Tuber Fresh Weight Research Articles

To Study the Effect of Cow Dung and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria on Growth and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Field investigation was carried out to study the effect of cow dung (CD) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on growth and yields parameters in potato cultivar Kufri chipsona-3 at School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, condition during 2016?2017 and 2017?2018. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four nutrient management practices CD, and their combination with biofertilizers (PSB). Growth parameters such as plant height, number of compound leaves per plant, number of stolon per plant, number of branches per plant, and yield attributing parameters such as fresh and dry weight of tubers per plant, number of tuber per plant, and total yield per hectare increased with the application of PSB in different combination rates was much better than applying of CD one and using of cow with PSB them in tries combination were the most effective treatments comparing with the others. However, the highest values for the number of tuber per plant and per plot as well as tuber yield per plot and per hectare were recorded on application of CD @ 10 t/ha + PSB @ 10 kg/ha was the most effective treatment both the years, followed by PSB @ 10 kg/ha, respectively.. KEYWORDS :Cow dung, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, growth and yield

The Response of Shallot (Allium ascalonicum) to Salinity Stress

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum) cv Bima Brebes is the cultivar that was most widely cultivated in shallot production centers on Java Island. The increasing rate of land use conversion from agricultural to non-agricultural land caused the shallot cultivation to be directed to marginal lands, including land with high salinity. This study aimed to determine the effect of the salinity level on the growth and yield of shallots and to determine the highest level of salinity that can be tolerated by shallots. This experiment was carried out from October to December 2022 at the Experimental Station of Swadaya Gunung Jati University. The location is located in Cirebon City, West Java, Indonesia. The research method used was the experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment was salt concentration consisted of 5 levels i.e., 0 ppm, 1250 ppm, 2500 ppm, 3750 ppm, and 5000 ppm. Each treatment was repeated 5 times so that there were 25 experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of 10 polybags of shallot plants. The results showed that salt concentration significantly inhibits the growth and yield of shallot at all of the measured parameters i.e., plant height, number of leaves, root length, root volume, plant dry weight, plant growth rate, number of tubers, tuber diameter, fresh tuber weight, and dry tuber weight. The salt concentration of 1250 ppm is the tolerance limit for salinity stress for shallots.

Uji Kualitas Pupuk Organik Cair Kotoran Sapi dengan Beberapa Bioaktivator Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Bawang Merah (Allium Ascalonicum L.)

This study aims to improve the quality of cow manure liquid organic fertilizer from several bioactivators and to determine the effect of liquid organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) plants. This research was conducted on March 11 2022 – November 29 2022 at the cultivation land of Lamongan Regency. The research was arranged using Factorial RBD consisting of two levels and three replications. The first level is the types of bioactivators which consist of 5 types, namely without bioactivators (B0), Em4 (B1), BRE4 (B2), PAZ's (B3), and Mol rumen (B4). The second level is the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer to be tested on plants which consists of 4 concentrations of only basic fertilizer (K0), 20 ml/liter (K1), 40 ml/liter (K2), and 60 ml/liter (K3). Research data can be analyzed by ANOVA followed by Duncan's Multiple Range test at 5% level. The experimental results showed that a single treatment with the type of bioactivator helped improve the quality of liquid organic fertilizer for cow dung because the total N and pH parameters met the quality of the Minister of Agriculture. Single treatment concentration of cow manure liquid organic fertilizer showed a highly significant different effect on the variables observed in plant height, number of leaves, root volume, tuber diameter, and tuber dry weight. The variable number of tubers showed significantly different results in a single treatment, the concentration of cow dung liquid organic fertilizer and the fresh weight of tubers showed no significant differences. The best concentration of liquid organic fertilizer for cow dung was 60 ml/liter with the highest value at plant height 15.81 cm, number of leaves 10-11 leaves, root volume 10.96 ml, tuber diameter 1.86 cm, tuber number 38-38 tubers/plot, and tuber dry weight 17.89 grams. A significant correlation was also shown between fresh weight and tuber diameter because the value of r count 0.5237 was greater than r table 0.2144.

Pengaruh Media Tanam dan Varietas Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Jahe (Zingiber officinale R)

The purpose of this research is to find out how the growth and yield of ginger are affected by the growing media and varieties, and how they interact with each other. This research was conducted at the Gayo Lues Laboratory and PSDKU at the University of Syiah Kuala Gayo Lues. The design used in this study was a 4 x 2 Factorial Randomized Block Design with 3 replications, so there were 8 treatment combinations and 24 experimental units with a total of 72 plants. Plant height, number of tillers per clump, main stem diameter, fresh chestnut weight, tuber weight, tuber diameter, and dry chestnut weight were the parameters observed. The results of this study indicated that the media and variety treatment had a very significant effect on plant height at 120 HSPT. Stem diameter and fresh chestnut weight were significantly affected by the varietal treatment, as well as plant height and tuber weight, but not by other parameters. In ginger growth and yield, there was no significant interaction between growing media and varieties. The treatment of citronella waste and coffee peel waste planting media with red ginger varieties produced the best plant growth.

Influence of Field and Storage Diseases and Pests on Tuber Yield and Quality of Exotic and Local Yam (Dioscorea spp.) Genotypes

Field and storage trials were conducted to assess the response of exotic and local yam genotypes to major diseases (anthracnose, yam mosaic virus (YMV) and dry rot) and pests (i.e., mealy bug and nematodes) for the identification of parents with desired complementary traits for crossing. The experiment was conducted at the Njala Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) experimental site in Sierra Leone during two cropping seasons, 2020 and 2021. A total of 113 genotypes of yam comprising 15 D. rotundata, 4 D. prahensilis, 7 D. esculenta, 74 D. alata, 7 D. bulbifera, and 4 D. cayenensis were assessed. Results showed a significant (p < 0.001) linear relationship between yield and disease severity among yam genotypes. In-field disease (anthracnose and yam mosaic virus) infection accounted for 38% of the total variation observed in the fresh tuber yield. Findings on fresh tuber yield revealed that for every ton increase in yield of yams, anthracnose and YMV severities at five months after planting (MAP) decreased by 0.5 and 3.1 units, respectively. About 30 genotypes had low infection of disease, of which two belonged to D. rotundata (TDr 205 and TDr 96/00587), two belonged to D. prahensilis (PSLY074-13 and BMSLY085-13), three belonged to D. bulbifera (MOSLY022-12, MOSLY024-12 and KESLY09-12), and one belonged to D. esculenta (WRSLY083-13), while the remaining were D. alata. About 27 genotypes had intermediate infection, and 14 had high disease susceptibility, all of which belonged to D. alata. Storage disease infection had a highly significant (p < 0.002) linear relationship among yam genotypes. Dry rot, mealy bug, and nematode infection accounted for 15.1% of the total variation in fresh tuber weight loss. The findings were relevant for selecting parents with complementary traits of interest targeted at yam population improvement.

Effect of Type of Organic Fertilizer and Dosage of Kno3 on The Growth and Results Of Shallot Plant (Allium ascalonicum L.)

This study aims to determine the effect of the type of organic fertilizer and the dose of KNO3 on the growth and yield of shallot plants. This research was conducted from March to May 2023, which took place in Subak Sampalan Dlod Margi, Jalan Raya Kusamba, Dawan District, Klungkung Regency with an altitude of 15 meters above sea level. The design used in this study was a randomized block design (RBD) with 2 factors arranged factorially. The first factor was using 3 types of organic fertilizers as much as 20 tons ha of each type, namely P1: 20 tons/ha of rabbit manure, P2: 20 tons/ha of kerambitan agro organic fertilizer, P3: 20 tons/ha of lemeksari compost and the second factor was using KNO3 which consisted of 3 levels, namely K1: 50 kg/ha, K2: 100 kg/ha and K3: 150 kg/ha thus obtaining 9 combinations of treatments which were repeated 3 times. The interaction between the type of organic fertilizer with the dose of KNO3 (P×K) and the type of organic fertilizer (P) had no significant effect (P≥0.05) on all observed variables. KNO3 (K) dose treatment had a significant effect (P<0.05) on tuber fresh weight per clump, tuber oven dry weight per clump and harvest index; no significant effect (P≥0.05) on other variables. KNO3 dose of 100 kg/ha (K2) gave the highest tuber fresh weight and oven dry weight per clump, namely 65.16 g and 6.38 g; which increased by 77.64% and 90.44% when compared to the lowest fresh weight and oven dry weight of tubers per clump obtained at the KNO3 dose of 50 kg/ha (K1), namely 36.86 g and 3.35 g.

The Effect of Vermicompost Fertilizer and Effective Microorganisms (EM4) on The Growth and Yield of Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L) Bima Brebes Cultivars

This study aims to determine the effect of vermicompost fertilizer dose interaction and effective microorganisms (EM4) on the growth and yield of onion plants (Allium ascalonicum L.) cultivar Bima Brebes. The research was carried out in Karangwangun Village, Babakan District, Cirebon Regency – West Java, from February to May 2023. The design used is an experimental method with a factorial pattern Group Random Design (RAK), consisting of two factors, namely vermicompost fertilizer and effective microorganisms (EM4). Application of vermicompost fertilizer (K), which consists of 3 levels, namely: K1 = 5 tons / ha, K2 = 10 tons / ha, and K3 = 15 tons / ha; Effective Microorganism Factor (EM4) (E) which consists of 3 levels, namely: E1 = EM4 5 cc / Liter of water, E2 = EM4 10 cc / Liter of water, and E3 = EM4 15 cc / Liter of water. Each treatment or experimental unit was repeated three times for a total of 27 plots. Data analysis was carried out using fingerprints and follow-up tests with the Duncan Multiple Distance Test at the level of 5%. The variables observed were plant height (cm), number of leaves per clump (strands), number of saplings per clump (fruit), tuber diameter (cm), weight of fresh tubers per clump, weight of fresh tubers per plot, weight of dry tubers per clump and per plot. The results showed that: (1) there was no interaction between vermicompost fertilizer application and effective microorganisms (EM4) on all observation parameters, (2) The independent effect of vermicompost fertilizer application had a significant effect on the average variable weight of fresh tubers per plot. Meanwhile, the treatment of effective microorganisms (EM4) has an independent effect on the average plant height variable aged 21 days after planting (HST).

Tropic soil properties and productivity of Shallot Lembah Palu variety

This study aims to utilize data from soil analysis as a basis for plant nutrient management to increase the productivity of shallots of the palu valley variety. The first phase of the research was carried out using the survey method at 7 main locations of shallot development of the palu valley variety. The second phase of the study is a field experiment using a 2-factor factorial experiment. The first factor is the dose of chicken manure 10 tons ha−1 (O1) and 15 tons ha−1 (O2) while the second factor is 48 kg S ha−1 (H1), 72 kg S ha−1(H2), 100 kg KCl ha−1 (H3), and 200 kg KCl ha−1 (H4). The results showed that the dominant soil properties affecting low productivity were soil texture dominated by sand and dust fractions at all sites ranging from 64-89%, soil clay content ranging from 11-36%. Soil C-organic content is very low to low (0.67-1.79%), N-total soil is very low to low (0.04-0.16%). Available K2O (Morgan) levels are generally low (4.29-10.12 ppm) except for Tanamodindi and Poboya. The results of field experiments showed that the application of organic matter equivalent to 15 tons of ha−1 resulted in a fresh tuber weight of 10.94 tons ha−1 (O2), markedly higher than that of giving 10 tons of ha−1 which results in a fresh tuber weight of 9.67 tons ha−1 (O1). The use of KCl fertilizer at a dose of 200 kg ha−1 resulted in a fresh tuber weight of 12.35 tons ha−1 (H4), markedly higher than 100 kg KCl ha−1 (H3). 72 kg S ha−1 (H2) and 48 kg KCl ha−1 (H1).

Brassinolide alleviated drought stress faced by bulbil formation of Pinellia ternata by reducing ROS metabolism and enhancing AsA-GSH cycle

Drought occurs frequently because of global climate change. The involvement of brassinolide (BR) in regulating plant tolerance to stress is one of its research hotspots. Bulbil formation and development of Pinellia ternata is the key to its yield formation. However, drought in spring and waterlogging in summer often occur in the bulbil development process, which seriously affects the yield and quality of P. ternata. The study investigated the effects of BR and BR biosynthesis inhibitors (propiconazole, PCZ) on formation and growth of P. ternata bulbil under spring drought and rehydration condition. The results showed that BR treatment improved the biomass of P. ternata by increasing the bulbils formation, tillers numbers, and fresh weight of bulbils, tuber, steam and leaf when compared with control or PCZ groups both in drought and rehydration condition. Compared with the control or PCZ groups, BR application significantly elevated the photosynthetic pigment contents, PSⅡ photoprotective capacity, osmosis-regulating substance levels, and active ingredients contents in P. ternata both in drought and rehydration conditions, which promoted the growth of P. ternata. In addition, BR application enhanced antioxidant contents (AsA, GSH, AsA/DHA ratio, GSH/GSSG ratio) and enzymes activities (SOD, APX, DHAR, MDHAR), but reduced the levels of membrane lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen in P. ternata both in drought and rehydration conditions. This study revealed that BR application could help P. ternata to cope with the drought stress during bulbil formation periods by improving AsA-GSH cycle and diminishing ROS damage.

Growth and production of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) applied by Trichoderma harzianum fungus Tithonia diversifolia compost

Red onions are such a demanding horticultural product that farmers have to grow them intensively. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of composting applications of Trichoderma harzianum and his Tithonia diversifolia on shallot growth and production. This research was conducted from October 2021 to January 2022 in Sekkang, Mattiro Sompe, Pinrang, South Sulawesi. The study was conducted by experiment using split plot design in a randomized complete block design which consisted of 2 plot factors such as the Trichoderma harzianum fungus as a main plot with 4 levels of doses, and the sub-plots using Tithonia diversifolia compost with 4 levels of doses. The research was done in three main steps: preparing the media and the material, maintenance and examining the result. The results showed that there was an interaction between the treatment of Trichoderma harzianum 15 g with Tithonia diversifolia compost 3 kg per plot, which gave the best results for plant height (41.78 cm). Then, the application of Trichoderma harzianum 10 g with Tithonia diversifolia compost 3 kg per plot gave the best results on the of tuber fresh weight (89.89 g), tuber dry weight (74.61 g) and production per hectare (18,65 ton).

The Roles of Net Photosynthetic Rate and Transpiration Efficiency on Economic Yield of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Genotypes under Different Drought Durations during the Terminal Growth Stages

Knowledge of the influence of different drought durations during the terminal growth stages on net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), transpiration efficiency (TE), and tuber fresh weight (economic yield) is relatively limited in Jerusalem artichoke. Our aim was to examine the effect of different drought durations during the terminal growth stages on Pn, Tr, TE, and economic yield in Jerusalem artichoke genotypes with different ranges of drought tolerance. A two-year field experiment was established in the northeast of Thailand. A split-plot design replicated four times was used. Three water treatments, optimal conditions (SD0), short-drought (SD1), and long-drought (SD2) durations during the terminal growth stages, were arranged as main plots. Six genotypes (HEL256, JA37, HEL253, JA4, JA60, and JA125) are subplots. Different durations of drought in SD1 and SD2 reduced Pn, Tr, and economic yield, while drought stress during the terminal growth stages increased TE in whole genotypes over SD0 treatments. Drought-tolerant genotypes JA125 and JA4 exhibited high Pn, medium TE, and low economic yield reduction under SD2. Utilization of these superior parents in breeding could lead to the generation of new progenies with high economic yield productivity and drought tolerance during the long drought duration during the terminal growth stage. In addition, high SPAD chlorophyll meter readings (SCMR) in SD1 and SD2 and low specific leaf area (SLA) in SD1 could be used as indirect selection traits to survey high Pn genotypes in Jerusalem artichoke. Consequently, these indirect selection traits may allow for speedy breeding programs in Jerusalem artichokes.

Morphologic and chemical characterizations of some salep orchids

Salep orchids have been used as a food for centuries without cultivating but, mainly harvesting from nature. After powdering, their tubers are utilized as hot beverage and in ice-cream industry as a stabilizer. Due to their importance in food industry, it is important to characterize the morphology and chemistry of salep orchids. In this study, it was aimed to determine some morphological (fresh weight, dry weight and dry matter ratio of tubers and the number of tubers required for 1 kg salep powder) and chemical (glucomannan, starch, protein, moisture, ash, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, copper, manganese and zinc contents and glucomannan/starch ratio of tubers) properties of 10 salep orchid species from 6 genus namely, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Dactylorhiza romana, Himantoglossum caprinum, Himantoglossum comperianum, Ophrys apifera, Ophrys mammosa, Orchis coriophora, Orchis morio, Orchis tridendata, Serapias vomeracea grown in nature of Black Sea Region of Türkiye. Such a kinds of data is the first and can be beneficial in utilizing the researched species in food industry.

Effect of row proportions, organic and inorganic nutrient sources on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tubersoum) cultivars

The effects of row proportions and nutrient management was studied in potato (Solanum tubersoum L.) + Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj.] intercropping system during 2014–15 and 2015–16 at Amar Singh College Farm, Lakhaoti (Bulandshahr), Uttar Pradesh. The field experiment was laid out in a split-split plot design with 3 replications. The main plot treatments consisted of 3 varieties, viz. ‘Kufri Pukhraj’, ‘Kufri Anand’ and ‘Chipsona 3’, and subplots comprised row proportions of 2 : 1 potato : Indian mustard (P : M), 4 : 1 P : M, potato sole and Indian mustard sole and the sub-subplot treatments consisted of 3 nutrient sources 100% organic (FYM), 100% inorganic and 50% organic + 50% inorganic. The maximum fresh weight of tubers (450.33 g), total tuber dry weight (56.99 g), total number of tubers/plant (15.40) as well as total biological yield (49.14) were recorded in ‘Kufri Pukhraj’ both for A - grade and total tuber yield. Row ratio of 2 : 1 (P : M) recorded higher fresh weight of haulms/ plant (191.48), while higher dry weight/plant of potato (119.70) was recorded in the sole crop. Number of tuber/ plant, fresh and dry weight of tubers were significantly higher under sole potato than row ratio of 4 : 1 however, row ratio of 4 : 1 was slightly superior to row ratio of 2 : 1. Sole potato and row ratio of 4 : 1 resulted in significantly higher total biomass than row ratio of 2 : 1. Yield of different grades and total tubers was recorded significantly higher in sole crop than that for row ratio of 4 : 1 and 2 : 1, though variations were observed nominal in case of Cgrade tubers. Significantly higher potato yield (2.85 t/ha) was observed with the application of nutrients through 50% organic + 50% inorganic fertilizer application.

Correlation and path analysis of three elite clones of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Waxy cassava having high amylopectin content could contribute and increase genetic background. Unfortunately, the genetic parameter information of three elite cassava clones as Waxy, UJ-5, and BW-1 is still limited. Consequently, the objective of this study was to evaluate leaf weight and yield by correlation and path analysis of three cassava clones. This study was conducted on the Integrated Field Lab of Lampung from December 2019 to October 2020. Treatment was arranged by a single factor in RCBD with two replications. There were three cassava genotype clones, as Waxy, UJ-5 (originally Kasetsart), and BW-1 (originally Huay Bong-60). Genetics parameters were analysed by using Minitab programs (Version 17). Variables observed were plant height (PH), total leaf number (TLN), tuber number (TN), tuber fresh weight (TFW), tuber dry weight (TDW), attached leaf dry weight (ALDW), stem dry weight (SDW), petiole dry weight (PDW), starch weight (SW), and harvest index (HI). These variables were observed and measured at 10 months after planting (MAP) on one tree. The results showed that attached leaf dry weight has direct effect of 1.16 on starch weight with correlation coefficient of 0.58. It was recommended to select a criterion for high yielding of elite clones based on high attached leaf dry weight.

Applied Nitrogen Fertilization and Irrigation on Improving Shallot (Allium ascolanicum L.) Growth and Yield on Dry Land in Mesuji, Lampung Province, Indonesia

This field research was conducted from June to August 2022 at the research station of Agriculture Extension, Mesuji District, Mesuji Regency, Lampung Province, Indonesia. The study aimed to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on different levels of treatment on shallot growth and yield in dry land. The experiment was a factorial design in a striped plot with three replications. The first factor was nitrogen fertilizer levels, namely 0 kg N/ha (N0), 80 kg N/ha (N80), 160 kg N/ha (N160) and 240 kg (N240); the second factor was irrigation with four levels, namely 25% ETc (W25), 50% ETc (W50), 75% ETc (W75) and 100% ETc (W100). The variables observed were plant height, number of leaves, fresh weight of tubers, diameter of tubers, dry weight of tubers and harvest index. The results showed that the significant effect of treatment was more due to the main effect of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation factors. Nitrogen fertilizer has a significant effect on plant height, fresh weight of tubers, tuber diameter, dry weight of tubers and harvest index, while the number of leaves and canopy cover have not been significantly affected. The irrigation treatment significantly affected all observed variables, while only the dry weight variables of tubers showed a noticeable interaction effect of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation. The best treatment to support the growth and yield of shallots in dry land results from fertilizing nitrogen (N) 160 kg N/ha and irrigating 75% Etc.

Pengaruh Pemberian Vermikompos dan Pupuk KNO3 terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Bawang Merah (Allium Ascalonicum L.) pada Lahan Kering

The use of dry land for shallot cultivation in Indonesia is still not optimal because it is considered as land that has no good potential for crop cultivation. Dry land problems include limited availability of water, low organic matter and soil nutrients, especially potassium. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the response of vermicompost and KNO3 fertilizer to the growth and yield of shallots on dry land. The experimental design used a factorial randomized block design, doses of vermicompost (5 tons/ha, 10 to/ha, and 15 tons/ha) and KNO3 fertilizer doses (0 kg/ha, 114 kg/ha, and 228 kg/ha). Parameters observed included plant height, number of leaves per hill, number of tubers per hill, tuber diameter, weight of fresh tubers per hill, weight of stored dry tubers per hill, and tuber moisture content. The results showed that the interaction between the application of 10 tons/ha of vermicompost and 114 kg/ha of KNO3 fertilizer had a significant effect on the parameters of fresh tuber weight per clump and dry tuber weight stored per clump. The single treatment of vermicompost at a dose of 15 tons/ha had a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves per hill, fresh tuber weight per hill, and dry tuber weight stored per hill. Single treatment with KNO3 fertilizer dose of 228 kg/ha had a significant effect on the weight of fresh tubers per clump and the weight of stored dry tubers per clump.

Differences in Dry Matter Accumulation and Distribution Patterns between Pre-Elite Seed and Certified Seed of Virus-Free Potato

Virus-free seed potatoes are generally divided into pre-elite seeds and certified seeds. To study the differences in dry matter accumulation and distribution between pre-elite seeds and certified seeds through a field randomized block two-factor experiment, pre-elite seeds and certified seeds of four varieties were selected to explore the differences in growth characteristics between the two levels of virus-free potatoes and to find a way to improve potato seed expansion efficiency. The results showed that the growth process of pre-elite seeds was slower and the growth period was longer than certified seeds. The dry matter accumulation of pre-elite seeds in various organs was lower than in certified seeds, and the distribution ratio in the roots and stems of each variety was also lower than the certified seed, while there was no significant difference in the leaf and tuber distribution ratio. The average dry matter accumulation rate in both pre-elite and certified seeds was sorted by size of tubers > leaves > stems > roots; however, it was significantly lower in pre-elite seeds than in certified seeds. Tuber fresh weight, tuber volume, tuber number, and the theoretical yield of certified seeds were higher than those of pre-elite seeds. Experiments have shown that appropriately prolonging the harvest time of virus-free potatoes, especially pre-elite seeds, and increasing the proportion of dry matter allocated to roots and stems by pre-elite seeds in the early growth stages can effectively increase yield.

Pemberian Mikoriza Dalam Media Tanam Campuran Limbah Kelapa Sawit Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum)

The objectives of this research were to determine the effect of mycorrhizae, media mixture palm oil waste, interaction between mycorrhizae and media mixture palm oil waste. This research used a Randomized Block Design consisting of two factors, which were concentration of mycorrhizae (0, 50, and 100 g/plant) and level of media mixture palm oil waste (top soil, top soil + TKKS (1:1), top soil + fiber (1:1), and top soil + sludge (1:1)). Results showed that the treatment of mychorrizae and mixed media give significant effect on number of leave, fresh dan dry tuber weight for plant. The giving mycorrhizae 50 g/plant increased number of leave (21,85 sheet), fresh tuber weight (27,48 g), and dry tuber weight (21,21 g). Media of top soil + sludge increased number of leave (23,60 sheet), fresh tuber weight (32,35 g), and dry tuber weight (24,16 g). The addition of mycorrhizae and media mixture palm oil waste can increase results of onion.

Vegetative and Generative Growth Responses of Eban Local Cultivar Shallots Treated with Gibberellins (GA3) and P Fertilizers

One strategy to increase shallot productivity is to use fertilizers and growth regulators. The aim of the study was to determine the response of vegetative and generative growth of shallots to local Eban cultivars through the application of gibberellins and P fertilizers in the middle plains of North Central Timor District. This study used a factorial randomized block design (RBD). The first factor was the application of gibberellins (GA3), consisting of three treatments, namely without application of GA3 (control), application of 100 ppm GA3 and application of 200 ppm of GA3. The second factor was P fertilizer treatment which consisted of three treatments, namely without P fertilizer (P0), P fertilizer 50 kg/ha (P1) and P fertilizer 100 kg/ha (P2). The results showed that the 200 ppm gibberellin treatment had an effect on plant height. Treatment of 100 ppm gibberellins affected tuber diameter, tuber fresh weight and tuber dry weight. Treatment of P 200 kg/ha had an effect on plant height and number of leaves, treatment of P 100 kg/ha had an effect on the number of tillers. Generative growth did not occur in all the treatments tried, this was due to the influence of environmental factors such as high temperatures during the study

Chinese yam yield is affected by soil nutrient levels and interactions among N, P, and K fertilizers

ObjectiveThe current fertilization methods for Chinese yam are uneconomic and unfriend to environment. A rational one is very important to achieve desired balance of high yield of Chinese yam, economic and friend to environment. Here, we studied the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers on the yield of ‘Qinfeng’ Chinese yam in shallow-groove directional cultivation. MethodsThe experiments were conducted in Dehua County, Fujian Province, China using a “3414” optimal design. Overall, three fertilizer factors (N, P, and K) were evaluated at the following four levels: 0, no fertilizer; 1, 0.5-fold the typical rate; 2, typical fertilization rate; and 3, 1.5-fold the typical rate. There were 14 different fertilization treatments. ResultsTreatment 6 (N2P2K2) produced the longest (75.6 cm) and thickest tubers (4.9 cm) with the highest tuber fresh weight (1311.9 g) and yield (41 015.9 kg/hm2), whereas, treatment 1 produced the shortest (65.6 cm) and thinnest tubers (3.9 cm) with the lowest fresh weight (953.4 g) and yield (28 532.8 kg/hm2) among the 14 fertilizer combinations. The experimental data could be fitted to single-variable quadratic and binary quadratic models but not to a ternary quadratic polynomial model. Appropriate N, P, and K fertilizer application rates increased Chinese yam yield. However, excessive fertilization lowered the yield. Chinese yam yield was significantly and strongly correlated with the amounts of N, P, and K fertilizer applied. ConclusionBased on the single variable quadratic and binary quadratic models, we propose that the quantities of N, P, and K fertilizer used to grow 1 hm2 ‘Qinfeng’ Chinese yam should be 360–388.3, 90–100.95, and 416.3–675 kg, respectively.