Foliage Fresh Weight Research Articles

Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Confers Salinity Tolerance to Medicago sativa L.

Alfalfa, a crop cultivated worldwide for use as livestock feed, exhibits great adaptability to various environmental conditions. This study evaluates the biomass production, lipid peroxidation, photosynthetic pigments and osmo-compatible response in Medicago sativa var CW660 mycorrhizae (AM) and non-mycorrhizae (NM) plants with Rhizophagus intraradices and when subjected to salinity (100 mM and 200 mM of NaCl). They were evaluated using the following morphological parameters: foliage fresh weight (FFW), foliage dry weight (FDW), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), foliage length (FL) and root length (RL), chlorophylls a and b, proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) in AM and NM plants treated with different concentration of NaCl. The LFW and the LDW were higher in M plants. The RFW and the RDW increased in control AM plants, and under different saline treatments there were no differences between AM and NM in either parameter. FL increased in the control and at 100 mM of NaCl in M plants. Chlorophyll a decreased 27–30% and b decreased 1–50% in AM and NM plants at 200 mM NaCl. The proline level increased four times and promoted a defense in AM plants at 200 mM of NaCl. Lipid peroxidation decreased in AM plants by 10% at maximum salinity. M. sativa CW660 is sensitive to salinity stress, and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) regulates its physiology and performance under such conditions, with osmotic protection and membrane protection.

Genetic variability and diversity analysis for some agronomic traits of a sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) collection: Insights for breeding superior genotypes

A study was conducted during the 2017 cropping season to assess the genetic variability of selected agronomic traits in sweet potato. A total of 355 sweet potato genotypes (351 from different countries of the world and four check varieties) were evaluated at Tuber Crops Research Sub Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institution, Bogura, Bangladesh. The experiment was conducted using an augmented randomized complete block design. Findings revealed positive correlations among five agronomic traits, namely the weight of marketable storage root per plant (MRW), weight of storage root per plant (RW), fresh weight of foliage per plant (FW), number of marketable storage root per plant (MRN) and number of storage root per plant (RN) suggesting their suitability for phenotypic selection. There was a positive skewness in most studied traits (FW, MRW, MRW and RW), indicating the presence of a few genotypes with exceptionally high values for those traits. By employing principal component analysis, the most influential traits in sweet potato genotypes were identified for first two components (Dim) showing significant contributions to Dim-1 and Dim-2 collectively accounting for 84.7 % of the total variance. Through cluster analysis, two main clusters (Cluster I and Cluster II) were identified among the studied genotypes, each characterized by distinct trait patterns. Cluster I demonstrated superior performance in all traits, while Cluster II exhibited lower values for all traits. Further sub-clustering within Cluster II (sub-clusters IIA and IIB) revealed additional variations of the collection. The Euclidean distance for inter-cluster (ranging from 7.94 to 11.39) and intra-cluster (ranging from 3.17 to 10.38) were determined utilizing the complete distance method. In restricted maximum likelihood (REML) model, all the traits were significantly influenced by genetic effects, with broad-sense heritability ranging from 32 % to 70 %. The REML displayed high selection accuracy, with values exceeding 91 % for studied traits. The Multi-Trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI) identified 18 genotypes, with Moz1.15 emerging as the best-performing genotype under a 5 % selection pressure. Among the selected genotypes, trait uniqueness was highest for FW (54 %), followed by RN (50 %), MRN (18 %), MRW (14 %), and RW (5 %). The selection gain for these top-ranked genotypes varied between 23.2 % and 69.2 %. Findings established the existence of useful genetic variability for selected agronomic traits of sweet potato that could be exploited for breeding, genetics study and conservation.

Effect of Different Doses of Nutrients on Vegetative, Reproductive and Biochemical Parameters of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) cv. F1 Amazing Hybrid

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) is a well-known winter vegetable crop which belongs to Cruciferae family. Cauliflower needs a large amount of macronutrients as they play role in the development and growth of curd. Therefore, a field experiment was executed to check the different sources of nutrients on vegetative, reproductive and biochemical parameters. Seven different concentrations of macronutrients i.e., Control (no fertilizer), N=150 kg/acre, P=100 kg/acre, K=100 kg/acre, NP=150 + 100 kg/acre, NK=150 + 100 kg/acre and NPK=150 + 100 + 100 kg/acre were applied to cauliflower and experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. Results indicated that maximum values for vegetative and reproductive parameters such as plant height, numbers of leaves per plant, leaf area, foliage fresh weight per plant, foliage dry weight per plant, curd weight, curd diameter, curd yield per hectare and chlorophyll contents (63.2 cm, 21 leaves/plant, 1233.9 cm2, 930 g/plant, 246 g/plant, 695.79 g, 15.26 cm, 25.20 tons/ha and 2.07 CCi respectively) were recorded in NPK treatment (150 + 100 + 100 kg/acre). Whereas, the lowest values were noted in control treatment (no fertilizer). However, total soluble solids were noted maximum (6.49oBrix and 6.19oBrix) in NK (150+100 kg/acre) and NPK (150 + 100 + 100 kg/acre) treatments and vitamin C was maximum (46.35 mg/100ml and 45.67 mg/100ml) in the treatments NPK (150 + 100 + 100 kg/acre) and NK (150 + 100 kg/acre). From this study, it is concluded that application of NPK (150 + 100 + 100 kg/acre) is the recommended dose for better growth, curd production and higher quality yield of cauliflower cv. F1 amazing hybrid.

تقييم فعالية الفطر. Hirsutella sp ومبيد النيماتودا Verox لمقاومة النيماتودا تعقد الجذر Meloidogyne spp على شتلات التين

This study was conducted in the plastic house of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences at the University of Baghdad to evaluate the activity of Hirsutella sp. fungus and Nematode Verox against Meloidogyne spp. causative agent of root knots in Fig seedlings. Treatment of Meloidogyne spp. eggs with Hirsutella sp. at 20ml/L and with Verox at 2g/L caused significant inhibition in eggs hatching after 3,5 and 7 d. The number of non- hatching eggs were 96.70, 54.00and 29.30 eggs respectively in petri plates treated with Hirsutella sp., 106.70, 60.00and 46.00 eggs respectively in petri plates treated with Verox compared with 116.70, 111.00and96.00 eggs respectively in control. The treatment caused significant inhibition of juvenile-2 at the same periods. The number of juvenile-2 were 123.30, 114.00and 109.30 petri plates treated with Hirsutella sp at 20ml/L110.00, 63.00 and 26.70 in seedlings treated with Verox at 2g/L compared with 136.70, 132.00and120.00 in control after 3,5 and 7 d respectively. High significant reduction in root knots index and disease severity were observed in seedlings treated with Hirsutella sp. and Verox, 2.00 and 1.33% compared with 3.33 and 3.32% in control respectively. Significant increase in Phenylalanine Ammonia– Lyase and Chitinase activity induced in Fig seedling treated with Hirsutella sp. and Verox. PAL activity attained to 17.43and19.23 and 18.85 mg cinnamic acid/h/g fresh weight in seedlings treated with Hirsutella sp.16.76, 18.56and 18.05 mg cinnamic acid/ h /g fresh weight in seedlings treated with Verox compared with 15.30, 17.13and 15.74 mg cinnamic acid /h/g fresh weight in control after 3,5and 7 d respectively. The treatment induced significant increase in nitrogen and potassium in the leaves, Nitrogen and potassium percentage were attained to 7.619% and 2.120% in seedling treated with Hirsutella sp. 3.558%and 2.080% in seedlings treated with Verox compared with 2.858% and 1.820% in control respectively. Significant increase in leaf area and in seedlings height were observed in treated seedlings, 157.467 cm²and2.667 cm in seedling treated with Hirsutella sp, 134.687 cm2and 3.837 cm in seedlings treated with Verox compared with 105.883 cm2and 0.662 cm in control respectively. The treatment of Fig seedlings with Hirsutella sp and Verox induced significant increase in leaf chlorophyll content, foliage fresh weight, root fresh weight, foliage dry weight that attained to 37.17, 44.67, 60.63, 16.90 and 17.2ag respectively in Seedlings treated with Hirsutella sp, 35.83 , 44.33 , 52.50, 14.63 and 19.20g respectively in seedling treated with Verox, compared with 30.90, 28.57, 39.00 ,11.63 and 12.07g in control respectively.

Effect of Chitosan and Micro-Carbon-Based Phosphorus Fertilizer on Strawberry Growth and Productivity

High fertilization rates and pesticides are required for the intensive production of strawberries, which offer several therapeutic health benefits. Recently, chitosan (CHI), and phosphorus fertilizer based on Micro Carbon TechnologyTM (MCT-P) were applied to encourage strawberry sustainable production and enhance phosphorus-use efficiency. Field trials were conducted throughout 2020/2021 and 2021/2022, to evaluate the effectiveness of MCT–P and CHI in improving strawberry cv. Fortuna growth and yield as well as their quality. Foliar spraying of CHI and MCT-P considerably improved strawberry plant growth (i.e., plant height, secondary crown number per plant, leaf number and area per plant, and foliage fresh weight), photosynthetic pigment concentration (chlorophylla, chlorophyllb, and carotenoids), as well as its yield and quality (early fruit yield, total yield, average fruit weight, fruit firmness, fruit dry matter %, soluble solid content, total sugars (%), ascorbic acid, acidity, and anthocyanin). Compared to untreated plants, 1200 mgL−1 MCT-P and 1000 mg/L CHI supplementation was the most effective concentration for improving all studied characteristics. The interaction between CHI and MCT-P had a greater impact on all examined characteristics. It is recommended to spray strawberry cv. Fortuna with 1200 mg/L MCT-P plus 1000 mg/L CHI every two weeks, from 60 days after transplanting until two weeks before the end of harvesting season for the best fruit yield and quality.

Antifungal Potential of Beauveria bassiana on Solanum lycopersicum L. Infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of Beauveria bassiana (Bb 1205) on controlling Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol 17108) in tomato plants in greenhouse conditions. Inoculation of Bb 1205 was the most promising among the agronomic variables and expression of the activity of the enzymes β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases. Inoculation of Bb 1205 occurred at a concentration of 1 × 108 conidia·mL−1, which was administered onto the leaves, directly into the soil and via injection. Infection with Fol 17108 occurred with 1 × 106 spores·mL−1, which were added directly to the soil. Spectrophotometry was used for measuring agronomic parameters, namely activity of chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases in foliage and roots. When Bb 1205 was added to the soil, the chlorophyll index and aerial part length showed significant differences. In addition, it was determined that root length, fresh weight of foliage, flower, and fruit count increased 82 days after inoculation (dai). Chitinase activity induced by Bb 1205 in leaves and roots of tomato plants infected with Fol 17108 was observed when injected into the stem at 32 dai (41.8 and 11.6-fold, respectively). Inoculation on the foliage showed a 10-fold increase of β-1,3-glucanases in the roots after 82 dpi. As for leaves, a 3.8-fold increase was found when the stem was inoculated. In the different in vivo applications, Bb 1205 activated its defenses by expressing the chitinase enzymes and β-1,3-glucanase, thus reducing the damage caused by Fol 17108, demonstrating increase plant growth thereafter.

EFFECT OF NPK AND SULPHUR ON GROWTH, YIELD AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENTS OF CAULIFLOWER (BRASSICA OLERACEA L).

Cauliflower is cultivated all around the world for its high nutritional value. In Pakistan, there is dire need to optimize the nutritional supplementation of cauliflower. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out to see the impact of NPK and sulphur on growth, yield and chlorophyll contents of cauliflower. The experiment was laid out according to Randomized Complete Block Design having ten treatments replicated thrice. The experiment was consisted of five levels of NPK (13:17:17, 15:18:18, 16:18:18, 16:19:19 and 20:20:20) in combination with two sulphur levels (20g, 40g) and a control treatment (NPK 0:0:0) without sulphur having three replications. The results revealed that highest values of observed attributes i.e plant height (54.06 cm), numbers of leaves per plant (19.93), leaf area (10.93 cm2), foliage fresh weight (36.4 g), foliage dry weight (18.48 g), curd size (10.93 cm) and curd weight (839.84 g) were observed in (16:19:19) NPK in combination with 40 gplant-1 sulphur. While, minimum values were noted in control treatment. However, minimum days to curd formation (51.53) was observed in NPK (16:19:19) in combination with the sulphur (40 gplant-1). Chlorophyll contents (1.98 CCi), total soluble solids (13.13 oBrix) and vitamin C (56.81 mg100 g-1) were maximum in the treatment (16:19:19) NPK along with 40 gplant-1 sulphur. From this study, it is concluded that treatment (NPK 16:19:19 + Sulphur 40 g/plant) is the best optimal dose for the higher growth and production of cauliflower.

La micorriza arbuscular (Glomus fasciculatum) en la absorción simbiótica de fósforo con variedades de papa nativa

With the objective of determining the effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza (MA) and Glomus fasciculatum phosphorus levels in the development and productivity of five native potato varieties. The experimental design used was that of Complete Random Blocks (BCA), with structured treatments of 6x2x3 with 3 repetitions. The native potato varieties had different responses both to inoculation with G. fasciculatum, and to phosphorus. Root length increased linearly in Malkacho 1 (63.7 cm), Polonia (51.75 cm), Waych’a (50.25 cm) and Yuraj Imilla (52.8 cm) varieties. The yield was higher with the inoculation of 100 kg/h of G. fasciculatum mycorrhiza (5.41 tn/h), the varieties with the highest yield being the varieties Malkacho 1 (7.02 tn/h) and Malkacho 2 (7.14 tn/h). The variables frequency of colonization (%), number of spores, fresh weight of foliage was higher with the application of 100 kg/h of the mycorrhiza G. fasciculatum, in the varieties Malkacho 1 (29.35%), Malkacho 2 (31.62%) , Yuraj imilla (29.16%) and Yana Runa (28.70%). Phosphorus affected the colonization frequency (%) and number of spores, decreasing them with doses higher than 60 kg/h and 65 kg/h, respectively. Additional Keywords: Inoculation, spores, dose, productivity, yield.

Influence of foliar application of algae extract and nitrogen fertilization on yield and quality of sugar beet grown in reclaimed sandy soil

The current examination was done at North- Eltahrer, Alnubaria Albuhaira Governorate, during 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons. The field analyze was led to consider the impact of foliar application with alga extricate (Spirulina platensis) and Nitrogen fertilization on creation and nature of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. MK4200) was planted in a sandy soil under sprinkler water system framework. A split – split plot design with three replicates was utilized in the two seasons. Nitrogen focus was masterminded in the primary plots, while Algae were allotted in the sub plot. the Results demonstrated that foliar utilization of alga extract using1.0 g/l or 2.0 g/l produced significantly higher values of photosynthetic pigments), vegetative growth traits of sugar beet plants (root diameter, root and foliage fresh weight), (root and top dry weight/plant) and yield and yield components (root and top weight (g/plant and kg/fed), Sugar yield and quality traits. Higher estimations of development ascribe, and yield and its segments were gotten with adding 120 N kg/fed. The interaction between alga concentrates and Nitrogen fertilization altogether influenced complete photosynthetic pigments, all development characters, yield and yield components. The blend of 2.0 g/L alga extracts alongside 120 N kg/fed. can be prescribed to get the most extreme root yield/fed. Sugar yield was essentially and emphatically corresponded with Sucrose% followed by juice purity% and Brix% as well. Negative relationship was identified between juice purity%, and brix%.

Effect of Surface Irrigation Regimes and Potassium Levels on Growth, Physiological Characters and Productivity of Fodder Beet (Beta vulgaris, L.) under Calcareous Soil Conditions

The present investigation was carried out in the farm of Nubaria Agricultural Research. Station during the two winter seasons 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 to study the effect of three surface irrigation treatments (I1=100%, I2= 80%, I3= 60% of ETp) and four potassium levels (control 0, 57.12, 114.24 and 171.36 K2O/ha) on fodder beet growth, physiological characters, productivity and forage quality under calcareous soil conductions. The main results were as follows: 1- Increasing irrigation levels up to 100% ETp led to significant increase in crop growth rate at the two periods (90-120) and (120-150 DAS), root diameter, leaf area per plant, root dry matter/ plant, root fresh weight/plant, total yield, crude protein percentage, digestive crude protein percentage, shoot K%, crude fiber percent and carbohydrate percent. There was insignificant difference between 100% and 80% ETp in leaves dry matter /plant, foliage fresh weight /plant, foliage yield (ton/ha) and K% in root. Whereas the total digestible nutrient percent and root length were significantly increased by increasing water stress. Medium treatment at 80% of ETp give the maximum values of water use efficiency (WUE). 2- Increasing potassium fertilization levels up to 171.36 kg K2O/ha significantly increased CGR at (90-120 and 120-150 DAS), root length, root diameter, leaf area, root dry matter /plant, leaves dry matter /plant, CP%, DCP%, CF% and carbohydrate % In root. Adding 171.36 or 114.24 kg K2O/ha had insignificant differences in the first CGR period (90-120) DAS, root fresh weight (kg/plant), foliage fresh weight (g/plant), K% in shoot and root. TDN (%) decreased by increasing potassium fertilization levels. Maximum water use efficiency (WUE) was obtained when plants received 171.36 kg K2O/ha. 3- The interaction effect between water regime and potassium fertilization was found to be significant for CGR at the two periods, root length, leaf area/plant, leaves dry matter/plant, root and leaves fresh weight / plant, total yield, root yield, CP%, DCP%, K% in shoot and carbohydrate% in the combined analysis. The maximum value of WUE was obtained when plants were watered by 80% from ETp and received 171.36 kg K2O/ha.

Effect of presowing seed treatments on seed germination and seedling growth of sandalwood (Santalum album L.)

Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is indigenous to India and belongs to the family Santalaceae. It is a vulnerable species as listed in the Red Data Book. Sandalwood has a high demand for its highly valued essential oil and wood. The oil extracted from the heartwood of Santalum album is used as a fragrance enhancer and preparation of costly perfumes. It was strongly associated with Indian religious and culture. The seeds of sandalwood have inherent morphophysiological dormancy, low and prolonged germination and poor establishment of seedlings. To overcome this problem, a research was carried out to study the effect of GA3, cow urine, cow dung slurry and chemicals such as HNO3, KNO3, Thiourea and H2SO4 on seed germination and morphological parameters of sandalwood at ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Anand, Gujarat. It was observed that GA3 @1500ppm proved the best treatment for breaking the seed dormancy along with better germination and seedling growth of sandalwood. Significantly maximum seed germination percentage (41%), collar diameter (3.05mm), fresh weight of root (0.53g), fresh weight of shoot (1.06g), fresh weight of foliage (2.92g), fresh weight of plant (4.51g), root length (11.52cm), shoot length (22.42cm), dry weight of shoot (0.27g), dry weight of root (0.15g), number of leaves (17.60) and dry weight of foliage (0.32g) was recorded as compared to the untreated seeds and also other treatments. From this study, it can be suggested that treating Santalum album seeds with GA3@1500ppm gave higher germination percentage and better growth of the seedlings of sandalwood.

Influence of Foliar Application with Nitrogen and Boron on Growth and Yield of Cauliflower تأثیر الرش بالنتروجین والبورون على نمو ومحصول القنبیط

Appropriate nutrition in early autumn season under high temperature conditions has a major effect on cauliflower yield and quality. Thus two field experiments were conducted during autumn 2018 and 2019 seasons at a private farm in Demiana village, Belqas district, Dakahlia governorate to investigate the influence of foliar application with nitrogen micro carbon (NMC) at 0, 300, 600 and 900 ppm) and boron (B) at 0, 10 and 20 ppm and their interaction on vegetative growth characters, leaves chemical contents, curds yield and quality. This study contains 12 treatments with three replicates arranged in split plots in a complete randomized block design. Nitrogen micro carbon was assigned in the main plots, whereas the boron was randomly located in sub plots. Obtained results cleared that interaction impact between NMC and B significantly affected on vegetative growth (plant height, foliage fresh weight, No. of leaves, leaves fresh weight, leaves area and leaves dry matter), chemical contents of leaves (N, P, K, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids), curds yield and physical characters (curd weight, diameter compactness rate, yield and hollow stem) and curds quality (dry matter, Vit. C, acidity and TSS). In this concern, combination between nitrogen micro carbon at 600 ppm and Boron at 20 ppm gave the highest values of previous parameters except hollow stem percentage where between NMC at 0 ppm and B at 20 ppm gave the lowest percentage of hollow stem.

EVALUATION OF CERTAIN BIOCIDES AND CHEMICALS INDUCING RESISTANCE IN MANAGEMENT OF CUCUMBER DOWNY MILDEW UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION

Downy mildew of cucumber is caused by the fungus-like pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk and Curtis), which causes loss in the yield in Egypt especially under protected cultivation where low temperature and high humidity are prevalent. The efficiency of two Bio-control agents i.e. T34 (Trichoderma asperellum, 109 spore/cm3) and Bio-Cure-B (Pseudomonas fluorescens, 108 spore/cm3) as well as three resistance inducing chemicals (RICs), i.e. potassium dihydrogenphosphate (K2HPO4), salicylic acid (C7H6O3), and potassium nitrate (KNO3) were evaluated for controlling cucumber downy mildew under greenhouse and plastic house conditions. Greenhouse experiment data revealed that, spraying cucumber plants with either biocontrol agent or tested RICs two times i.e. 5 days before and/or nine days after artificially inoculated by the P. cubensis significantly reduced percentage of disease severity, meanwhile plant length and foliage fresh weight were increased in comparison with control treatments. The treatments increased the activity of peroxidase, β-1,3-glucanase, beside increase in total carbohydrates and total phenolic contents. Under plastic house, all tested biocides and/or RICs either alone or double combinations caused significant reduction in disease severity associated with significant increment in some growth parameter of cucumber plants (plant length and fruit yield) when compared with control treatments in both seasons. However, application of tested RICs mixture with tested biocides was more effective in this regard than the only application of them individually. In this respect, tested biocides were also more efficient than resistance inducing chemicals (RICs).

Effect of seed priming on growth, flowering and cut flower quality of carnation

Carnation is one of the most important commercially grown flowers in the world. It has wide variations inshape and colours as well as good keeping quality. The present experiment was conducted to study the effectsof seed priming through various chemicals such as salicylic acid, glycine betaine, potassium nitrate, ascorbicacid and hydropriming on growth and floral quality attributes of carnation. The seeds were pre-treated withdifferent priming agents (salicylic acid 100 mg/L, glycine betaine 1536 mg/L, potassium nitrate 10 g/L, ascorbicacid 50 mg/L, and water) for 24 hours and then sown in clay pots. Seeds without treatment were served ascontrol. Sowing was done on 21-10-2014 during year 1 and on 20-10-15 during year 2. Seeds were sown inpots and after two months of sowing, seedlings were transplanted into clay pots till flowering. Hydropriming(water treatment) resulted in the maximum seed germination (43.04%) and took minimum days to initiate firstflower bud (87 days). Salicylic acid treated seeds resulted in the plants with delayed flower bud initiation andhad maximum flower stalk length (3.08 cm), root length (21.89 cm), fresh weight of foliage (54.35 g), dry weightof foliage (16.66 g), fresh weight of roots (3.97 g), dry weight of roots (1.64 g), total biomass per plant (52.84g), and longer length of growth cycle (177.5 days). Potassium nitrate treatment showed the maximum freshweight per flower (4.24 g), dry weight per flower (0.95 g) and flower stalk diameter (10.44 mm). The minimumfresh and dry weights per flower were recorded (2.750, 68 g respectively) in unprimed seeds.

Effects of seedling age and potassium fertilizer on growth and yield of summer onion

An experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to assess the effects of seedling age and potassium fertilizer to improve summer onion production (cv. BARI Piaj-3). The experiment consisted of two factors; Factor A: three seedling age, viz. 35; 40 and 45 days old and Factor B: four different doses of potassium, viz. 0; 40; 80 and 120 kg/ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The effect of different seedling age and potassium fertilizer and their combined effects showed significant variations in growth and yield of onion. In case of seedling age, the highest plant height (56.58 cm), leaf number (12.37) per plant, leaf length (41.77 cm), yield of bulb per plot (1.96 kg) and yield of bulb (19.64 t/ha) were recorded from 45 day old seedling. In case of different doses of potassium, the highest plant height (58.82 cm), leaf number per plant (13.93), leaf length (43.69 cm), yield of bulb per plot (1.90 kg) and yield of bulb (19.00 t/ha) were recorded from 120 kg K ha-1. Combined effects of seedling age and potassium fertilizer exhibited significant variation on plant height at different days after transplant (DAT), leaf number per plant, leaf length, bulb diameter, pseudostem diameter, fresh weight of bulb, dry weight of bulbs, fresh weight of foliage, dry weight of foliage, yield of bulbs per plot and yield of bulbs (t/ha). The highest bulb yields per plot (2.31 kg) as well as per hectare (23.05 tons) were achieved from the treatment combination of 45 day old seedling and 120 kg K ha-1.

Influence of the aqueous extract of Tamarix articulata Vahl. leaves on some vegetative growth indicators and medically active substances of Cordia myxa L. Seedlings c.v. Local.

This study was conducted in the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape / College of Agriculture / Basra University, during the growing season 2017 – 2018. In order to know the effect of the aqueous extract of Tamarix articulata Vahl. Of concentrations of (0, 50, 100 and 150 g. L−1) on some vegetative growth indicators (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, fresh weight of foliage and the content of chlorophyll in leaves) and medically active substances (percentage of phenols in the leaves and the quantity of phenols in them) of Cordia myxa L. Seedlings c.v. Local. The results showed that the aqueous extract of Tamarix articulata Vahl. Of (150 g. L– 1), was superior over all other concentrations of this extract, which significantly didn’t differ from its concentration (100 g. L−1) concerning most characteristics studied in this study. Besides, its concentration of (50 g. L-1) was significantly, not different from control treatment concerning most studied characteristics.

Evaluation the Growth Performance of Egyptian Garlic Landraces and In vitro Synseeds of Bulblets Formation

Egyptian garlic cultivars suffered degenerations; lower bulb yield and smaller size of bulbs which represent a crucialproblem. A survey of some Egyptian landraces to detect there genetic diversity is considered in this study . In addition,developing of simple method for bulblets regeneration and synthetic seed formation to decrease amount of clove seeds.Fourteen vegetative growth and bulb characteristics for 27 Egyptian garlic landraces were measured during two growingseason to determine the phenotypic variations under condition of New Borg El-Arab, Egypt . An in vitro study was, also,carried out to determine the direct shoot induction and bulblets formation for six selected landraces and under three mediaprotocol. The results of the field experiment revealed that, Significant differences among all studied local cultivars andecotypes of Egyptian garlic were observed for vegetative growth, bulb and total yield characteristics . Among the studiedvarieties of Egyptian landraces, Borg El-Arab landrace was superior in vegetative growth as plant height (cm), leaves no./plant, leaf length (cm), leaf width (mm), plant fresh weight (g) and foliage fresh weight (g). While, quality characters wereassociated with purple bulbs landraces like Egaseed and Sids-40-Ayat. Bulb dry matter percentage ranged from 36.6 to45.68 % and from 35.07 to 44.89 % however, average cloves number per bulb was ranged from 9.33 to 40.00 and from3.55 to 32.71 in the first and second growing seasons, respectively. The results for the invitro experiment revealed thatefficient and simple method of bulblets regeneration and improving multiplication rate were developed for six selectedlandraces using three different media. Garlic explants (cultured on MS media) were supplemented with 6 % sucrose and 2mg/l JA (T-3); produced significant higher mean values for numbers of bulblets /clove (12.61) and higher insignificantmean values for numbers of shoots and bulblets /explant, bulblets formation % and numbers of bulblets per clovecompared with control treatment (T-1). Control treatment (T-1) produced the highest significant average bulblet weight(259.72 mg). Salaqus-3 landrace was superior and gave the highest significant mean values for number of shoots perexplant and bulblets per clove compared with other landraces. Clone-21 produced the highest bulblet weight (232.94mg). Synthetic seeds for six garlic landraces formed by immersing bulblets in gel matrix (3% sodium alginate solution),and exposure to calcium chloride solution (2.5 %) were germinated successfully in unsterilized soil mixture consisted ofpeatmoss, sand and soil (1:1:1). Conclusion: Egyptian garlic landraces showed great variability and a promising in vitroperformance for plant regeneration and bulblets formation. This finding could be used as alternative propagation method,cultivars rejuvenation and germplasm conversation management along with capsulation technology.

Response of green snap bean plants to different plant densities and some chemical compounds under cool atmosphere condition

The present study was carried out during the two successive fall seasons of 2017 and 2018, at private farm in Kafr El-Sheik Governorate, under clay soil condition using furrow irrigation system. These experiments aimed to evaluate the effect of some combinations among four plant densities (20, 30, 40 and 60 plants/m2) with four types of chemical compounds (its symbols i.e., chemical compound 1, 2, 3 and 4) beside the control treatment on growth, yield and pods quality of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv.Polista as a famous variety, grown under open field conditions. This study aimed to introduce a practical solution to resist atmospheric changes and instability in temperature and especially sudden sharp recursively during growth and fall season. All studied densities gave rise to a positive effect on plant growth expressed as plant height, number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant, foliage fresh weight and foliage dry weight per plant compared with control treatments. Positive impact in comparison with the treatments of the promo, which recorded the highest values of vegetation such as plant height, number of branches per plant and number of leaves / plant when growing 40 plants/m2 and using chemical compound 2, while cultivating 30 plants/m² with chemical compound 1 gave the highest values of fresh and dry weight, Leaf area and the stem diameter. Regarding the influence of interference on the pod weight in the first season only, the length of the pod and the number of pods/plant in both seasons did not show any differences moral consequences, while cultivating 30 plants/m² with chemical compound 2 gave higher values for the pod weight in the second season, the length of the pod and the total yield, if using 30 plants/m² with chemical compound 1 record higher values for the pod thickness. Regarding the chemical content of the leaves as chlorophyll, nitrogen, potassium, recorded the highest values when growing 30 plants/m² with chemical compound 2, except the highest phosphorus values when planting 30 plants/m² with chemical compound 1. Also treatment 30 plants/m2 with chemical compound 1 gave higher values for the content of vitamin C, TSS and less fiber content and acidity and therefore get the high yield plus high quality.

Influence of Salicylic Acid on Cucumber Plants under Different Irrigation Levels

In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application by salicylic acid (SA) on vegetative growth and yield responses in cucumber plants under different irrigation levels. Two field experiments were performed at a private farm in Dekernes, Dakahlia governorate, Egypt, in summer seasons of 2017 and 2018, to investigate the impact of four foliar application rates of salicylic acid (0.0, 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 g/l) and three irrigation levels (1200, 900 and 600 m3/fed.) on growth and yield of cucumber cv. Gabbar. Water shortage stress significantly reduced vegetative growth (main stem length, branches number, foliage fresh weight, leaves number and leaves area per plant and yield components; fruits weight and numbers per plant, Vit. C, TSS and total yield (ton/fed.). On contrary, foliar application of SA significantly improved these parameters under water shortage stress conditions. However, the lowest used water irrigation quantity increased leaf and fruits dry matter percentage, sex ratio and water use efficiency. On the other hand, water shortage stress significantly reduced leaf pigments (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid) as compared to the highest rate (1200 m3) and these were further increased by using SA. Salicylic acid at a concentration of 0.30 g/l gave the highest fruits yield and its components. As well as, 1200 m3/fed and 0.3 g/l salicylic acid treatments were recorded the highest values for most effective mentioned criteria.

Response of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica to ozone

ABSTRACT Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica is a major causal agent of plant diseases on summer crops in fields and greenhouses. In order to reduce environmental concerns, compounds having pesticidal capacity with insignificant residue can be a good alternative to synthetic pesticides. This study was undertaken to investigate the nematicidal capability of ozone under Petri dish (in vitro) and pot (in the rhizosphere of tomato seedlings cv. Super Chief) conditions. The experiments were conducted based on Completely Randomized Design in four replicates with two antimicrobial materials, Cadusafos (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3 g kg-1 soil) and ozone (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 g kg-1 soil). Results confirmed the significant in vitro controlling effect of ozone on nematode egg (85%, in 0.4 g kg-1 soil) and second stage juvenile (72%, in 0.4 g kg-1 soil) populations. Also a toxic effect of ozone was observed on the nematode pathogenicity, i.e. galling (83%, in 0.4 g kg-1 soil), on tomato root in pot assays. Plant morphological traits (i.e. root fresh weight, foliage fresh weight, and stem length) were not significantly affected by ozone. Therefore, taking into account the principles of safety in the application of ozone, this material can be suggested as an alternative nematicide, at least at limited and controlled condition.