, low birth weight, congenital anomalies and pre-eclampsia. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), socio-demographic and behavioural practices may negatively affect body hydration during high temperatures. The possible causes and consequences of dehydration in the heat are poorly understood and have been little discussed in the literature.Living in a hot climate poses various challenges, including dehydration, where biological mechanisms and insufficient access to water can lead to dehydration in women and children, with consequences for the health of both mothers and children, particularly in relation to breastfeeding habits. During pregnancy, increased metabolic and cardiovascular demands interact with heat exhaustion and reduced availability of fresh water, which can affect the child's growth and development. In this opinion piece, we emphasise the possible causes and impacts of dehydration in extreme heat on the health and well-being of mothers and children. We encourage more research, focused on biology and epidemiology, related to raising awareness and implementing adaptations to reduce the risk of dehydration in pregnant, postpartum women and newborns in the context of climate change-related heat exposure.