Biomass Fresh Weight Research Articles

Plant biomass and fruit quality response of greenhouse tomato under varying irrigation level and water quality

The impact of water quality with varying deficit irrigation level on the plant biomass and fruit quality parameters of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv Izmir) was investigated. A pot-based experiment was carried out over two growing seasons (2017-2018 and 2018-2019). Three water qualities: groundwater, recycled wastewater and an equal mix of both were applied in four irrigation scenarios which aimed to maintain soil moisture levels at 60%, 70%, 80% and 100% of field capacity. A surface drip irrigation system was designed maintaining irrigation frequency of two days. Results showed that both water quality and deficit irrigation significantly affected plant biomass. The fresh fruit weight was rather uniform, ranged from 53.2 to 85.4 gram and found highest in full irrigation. Most of the fruit quality parameters were not significantly affected by water quality.The significantly higher values of total soluble solid (7.87 degree brix), fruit firmness (9.28 kg/cm2), fruit pH (4.24) and vitamin C content (68.33 mg/kg) were measured in treatments maintaining soil moisture content at 60% of field capacity (most water-stressed conditions). Based on these findings, it recommended that by adopting deficit irrigation and maintaining soil moisture at 60% of field capacity, fruit quality parameters can be significantly improved. In contrast, fresh fruit weight and plant biomass were reduced.

Relationship among yield and quality traits in Sorghum bicolor L. Moench. for biomass and food utilisation

Fifteen genotypes of sorghum derived from four different sources of population were evaluated for quality and yield related components. The experiment was conducted at Field 10, Universiti Putra Malaysia in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance and genetic variation for eight yield and quality traits on selected genotypes sorghum, to estimate the phenotypic correlation between yield and yield related components in sorghum. Genotypes 1-3-5 and 1-4-4 were identified to have high yield for most of the biomass (904.0 g/plant and 880.7 g/plant respectively) and grain yield components (98.1 g and 88.97g respectively). Genotypes 1-1-1, 1-4-1 and 5-3-6 were found to have total soluble solid of more than 16%, which make them suitable for food purposes. Mean for all genotypes for all measured traits, together with the significant genotypic variance indicated substantial amount of genetic variability towards the improvement for fresh biomass weight, stem diameter and total soluble solid content. Biomass and grain yield traits namely plant height, fresh biomass yield, stem diameter and panicle weight indicated significant positive correlation. Thus, selection on any one of these traits will increase in the other traits, thereby improving biomass and grain yield in sorghum for mentioned purpose.

Combining Thermal and RGB Imaging Indices with Multivariate and Data-Driven Modeling to Estimate the Growth, Water Status, and Yield of Potato under Different Drip Irrigation Regimes

Advances in proximal hyperspectral sensing tools, chemometric techniques, and data-driven modeling have enhanced precision irrigation management by facilitating the monitoring of several plant traits. This study investigated the performance of remote sensing indices derived from thermal and red-green-blue (RGB) images combined with stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and an integrated adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system with a genetic algorithm (ANFIS-GA) for monitoring the biomass fresh weight (BFW), biomass dry weight (BDW), biomass water content (BWC), and total tuber yield (TTY) of two potato varieties under 100%, 75%, and 50% of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Results showed that the plant traits and indices varied significantly between the three irrigation regimes. Furthermore, all of the indices exhibited strong relationships with BFW, CWC, and TTY (R2 = 0.80–0.92) and moderate to weak relationships with BDW (R2 = 0.25–0.65) when considered for each variety across the irrigation regimes, for each season across the varieties and irrigation regimes, and across all data combined, but none of the indices successfully assessed any of the plant traits when considered for each irrigation regime across the two varieties. The SMLR and ANFIS-GA models gave the best predictions for the four plant traits in the calibration and testing stages, with the exception of the SMLR testing model for BDW. Thus, the use of thermal and RGB imaging indices with ANFIS-GA models could be a practical tool for managing the growth and production of potato crops under deficit irrigation regimes.

Enhanced Production of β-Caryophyllene by Farnesyl Diphosphate Precursor-Treated Callus and Hairy Root Cultures of Artemisia vulgaris L.

Artemisia vulgaris L. produces a wide range of valuable secondary metabolites. The aim of the present study is to determine the effects of various concentrations of farnesyl diphosphate (FDP) on β-caryophyllene content in both callus and hairy root (HR) cultures regeneration from leaf explants of A. vulgaris L. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D; 4–13 μM), α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 5–16 μM), and FDP (1 and 3 μM) was used for callus induction and HR regeneration from leaf explants of A. vulgaris L. In this study, precursor-treated (2,4D 13.5 μM + FDP 3 μM) callus displayed the highest biomass fresh weight (FW)/dry weight (DW): 46/25 g, followed by NAA 10.7 μM + FDP 3 μM with FW/DW: 50/28 g. Two different Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains (A4 and R1000) were evaluated for HR induction. The biomass of HRs induced using half-strength MS + B5 vitamins with 3 μM FDP was FW/DW: 40/20 g and FW/DW: 41/19 g, respectively. To determine β-caryophyllene accumulation, we have isolated the essential oil from FDP-treated calli and HRs and quantified β-caryophyllene using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The highest production of β-caryophyllene was noticed in HR cultures induced using A4 and R1000 strains on half-strength MS medium containing 3 μM FDP, which produced 2.92 and 2.80 mg/ml β-caryophyllene, respectively. The optimized protocol can be used commercially by scaling up the production of a β-caryophyllene compound in a short span of time.

Asexual reproduction: an alternative for the propagation and conservation of papaya (Carica papaya L.) native to Guerrero, Mexico

Objective: Evaluate the effect of three types of substrate and different shoot lengths onthe rooting of Carica papaya L. shoots.Design/ methodology/ approach: This experiment followed a completely randomizeddesign with a 2×3 factorial arrangement. Shoots of 30 and 40 cm of length werecollected in March 2018 from the lateral branches of papaya plants (Carica papaya L.)native to various regions of Guerrero. Shoots were placed in different substrates: 1)sand, 2) Peat Moss®, and 3) sand and Peat Moss® mixture (70:30, v/v). Sixty days afterplanting, rooting percentage, root length, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves,crown diameter, biomass fresh weight, biomass dry weight, root fresh weight, and rootdry weight were evaluated. Data were analyzed through an analysis of variance and amean difference test (Tukey, p?0.05).Results: The rooting of 40- and 30-cm shoots was 60 and 50%, respectively. Plantswith the highest height, number of leaves, root length, and crown diameter derived from 240-cm shoots. Sand was the best substrate for rooting, where plants with higher freshbiomass were significantly developed.Study limitations/ implications: Continue study during the flowering and fruitingstages.Findings/ conclusions: This protocol allows the rooting of papaya shoots.

Integration of Spectral Reflectance Indices and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System for Assessing the Growth Performance and Yield of Potato under Different Drip Irrigation Regimes

Simultaneous and timely assessment of growth and water status-related plant traits is critical for precision irrigation management in arid regions. Here, we used proximal hyperspectral sensing tools to estimate biomass fresh weight (BFW), biomass dry weight (BDW), canopy water content (CWC), and total tuber yield (TTY) of two potato varieties irrigated with 100%, 75%, and 50% of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Plant traits were assessed remotely using published and newly constructed vegetation and water spectral reflectance indices (SRIs). We integrated genetic algorithm (GA) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) models to predict the measured traits based on all SRIs. The different plant traits and SRIs varied significantly (p < 0.05) between the three irrigation regimes for the two varieties. The values of plant traits and majority SRIs showed a continuous decrease from the 100% ETc to the 50% ETc. Water-SRIs performed better than vegetation-SRIs for estimating the four plant traits. Almost all indices of the two SRI types had a weak relationship with the four plant traits (R2 = 0.00–0.37) under each irrigation regime. However, the majority of vegetation-SRIs and all water-SRIs showed strong relationships with BFW, CWC, and TTY (R2 ≥ 0.65) and moderate relationships with BDW (R2 ≥ 0.40) when the data of all irrigation regimes and varieties were analyzed together for each growing season or the data of all irrigation regimes, varieties, and seasons were combined together. The ANFIS-GA model predicted plant traits with satisfactory accuracy in both calibration (R2 = 1.0) and testing (R2 = 0.72–0.97) modes. The results indicate that SRI-based ANFIS models can improve plant trait estimation. This analysis also confirmed the benefits of applying GA to ANFIS to estimate plant responses to different growth conditions.

Formulation, Characterization and Evaluation of Encapsulated Bioherbicide on Echinochloa cruss galli and Phalaris minor

Weeds management under organic agriculture demands organic herbicides / bioherbicides.to address this issue an experiment was conducted in Centre of Environment Sciences and Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda to study the effects of different concentration and bioassay of encapsulated essential oil extracted (EOs) from Callistemon viminalis on Echinochloa cruss galli and Phalaris minor under lab conditions. Encapsulation efficiency of gum arabic and maltodextrin (GAMD) EOs increased from 26 to 31% for 4 to 8% of EOs concentration. The sizes of all the particles were found in the range of 1-10 μm. The reduced size in case of EOs loaded GAMD-EOs encapsulates may be due to the application of spray drying method used during the preparation. Maximum germination inhibition was observed with P. minor as compared to the E. crus-galli L. The probable reason behind this may be the relatively smooth seed coat, smaller weight to volume ratio of P. minor as compared to the E. crus-galli L. Among all the treatments basal application of encapsulates with 8 % essential oil was found more lethal and result in maximum phyto-toxicity by registering less shoot length and root length and fresh biomass weight. Also, the individual constituents of the EOs can be explored for their use as herbicides and then their encapsulated formulations can be used for scale up in the field conditions.

Biomass production of the aquatic macrophyte Ceratopteris pteridoides (Hook.) Hieron (Pteridaceae) in nutrient addition treatments

Aquatic macrophytes are a key group in flooded areas due to their high primary productivity, and several species present in the Amazonian floodplains have potential for human food use. This study evaluated biomass production and nutrient levels in fronds of Ceratopteris pteridoides (Pteridaceae), under the following nutritional treatments: (T1) artesian well water, (T2) natural lake water, and (T3) artesian well water with a nutritive solution. Each replicate had 25 plants of 25 g total fresh biomass each. The experiment lasted for 35 days and total fresh biomass weight, root system length, leaf dry biomass weight, root dry biomass weight and sprout number were assessed. The plants from T3 had the greatest increase in total fresh biomass with an average of 430.02 g, showing that the nutritive solution used in the experiment provided the best conditions for plant growth. The daily ingestion of C. pteridoides could contribute to mineral supplementation, in addition to diversifying existing crops and contributing to sustainable agriculture.

Nutrient Availability to Maize Crop (Zea mays L.) in Biochar Amended Alkaline Subtropical Soil

Biochar application variably affects nutrients availability, growth, and yield of crop plants based on their feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions. A pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of biochars prepared from three different feed stocks viz. sugarcane filter cake (SF-BC), farmyard manure (FM-BC), and rice husk (RH-BC), on the availability of the plant nutrients in soil and the growth and nutrient uptake by maize crop (Zea mays L.). The biochars were applied separately to the soil at the rate of 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1% separately, and the experiment was laid out according to two-factor factorial completely randomized design (CRD) maintaining three replications. Maize variety Monsanto-DK8031 was sown as the test crop. The concentration of total nitrogen (N), nitrate (NO3-N), ammonium (NH4-N), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), Olsen phosphorus (P), and extractable K increased with the addition of FM-BC, while the SF-BC increased soil microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) and micronutrients (Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe) availability in the soil. Moreover, the biochar application significantly improved crop growth parameters (i.e., plant height, fresh plant weight and dry biomass) and also increased plant nutrient concentration and uptake. No negative impact of biochar was observed on plant growth or nutrients concentration. The macronutrient (total N, P, and K) contents and their uptakes were higher in plants grown with RH-BC, while the micronutrient (Mn, Cu, and Fe) contents were higher in plants grown with SF-BC. Biochar as an organic amendment has a great potential to improve soil fertility status and nutrients availability to crop plants in tropical alkaline soils; however, the effectiveness varies with the feed stock type and application rate.

Impact of Herbicides on The Weeds and Quantity of Cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) Variety Giza 94

Two field experiments were conducted during 2018 and 2019 to examined the effect of herbicides and hand hoeing on productivity and quality characters of Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.)cultivar Giza 94. In summary, our work found that the highest effect on the fresh and dry weight of Portulaca olereceae and Echinochloa colonum was achieved by twice hand hoeing and pantira® + fuzilade® after 50 and 70 days of planting. Whereas, during the first season twice hand hoeing recorded the highest decreased value of the fresh weight of Portulaca olereceae (51.25a) after 50 days of planting followed by Pantira® + Fuzilade®(88.75 b). When recording the fresh weight for Echinochloa colonum the highest effect achieved twice hand hoeing (225.5 d and 470 b) after 50 and 70 days, respectively. During the second season 2019 after 50 days of planting the best results for biomass fresh weight achieved against Portulaca olereceae by twice hand hoeing (41.25c) and pantira® + fuzilade®(78.75b). whereas, the same results were achieved against the biomass fresh weight of Echinochloa colonum after 50 days by twice hand hoeing (21.55d) and pantira® + fuzilade®(25.9c). When determined the impact of herbicides on the chlorophyll, plant height, the number of bolls /plants, boll weight, fruit branches, weight 100 seeds and cotton of yield during seasons 2018 and 2019. The highest value was recorded by twice hand hoeing and pantira® + fuzilade for all growth characteristics and yield.

LED Lighting Strategies Affect Physiology and Resilience to Pathogens and Pests in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.).

Over the last decade, LED lighting has gained considerable interest as an energy-efficient supplemental light source in greenhouse horticulture that can change rapidly in intensity and spectral composition. Spectral composition not only affects crop physiology but may also affect the biology of pathogens, pests, and their natural enemies, both directly and indirectly through an impact on induced plant resistance. In this study, we investigated the effects of light spectrum against a background of sunlight on growth and development of Solanum melongena. These effects were related to the spectral effects on the establishment of populations of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii and plant resilience against the biotrophic fungus powdery mildew, the necrotrophic fungus botrytis, and the herbivorous arthropod Western flower thrips. The effects of a reduced red/far-red (R:FR) ratio were studied under two ratios of red to blue light. Far-red light either was supplied additionally to the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) or partially replaced PPFD, while maintaining total photon flux density (PFD). Effects of white light or additional UV-B light on plant resilience was tested, compared to the reference (5% blue, 5% green, and 90% red light). Plant biomass in the vegetative phase increased when additional far-red light was supplied. Stem length increased with far-red, irrespective of PPFD and the percentage of blue light. In the generative phase, total shoot biomass and fruit fresh weights were higher under additional far-red light, followed by the treatments where far-red partly replaced PPFD. Far-red light increased biomass partitioning into the fruits, at the expense of the leaves. There were no differences in population growth of A. swirskii mites between light treatments, nor did light treatment have an effect on the vertical distribution of these predatory mites in the plants. The treatments with additional far-red light reduced the infection rate of powdery mildew, but increased botrytis infection. These differences might be due to the plant defenses acting against these pathogens evolving from two different regulatory pathways. These results show that positive effects of altered spectral compositions on physiological responses were only moderately compensated by increased susceptibility to fungal pathogens, which offers perspective for a sustainable greenhouse horticulture.

Response of Artemisia annua accessions to nitrogen fertilizer on low land

Growing Artemisia annua in tropical areas cause a short vegetative period and resulted in low content of artemisinin. To increase the artemisinin content of A. annua in the tropical area could be carried out by administering of Nitrogen fertilizer. In order to increase production and extension of grow areas, the selection of superior accession which adaptable in low areas is also needed. The study was carried out using an experimental method by applying 3 levels dosage of Nitrogen fertilization (0,100, 200 and 300 kg/Ha) to 3 A. annua accessions (V1, V2 and V3). The research was conducted at April-August 2018 at Karangpandan research station with an elevation of 600 m asl. The parameters observed were plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, fresh biomass weight, dry biomass weight, artemisinin content and essential oil content. The results showed that the growth and productivity of 3 accession of A. annua is strongly influenced by the Nitrogen dosage. The lower dosage of Nitrogen decline growth and productivity, and plant entry into the generative phase later for the highest dosage of Nitrogen. The Nitrogen application didn’t effect on the artemisinin as well as the volatile oil content of A. annua.

The Optimization of Irrigated Rice Field and Improvement of Land Productivity Throught Development of Rice-Shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Cultivation Technology on Bantul Regency

Transition of productive irrigated rice fields into other forms makes agricultural sector have to optimized using its field. Purpose of study was to determine application rice-shrimp technology on soil chemical properties, rice productivity, and economical feasibility. Treatments applied were U1 = Control/technology used by local farmers, U2 = Rice-Shrimp cultivation by shrimp population 4,000 tails, U3 = population 6,000, U4 = population 8,000, U5 = Shrimp population 4,000 + rice husk 400 kg, U6 = population 6,000 + husk 400 kg, U7 = population 8,000 + husk 400 kg. The research design was completely randomized block and replicated three times. Results showed number of shrimp populations did not significantly affect to change soil pH, Eh value, level of Fe, and Mg, but had a significant effect on C-organic, N-total, available P and K, CEC. Application of husk as 400 kg and shrimp population up to 6,000 tails had a significantly effect on the number of tillers, grains per panicle, fresh biomass weight, rice yields up to 43.26% and net profit up to 269.14% compared to control by BC and RC ratios are 1.92 and 2.93, respectively while MBCR is 3.34. It means rice-shrimp technology on Bantul classified as feasible.

Effect of different weed control methods on weeds and yield of Chili (Capsicum annum L.)

To study the effect of different weed control practices on weeds and growth of chilies, an experiment was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm, Mahrajpur, Department of Horticulture, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.) in the rabi season of 2010-2011. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design having there replications, and comprising of sixteen treatments chili variety ‘’JM-218’’ was selected for the experiment and sown in a plot size of 3.0 m x 2.0 m. All the treatments significantly affected the parameters of weed density m-2, fresh weight biomass, and yield components of chilies such as plant height, number of fruits per plant, red ripe fruit yield and dry fruit yield. Highest weed density of all the weed species, fresh weed biomass were recorded in weedy check plots. Pendimethalin @ 1.5 l/ha + black mulch resulted in the highest plant height (75.3 cm), number of fruits per plant (73.33), yield of red ripe fruit (134.7 q ha-1) and yield of dry fruit (22q ha-1) followed by pendimethalin @ 1.5 l/ha + paddy straw mulch. Therefore, pendimethalin @ 1.5 l/ha + black polythene mulch resulted as the most effective treatment in terms of weed suppression and yield enhancement of chili crop.

Effects of Deficit Irrigation and Furrow Application Methods on Yield and Yield Components of Artemisia annua L. at Koka, Ethiopia

The study was conducted at Wondo genet Agricultural Research Center Koka Research Station, Ethiopia, 8°26’ N latitude, 39°02’ E longitude and 1602 m.a.s.l. for three consecutive years with the objectives to determine deficit irrigation levels and furrow irrigation water application techniques on yield and water productivity of Artemisia annua L. The experiment consists of three-level of deficit irrigation (100%, 75%, and 50% ETc), and three furrow irrigation water application techniques (alternate, fixed, and conventional furrow) were used in combination. The study revealed that the deficit levels and the furrow application techniques were statistically affected artemisia plant height, fresh leaf weight, fresh and dry biomass, essential yield, and water use efficiency during the whole years. The pooled mean result indicated that the maximum economic yields which are fresh leaf weight (7.11 t ha-1) and essential oil yield (16.06 kg ha-1) were obtained from the combined treatment of 100% ETc and conventional furrow application technique. However, the maximum water use efficiency (5.83 kg m-3) was recorded from a combined treatment of 50 % ETc and alternate furrow application technique. Based on the study for the maximum yield achievement in an area of no limited water resource 100 % ETc and conventional furrow application technique can be used. Whereas in an area where limited water resource is available the maximized water use efficiency can be obtained from 50% ETc and alternate furrow application technique at Koka and similar agro ecology.

Determination of Optimal Soil Moisture Depletion Level for Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni) at Wondo Genet, South Ethiopia

The study was conducted based on the objective to evaluate the optimal soil moisture depletion level of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). Six levels of soil moisture depletion (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 100%) with four replications were used in a randomized complete block design. Different levels of total available water depletion significantly (p<0.05) affected all recorded yield and yield components. Significantly highest plant height, fresh and dry leaf weight, fresh and dry stem weight, aboveground fresh and dry biomass, and water productivity were obtained as stevia was irrigated below 40% TAW depletion level. However, water productivity was decreased both at higher and lower depletion levels and higher was at 30 and 40% depletion levels. The pooled mean revealed that irrigating stevia under different soil moisture depletion levels had a significant (p<0.05) effect on fresh leaf weight, fresh stem weight, dry stem weight, fresh biomass, and water productivity. Moreover, plant height, dry leaf weight, and dry biomass of stevia were also highly significantly (p<0.01) affected due to different soil moisture depletion levels. The maximum plant height (23.95 cm), fresh leaf weight (3300.3 kg/ha), fresh stem weight (1213.3 kg/ha), fresh biomass (4513.6 kg/ha) and water productivity (1.92 kg/m3) were recorded at 30% TAW. Moreover, the maximum dry leaf weight (1155.8 kg/ha), dry stem weight (869.0 kg/ha) and dry aboveground biomass (2024.7 kg/ha) were recorded at 40% TAW. On the other hand, the minimum growth, yield and yield component, and water productivity were recorded at 100% TAW. The current study revealed that irrigating stevia after 40% of the total available water in the soil depleted could be practiced in the study area and similar agroecology and soil type as the wider irrigation interval could be achieved without significantly affecting yield and water productivity.

PENERAPAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR (Bahan Aktif Aspergillus sp.) BERBAHAN DASAR LIMBAH CAIR TEMPE DAN AIR KELAPA PADA TANAMAN KANGKUNG DARAT (Ipomoea reptans Poir.)

Liquid Organic fertilizer is a fertilizer produced from organic materials in the form of liquid preparations. Research on the application of liquid organic fertilizer (active ingredient Aspergillus sp.) is based on liquid waste of Tempe and coconut water on the Kangkung land plant (Ipomoea reptans Poir.), this research has been conducted in March to November 2018 in the village Langaleso, Dolo subdistrict, Sigi Regency, Biotechnology Laboratory of Biology Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of Tadulako University. This research aims to observe the growth of plant Kangkung post application of liquid organic fertilizer (active ingredient Aspergillus sp.). The research designed in the complete random plan (RAL) consists of seven types and five times the replay. Composition of treatment; P0 (without the application of POC, control), P1 (Application of POC 2.5%), P2 (Application of POC 5%), P3 (Application of POC 7.5%), P4 (Application of POC 210%), P5 (Application of POC 12.5%), P6 (NPK application, without POC). Description POC Liquid Organic fertilizer (active ingredient Aspergillus sp.). The observation results showed the best growth on the implementation of P1 based on the fresh weight of the heading (8.47 g), the fresh weight of biomass (6.02 g), the fresh weight of the leaves (4.66 strands), the fresh weight of the roots (5.72 g). The P2 is based on the root length (27.10 cm). P4 treatment based on the high average plant (27.34 cm), the number of leaves (14.90 strands), dry weight of the roots (1.61 g). P6 treatment based on leaf dry weight (2.07 g).

Sweet Basil Functional Quality as Shaped by Genotype and Macronutrient Concentration Reciprocal Action.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is among the most widespread aromatic plants due to its versatility of use and its beneficial health properties. This aromatic plant thrives in hydroponics, which is a valid tool to improve the production and functional quality of crops, but nevertheless, it offers the possibility to de-seasonalize production. A floating raft system was adopted to test the production and quality potential during autumn season of three different genotypes of Genovese basil (Aroma 2, Eleonora and Italiano Classico) grown in three nutrient solutions with crescent electrical conductivity (EC: 1, 2 and 3 dS m−1). The aromatic and phenolic profiles were determined by GC/MS and HPLC analysis, respectively. The combination Aroma 2 and the EC 2 dS m−1 resulted in the highest production, both in terms of fresh weight and dry biomass. The 2 dS m−1 treatment determined the major phenolic content, 44%, compared to the other two EC. Italiano Classico showed a higher total polyphenolic content in addition to a different aromatic profile compared to the other cultivars, characterized by a higher percentage of Eucalyptol (+37%) and Eugenol (+107%) and a lower percentage of linalool (−44%). Correct management of the nutritional solution combined with adequate genetic material managed an improvement in the production and the obtainment of the desired aromatic and phenolic profiles.

Growth Response, Production and Analysis of Revenue of Hiyung Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum frustescens L) with Dosage Application of Liquid Bokashi Fertilizar (LBF) from Cattle Wate and Rice Straw

This study aimed to (1) analyze the nutrient content of liquid bokashi fertilizer (LBF) derived from cattle waste and rice straw, (2) analyze the effect of liquid bokashi fertilizer dose on plant height, age of first flowering, and the number of fruits in the first harvest, the weight of the first fruit, and the weight of fresh fruit biomass. Analyzing revenue (income versus cost) and the feasibility of planting the Hiyung cayenne pepper by applying LBF at various dosage levels. The method used in this study was a Single Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with data analysis using ANOVA with further testing of Real Differences (LSD). B0 was control (without bokashi). B1 consisted of 125 ml of LBF and water to dilute the solution up to 500 ml. B2 consisted of 250 ml of LBF and water to dilute the solution up to 500 ml. B3 consisted of 375 ml of LBF and 125 ml of water. B4 consisted of 500 ml of LBF. The results showed that the highest growth response (69 cm) occurred with the addition of 125 ml of LBF, while the lowest growth occurred in the control (B0). In the first age, the most optimal flowering occurs in the B2 of 60.00 dap, and lowest in the control (B0) of 50.00 dap. The highest number of fruits was obtained from B2 of 170.00 g, and the lowest was in B0 (control) of 94.00 g. The average weight of the first fruit was found in B2 of 285.00 g, and the lowest in B0 (control) of 126.00 g. The highest weight of plant biomass was found in B2 of 405.00 g, and the lowest was in B0 (control) of 177.75 g. The highest revenue analysis and business feasibility were found in B2, namely Rp. 17.065,00 and the ratio of 4,96. The lowest revenue occurred in Control, which was Rp 5.318,75, with a TR/TC value of 2,28. Based on the revenue analysis, B2 treatment produced the highest revenue and was the most feasible to be applied compared to other treatments.

Response of Growth and Chemical Composition of Quercus robur,L.Seedlings to Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers.

This research aims to create a method for increasing the growth of Quercus robur, L seedlings, therfore pot experiment was conducted to study the response of growth and chemical composition for Quercus rubra seedlings to organic (potassium humate 5 or compost tea 15 cm 3 /seedling) and inorganic fertilizers 50% (NPK at 15g/seedling), 75%(NPK at 22.5g/seedling) and 100 %(NPK at 30g/seedling)in the Experimental Farm of Horticultural Research Station of El-Kanater El-Khyria, Qaluobia Governorate, Egypt throughout two successive seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019. The obtained results indicated that the significant values of increment height growth, stem diameter, root length ,biomass fresh and dry weight declared as a result to apply the treatment of 50% NPK mineral plus compost tea 15 cm 3 and K-humate 5 cm 3 /seedlings followed by those of 75% NPK +compost tea the intermediate values were exhibited with applying 75% NPK +compost tea or 75% NPK +K-humate and the latest in ranking was control, meaning that applying 50% NPK plus compost tea and K-humate produced the superior seedlings more than the others. So it can be saved mineral nutrients by applying organic nutrients. Similar trend approximately revealed with total chlorophyll but total carbohydrates in stem pronounced the highest value with the treatment of compost tea alone. Concerning the content of N,P and K levels in plant it can be observed that a different values were occurred due to utilizing organic or inorganic nutrients and there is no clear trend and insignificant differences among the treatments. However N,P,K slightly increased with adding NPK at the different levels + compost tea or K-humate. It can be recommended from the above mentioned results that adding half dose of inorganic nutrients as 50% NPK alongside compost tea and K-humate represented organic nutrients enhanced soil conditions led to producing healthy seedling of Quercus robur and reducing the doses of NPK as mineral nutrients.