Fresh Weight Of Seedlings Research Articles

The Prevention of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Fermented from Cow Manure Compost by Bacillus sp. XG-1 on Watermelon Continuous Cropping Barrier.

The continuous cropping barrier is an important factor leading to the decline of watermelon quality and yield. In this study, we focused on a bio-organic fertilizer prepared with one bacterial strain, Bacillus sp. XG-1, to prevent the occurrence of the continuous cropping barrier. The strain XG-1 was isolated from watermelon rhizosphere soil, and promoted the growth of watermelon by producing phytase (0.19 U/mL), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 7.31 mg/L), and gibberellins (GA3, 2.47 mg/L). In addition, the strain also possessed a strong antagonistic effect against the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) by inhibiting conidia germination with an inhibition ratio of 85.3% and mycelium growth. The bio-organic fertilizer fermented by XG-1, based on cow manure compost and rapeseed meal (85:15, w/w) under optimal conditions, was mixed in soil (watermelon had been planted for two consecutive years). After the cultivation of watermelon for 50 d, a higher density of XG-1 (9.79 × 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/g) and one order of magnitude lower of Fon (1.29 × 103 copies/g) were detected in the rhizosphere soil compared with soils without bio-organic fertilizer (7.59 × 104 copies/g for Fon), leading to an 86.4% control efficiency of watermelon caused by Fusarium wilt. The application of bio-organic fertilizer enriched soil nutrients, including the organic matter (13.2%), total nitrogen (13.9%), total phosphorus (20.5%), and total potassium (3.77%), adjusted the soil pH from 6.69 to 7.01, and significantly improved the watermelon growth in terms of the seedling height, root length, fresh weight of seedling and root with increase of 78.8%, 72.2%, 84.6%, and 96.4%, respectively. This study regarded the watermelon continuous cropping soil as the research point, and focused on inhibiting Fon, regulating soil properties and enhancing watermelon growth to eliminate the continuous cropping barrier through a combination of compost and functional strains, demonstrating the potential application value in watermelon production.

Medical Tablets Paracetamol And Mertronidazole Affects Wheat Seed Germination And Seedlings Growth As Plant Growth Regulators

Triazole derivatives are regularly used as systemic fungicides for seed dressing or as plant growth regulator, but it can cause numerous changes in plant morphological and physiological characteristics. An experiment included the local Iraqi bread wheat variety Tammuz-2 and the introduced Turkish ones Adana-99 were exposed to two concentrations (500 and 1000ppm) of the antibiotic medicinal tablets paracetamol and metronidazole, to illustrate the biological activity in terms of seeds germination and early seedlings growth traits; as they are structurally resemble the well-known azole fungicides and growth retardant derivatives. The results obviously revealed that these drugs exhibited growth regulatory activity in terms of their toxic effects in reducing of germination % from 84.5% to 69.75% for Tammuz-2 with paracetamol at 1000ppm, and from 84.50% to 76.00% with metronidazole at the same concentration. Similarly the germination% of Adana -99 was also dropped from 91.5 % to 77% and 82.5% for paracetamol and metronidazole at 1000ppm, respectively, this reduction in germination % was accompanied with increment in abnormal seedlings%. The deleterious impact on Adana-99 shoot length was exaggerated with metronidazole at 1000ppm which recorded (5.75 cm) in comparison to control (10.11cm). Concerning with the length of the longest rootlet, drastic reduction was noticed for both varieties with metronidazole at both concentrations 500 and 1000ppm, but the lowest was 1.47 cm at 1000ppm for metronidazole in comparison to the control 11.21cm for Tammuz-2 variety. The effect of drugs on number of rootlets resembled rootlets length as it was reduced by metronidazole, whereas the highest concentration 1000ppm only significantly reduced seedlings fresh weight. Although there was discrepancy in seedlings dry weight as metronidazole particularly with high concentration caused drastic suppression in rootlets growth, but it resulted in higher dry weight, the interpretation for such ambiguity was that the seeds were not removed from the seedlings and it was contributed in whole seedlings weight and could be also due to the better food reserved in the germinated seeds. It was worth to declare that paracetamol treated seeds colored dark black, which was attributed to the tyrosinase enzyme activity present in seeds pericarp which oxidize phenol into quinines and subsequently converted to dark colored melanin by polymerization and interaction with protein. The results ascertained the side effect of these drugs as they possess regulatory behavior; therefore awareness required utilizing such pharmaceutical compounds to avoid unanticipated risk of soil contamination and agricultural ecosystems pollution

Reaction of Wheat Cultivars to Fusarium Crown And Root Rot under Field Condition at Duhok-kurdistan Region, Iraq

Triazole derivatives are regularly used as systemic fungicides for seed dressing or as plant growth regulator, but it can cause numerous changes in plant morphological and physiological characteristics. An experiment included the local Iraqi bread wheat variety Tammuz-2 and the introduced Turkish ones Adana-99 were exposed to two concentrations (500 and 1000ppm) of the antibiotic medicinal tablets paracetamol and metronidazole, to illustrate the biological activity in terms of seeds germination and early seedlings growth traits; as they are structurally resemble the well-known azole fungicides and growth retardant derivatives. The results obviously revealed that these drugs exhibited growth regulatory activity in terms of their toxic effects in reducing of germination % from 84.5% to 69.75% for Tammuz-2 with paracetamol at 1000ppm, and from 84.50% to 76.00% with metronidazole at the same concentration. Similarly the germination% of Adana -99 was also dropped from 91.5 % to 77% and 82.5% for paracetamol and metronidazole at 1000ppm, respectively, this reduction in germination % was accompanied with increment in abnormal seedlings%. The deleterious impact on Adana-99 shoot length was exaggerated with metronidazole at 1000ppm which recorded (5.75 cm) in comparison to control (10.11cm). Concerning with the length of the longest rootlet, drastic reduction was noticed for both varieties with metronidazole at both concentrations 500 and 1000ppm, but the lowest was 1.47 cm at 1000ppm for metronidazole in comparison to the control 11.21cm for Tammuz-2 variety. The effect of drugs on number of rootlets resembled rootlets length as it was reduced by metronidazole, whereas the highest concentration 1000ppm only significantly reduced seedlings fresh weight. Although there was discrepancy in seedlings dry weight as metronidazole particularly with high concentration caused drastic suppression in rootlets growth, but it resulted in higher dry weight, the interpretation for such ambiguity was that the seeds were not removed from the seedlings and it was contributed in whole seedlings weight and could be also due to the better food reserved in the germinated seeds. It was worth to declare that paracetamol treated seeds colored dark black, which was attributed to the tyrosinase enzyme activity present in seeds pericarp which oxidize phenol into quinines and subsequently converted to dark colored melanin by polymerization and interaction with protein. The results ascertained the side effect of these drugs as they possess regulatory behavior; therefore awareness required utilizing such pharmaceutical compounds to avoid unanticipated risk of soil contamination and agricultural ecosystems pollution

Biocontrol of Pythium Damping-Off on Pepper (Capsicum Annuum) with Selected Fungal and Rhizobacterial Agents

Pythium ultimum is a common soilborne pathogen causing serious losses of pepper seedlings in nurseries and few weeks post-planting. Two pepper associated-P. ultimum isolates (P1 and P2) were shown pathogenic to pepper cv. Altar causing post-emergence damping-off with P2 isolate being the most aggressive. Fungal and bacterial antagonists have been evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their ability to suppress P. ultimum. In dual culture assay, Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride and Gliocladium virens inhibited pathogen radial growth by 18.54, 17.52 and 15.24%, respectively, relative to control, while none of the tested bacteria was shown able to significantly inhibit pathogen growth. However, drastic changes in pathogen hyphae expressed as strong lysis, the formation of mycelial cords and mycoparasitism have been observed. Pepper seeds treated with fungal antagonists’ conidial suspensions showed 60, 50 and 60% less pre-emergence damping-off infections, respectively, compared to the positive control. When tested as root dipping, only G. virens resulted in 40% reduced post-emergence damping-off. An improved seedlings fresh weight, by 79.31 and 76%, was respectively induced by G. virens-, and T. viride-based treatments while an increment of 27.58, 25.33 and 22.22 % was recorded following treatments with G. virens, T. viride and T. harzianum, relative to the positive control. The majority of tested bacterial isolates, applied as a seed treatment, had significantly improved the emergence percentage of inoculated seedlings as compared to control with Burkholderia glathei isolate 35 being the most efficient. When applied as root dipping, reduction of post-emergence damping-off ranged between 40 and 100% with Pseudomonas aureofaciens isolate 314 being the most effective agent. Seedlings treated with P. aureofaciens (314) and Bacillus pumilus (420) showed 35.38 and 28.51% higher heights, respectively. Plant weight was enhanced by 73.06, 61.18, 77.39, 61.8 and 67.93% over control following treatments with P. aureofaciens isolates 314 and 31, Bacillus pumilus 420, P. fluorescens and P. putida 227.

Effect of using harvesting residues as a nursery media on seedling weight in Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.)

Effects of harvesting residues (needle, bark and branch) on fresh and dry weights of two-year bare root seedlings originated from a seed stand and a seed orchard were examined in Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) to contribute nursery practices of the species and to estimate utilization possibility of the residues. Averages of seedling fresh and dry weights were 9.24 g and 3.36 g, respectively in polled treatments and origins. Results of analysis of variance showed significant differences (p≤0.05) among the treatments and between seed sources for the fresh and dry weights. Total averages of water content were 61.20% in root, 64.69% in stem and 63.75% in fresh weight of full seedling. Seed orchard seedlings had higher water content in root, stem and full seedling than seed stand seedlings opposite to fresh and dry weights. Averages of water content ranged from 60.39% (control treatment) to 65.94% (bark treatment) in full seedling of polled treatments and seed sources.

Effect of Salinity on Seed Germination and Seedling Development of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Genotypes

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that negatively affects plant growth and development around the world. It has been reported that approximately 19.5% of all irrigated land and 2.1% of dry land is affected by salt stress, and these percentages continue to increase. Sorghum, a C4 plant, is the fifth most important cereal in the world. Numerous studies reported that there are high genetic variations in sorghum. These genetic variations can be monitored to search for the most salt-tolerant genotypes. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the responses of ten sorghum genotypes to different levels of salinity. We focused on germination and seedling growth as the most critical stages of plant development. In our research we included germination percentage, germination index, mean germination time, seedling vigor index, seedlings’ shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry seedling weight, and salinity tolerance indices. For data assessment we applied two-way ANOVA, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and hierarchical agglomerative classification. Our results demonstrate that salinity was responsible for 98% of the variation in assessed parameters, whereas genotype effect accounted for only 2% of the documented variation. It can be concluded that seedling traits can be used as a valid criterion for the selection of genotypes with a better tolerance to salinity stress.

Alleviation of Cd phytotoxicity and enhancement of rape seedling growth by plant growth-promoting bacterium Enterobacter sp. Zm-123.

The present study aims to investigate the impact of a metal-tolerant bacterium on metal detoxification and rape seedling growth promotion under Cd stress. The results showed that the isolated bacterium Enterobacter sp. Zm-123 has capability to resist Cd (200mg/L), produce IAA (26.67mg/L) and siderophores (82.34%), and solubilize phosphate (137.5mg/L), etc. Zm-123 inoculation significantly enhanced the fresh weight of rape seedlings from 9.47 to 19.98% and the root length from 10.42 to 57.05% compared with non-inoculation group under different concentrations of Cd (0, 0.5, 1, 3, 5mg/L) (p < 0.05). It also significantly increased the content of chlorophyll, soluble sugar, soluble protein, and proline (p < 0.05) in rape seedlings. Moreover, a significant elevation in catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities and a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), and Cd content in rape seedlings were detected owing to Zm-123 inoculation (p < 0.05). The combined results imply that strain Zm-123 can alleviate the Cd phytotoxicity and promote the rape seedling growth by improving the physiological activity and antioxidant level, which can be potentially applied to protect plants from Cd toxicity.

STIMULASI PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT TEH (Camellia sinensis) DENGAN PEMBERIAN URIN SAPI DAN PENGGUNAAN BAHAN STEK YANG BERBEDA

[STIMULATION EFFECTS OF BIOURINE CONCENTRATION AND THE STEM SEGMENT OF CUTTINGS ON GROWTH OF TEA (Camellia sinensis) SEEDLINGS]. Tea seedlings can be prepared by the stem segment cutting and provide treatment to stimulate the growth of cuttings. This study aims to determine the optimal tea seedlings growth from different material of stem segment and biourine concentration. The experiment was conducted in February to June 2020 at PT. Sarana Mandiri Mukti Kelurahan Tangsi Baru, Kabawetan District, Kepahiang Regency, Bengkulu Province. This research uses factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors. The first factor, biourine concentration consisting of 5 levels including 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%. The second factor, the stem segment of cuttings consisting of 3, 4, and 5 segments. The treatment was repeated 3 times, with 5 plants sample in each treatment. There was totally 225 plants. The results showed that biourine concentration of 100% has significantly different from the variable roots number and root length. The stem segment of the tea cuttings has no significantly difference effect on all variables. The interaction between biourine concentration and stem segment of the tea cuttings has significantly different in variables of shoot length and seedlings fresh weight. The optimum growth of tea seedling was obtained in stem cutting of 3 segment and application of biourine concentration of 100%.

Growth and bioactive phytochemicals in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) sprouts affected by atmospheric pressure plasma during seed germination

Barley sprouts are 5 to 20 day-old grown whole plants that are widely consumed as a functional vegetable due to their health-promoting compounds such as saponarin, γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), and policosanols. Recent plasma applications have been a promising approach in the agricultural and food industries to produce bioactive phytochemicals in sprouted crops. Therefore, this study investigated the plasma effects on the whole plant and its bioactive phytochemicals compared with those of an untreated control in barley sprouts. The optimal plasma exposure during seed germination can change physical and chemical properties of fully hydrated seeds of barley, accelerate the early growth of its sprouts and enhance bioactive phytochemicals in the sprouts. Thus, a single 6 min exposure of the plasma enhanced the fresh weight of whole barley seedlings by 137.5% of the untreated control at 9 d after the exposure and enhanced the contents of the primary metabolites including soluble sugars and free amino acids, and secondary metabolites including special phytochemicals such as saponarin, GABA, and policosanols. Therefore, our results suggest that the optimal plasma exposure can be used as a promising seed priming technique for the whole plant and the bioactive phytochemicals of barley sprouts.

Influence of seed soaking duration and concentration of cow urine on seed germination, growth and survival of Karonda (Carissa carandas L.) seedlings

Field experiment was conducted at Fruit Research Station, Imalia, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur (M.P.) during the year 2018 – 2019 to determine the influence of seed soaking duration and concentration of cow urine on seed germination, growth and survival of Karonda (Carissa carandas L.) seedlings. The experiment was laid out in eight treatments replicated thrice in factorial randomized block design. Among the treatments, the combined effect of seed soaking duration for 24 hours and seed treatment with 25% cow urine was more superior over the other combinations with highest seed germination (5.83 days), 50% germination (15.50 days), germination at 60 DAS (78.15%), coefficient of germination (5.83), speed of germination (8.61). Growth parameters at 60, 90 and 120 DAS with seedling height (8.21, 10.74 and 12.20 cm), stem girth (1.93, 2.27 and 2.56 mm), number of leaves per seedling (28.5, 66.7 and 81.7) respectively, other growth parameters at 120 DAS such as length of seedling (27.96 cm), number of roots per seedling (105.7), fresh weight of seedlings (3.24g), dry weight of seedlings (1.38g), seedling vigor index I (2190.4 cm), seedling vigor index II (101.6g), survival of seedlings (78.7%), leaf area index (3.75), leaf area duration ( 6181.45 cm2. days), light transmission ratio (36.28%) and energy interception (0.40 cal cm-2 min-1).

Melatonin mitigates cadmium and aluminium toxicity through modulation of antioxidant potential in Brassica napus L

Melatonin has emerged as an essential molecule in plants, due to its role in defence against metal toxicity. Aluminium (Al) and cadmium (Cd) toxicity inhibit rapeseed seedling growth. In this study, we applied different doses of melatonin (50 and 100µm) to alleviate Al (25µm) and Cd (25µm) stress in rapeseed seedlings. Results show that Al and Cd caused toxicity in rapeseed seedling, as evidenced by a decrease in height, biomass and antioxidant enzyme activity. Melatonin increased the expression of melatonin biosynthesis-related Brassica napus genes for caffeic acid O-methyl transferase (BnCOMT) under Al and Cd stress. The genes BnCOMT-1, BnCOMT-5 and BnCOMT-8 showed up-regulated expression, while BnCOMT-4 and BnCOMT-6 were down-regulated during incubation in water. Melatonin application increased the germination rate, shoot length, root length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings. Melatonin supplementation under Al and Cd stress increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, proline, chlorophyll and anthocyanin content, as well as photosynthesis rate. Both Cd and Al treatments significantly increased hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels in rapeseed seedlings, which were strictly counterbalanced by melatonin. Analysis of Cd and Al in different subcellular compartments showed that melatonin enhanced cell wall and soluble fractions, but reduced the vacuolar and organelle fractions in Al- and Cd-treated seedlings. These results suggest that melatonin-induced improvements in antioxidant potential, biomass, photosynthesis rate and successive Cd and Al sequestration play a pivotal role in plant tolerance to Al and Cd stress. This mechanism may have potential implications in safe food production.

Associations between pod yield and it’s contributing traits in advanced peanut lines as influenced by imposed moisture stress

Aim: Assessment of correlation between yield and its contributing traits in groundnut under terminal drought stress Experimental Design: Randomized complete block design (RCBD) design replicated twice Location and duration of the study: The College of horticulture, Hiriyur during rabi 2016-17Methodology: Forty genotypes of groundnut comprising advanced breeding lines and existed cultivars were subjected to field evaluation under irrigated and imposed end-of-season drought stress. The moisture stress was imposed at 90 DAS for 20 days by withholding irrigation to drought stress block. However, the irrigated trail was provided with regularly recommended irrigations. Observations on morphological, yield and its contributing traits were recorded on randomly sampled five plants per entry per replication in both the environments at different stages of the crop growth cycle. The resulted mean data was subjected to statistical analysis using Genstat 14.1 software.Results: Results revealed that pod yield per plant showed a significant positive correlation with the number of mature pods per plant, number of immature pods per plant, number of pods per plant, number of kernels per plant, kernel yield per plant, fresh weight of seedling and harvest index under imposed end-season drought stress.Conclusion: It can be concluded that these traits should be given due importance while practicing selection for increasing yield under drought stress and also in development of high yielding drought tolerant genotypes in groundnut.

Plant growth promoting Streptomyces strains are selectively interacting with the wheat cultivars especially in saline conditions

Plant growth promoting (PGP) effect of Streptomyces on wheat growth in different conditions has been mostly reported although mechanisms which caused wheat cultivars differently response to a PGP Streptomyces has been less studied. In this study, the effect of two Streptomyces strains, previously reported as PGPR, on the growth of four salt-sensitive commercial wheat cultivars under normal and saline conditions was investigated. Strain C-2012 differently affected the growth of the cultivars in the normal and stress conditions. Cultivars Gonbad with the highest (63%) and Zarin without increased dry biomass upon C-2012 treatments were selected for further study. Salinity significantly decreased seedling fresh and dry weight, K+ and chlorophyll content and glutathione S-transferase activity. Moreover, the stress increased proline and Na+ content and peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in both cultivars. Strain C-2012, generally, ameliorated the negative effect of the stress with increased chlorophyll and carotenoid and reduced Na+ content and APX and SOD activity in both cultivars, however, its effect on biomass was different. Increase in SOD, APX and POX activities in bacterial inoculated-Zarin, but not Gonbad, under normal conditions suggested that this cultivar may recognize strain C-2012 as a gentle stressor and not as a PGPR. These results showed that the responses of the wheat cultivars to a defined PGPR is different in the physiological, phenotypic and molecular level. Based on the results, the evaluation of the effect of a bio-fertilizer on each wheat cultivar is necessary prior to use in a commercial field.

KAJIAN DOSIS PUPUK KANDANG AYAM DAN FREKUENSI PENYIRAMAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT SENGON (Paraserianthes falcataria (L) Nielson)

The purpose of this research was to study : (1) interaction effect between the dosage of chicken manure with the frequency of watering, (2) effect of chicken manure dosage, and (3) effect of watering frequency, to the growth of sengon seedlings. This research uses a completely randomized design which was factorially composed, consisting of 2 factors, namely (1) dosage of chicken manure (D), consists of 4 levels, (2) watering frequency (F), consists of 3 levels. From these two factors, were obtained 12 treatment combinations, where each of which was replicated 3 times. Data were analyzed by Analysis of variance, continued by Honestly Significant Diferent Test. The results of this study is: (1) interaction between dosage of chicken manure and frequency of watering occurs only to seedling height, (2) the dosage of chicken manure significantly effected to stem diameter, number of compound leaves, fresh weight of seedlings, and dry weight of seedlings. While frequency of watering significantly effects only the stem diameter, (3) chicken manure with a dosage of 37.5 g/crop is optimum dosage, while watering with a frequency of 2 times a day is right frequency of watering, for the growth of sengon seedling.

Inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum or Azotobacter chroococcum Reinforces Maize Growth by Improving Physiological Activities Under Saline Conditions

A pot study was performed to examine the effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) including Azospirillum lipoferum or Azotobacter chroococcum on growth criteria (leaf area and seedlings fresh and dry weight), pigments [chlorophylls (Chl a and b) and carotenoids], osmolytes (soluble sugars, soluble proteins and proline), nutrient uptake, antioxidant enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in maize plants under normal and salt-affected soils. The results showed that salt stress induced a reduction in growth traits, pigments, soluble proteins, K+, and K+/Na+ ratio. On the other side, it increased soluble sugars, proline, Na+, malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activity of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT). Meanwhile, salt stress did not significantly change the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in maize plants. The inoculation using Azospirillum lipoferum or Azotobacter chroococcum significantly enhanced growth parameters, pigments, K+, osmolytes, K+/Na+ ratio, and the activity of CAT, POD, and APX of the salt-affected maize plants as well as uninoculated control plants. In addition, the results showed that both types of bacteria have attributed to lower MDA and Na+ in maize plants. Interestingly, Azospirillum lipoferum has affected more compared to Azotobacter chroococcum in control and salt-stressed plants. We, therefore, have observed in this study that microbial inoculation significantly improved plant physiological activities and that adding bacteria such as Azospiroillum or Azotobacter to the soil could mitigate the negative effects of salt stress on maize plants.

Impact of mixing treated industrial water with olive mill wastewater on vetch (Vicia sativa L.) germination and early seedling growth

Vetch is a forage crop that is widely grown in high rainfall areas in Jordan for forage production and grazing. Growing vetch species out of the season will need irrigation, which is very expensive. In here, we propose application of wastewater or olive mill wastewater as alternative to the fresh water. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of diluting the industrial water (IND) with olive mill wastewater (OMWW) on the vetch germination (GR) and early seedling growth under controlled conditions. The water treatments consisted of T1 (pure IND100%), T2 (mix of IND75% + OMWW25%), T3 (IND50% + OMWW50%), T4 (IND25% + OMWW75%) and T5 (pure OMWW100%) and tap water (control). This experiment was designed in a CRD with three replications for each treatment. Several measurements on the morphological and biochemical analysis were taken during this study such as seed germination (GR), as well as the seedlings fresh weight of shoot (FWS), dry weight of shoot (DWS), fresh weight of shoot (FWR), dry weight of root (DWR), shoot length (SL), root length (RL) and the ratios of DWS/DWR and SL/RL. The water treatments had a significant influence on data taken, in which the highest mean values of morphological characteristics were obtained under the T1, while the lowest were obtained under the T5 due to high phenols concentrations. The OMWW treatment showed an adverse effect on GR, DWS, DWR, SL, and RL due to low pH values (4.5) and high phenols concentration (1700 mg/L). In contrast, the industrial water showed low to moderate effect on the vetch seed germination. The means of DWS and DWR under T3 and T4 were not significantly different from each other but were different comparing with control. It is recommended that the use of a mixture of OMWW and the Industrial water will have a positive effect on Vetch growth.

Poly-\u03b3-glutamic acid induces system tolerance to drought stress by promoting abscisic acid accumulation in Brassica napus L.

As a new plant biostimulant, poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) may be an effective anti-drought agent that can efficiently alleviate the damage to plants under drought stress. In this study, the effects of γ-PGA on the physiological responses of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) seedlings under drought stress were investigated using hydroponics. Growth and development of the rape seedlings were significantly inhibited in a polyethylene glycol-simulated drought environment. However, 12 d after application of γ-PGA under drought stress, the fresh weight, chlorophyll content, and relative water content of rape seedlings all markedly increased. Moreover, proline content and antioxidant enzyme activity were all markedly enhanced, and the malondialdehyde content was significantly reduced in rape seedlings treated with γ-PGA. Furthermore, the content of the important anti-drought response hormone, abscisic acid (ABA), as well as the expression levels of the ABA metabolism regulation genes BnNCED3, BnZEP, and BnAAO4, significantly increased. These results indicate that γ-PGA may induce elements of a tolerance system to drought stress by promoting ABA accumulation in B. Napus.

Plant-Growth Promoting Bacillus oryzicola YC7007 Modulates Stress-Response Gene Expression and Provides Protection From Salt Stress

High salt stress caused by ionic and osmotic stressors eventually results in the suppression of plant growth and a reduction in crop productivity. In our previous reports, we isolated the endophytic bacterium Bacillus oryzicola YC7007 from the rhizosphere of rice (Oryza sativa L.), which promoted plant growth and development and suppressed bacterial disease in rice by inducing systemic resistance and antibiotic production. In this study, Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings under salt stress that were bacterized with YC7007 displayed an increase in the number of lateral roots and greater fresh weight relative to that of the control seedlings. The chlorophyll content of the bacterized seedlings was increased when compared with that of untreated seedlings. The accumulation of salt-induced malondialdehyde and Na+ in seedlings was inhibited by their co-cultivation with YC7007. The expression of stress-related genes in the shoots and roots of seedlings was induced by YC7007 inoculation under salt stress conditions. Interestingly, YC7007-mediated salt tolerance requires SOS1, a plasma membrane-localized Na+/H+ antiporter, given that plant growth in sos2-1 and sos3-1 mutants was promoted under salt-stress conditions, whereas that of sos1-1 mutants was not. In addition, inoculation with YC7007 in upland-crops, such as radish and cabbage, increased the number of lateral roots and the fresh weight of seedlings under salt-stress conditions. Our results suggest that B. oryzicola YC7007 enhanced plant tolerance to salt stress via the SOS1-dependent salt signaling pathway, resulting in the normal growth of salt-stressed plants.

&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;Effect of GA3, NAA and biofertilizers on seedling growth of custard apple (&lt;em&gt;Annona squamosa &lt;/em&gt;L.) cv. local

The research experiment was carried out on “Effect of GA3, NAA and biofertilizers on seedling growth of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) cv. Local” at Horticultural Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during Kharif-Rabi season of the year 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) having ten treatment combinations, comprising of three levels of growth regulators viz., GA3 @ 50, 75 and 100 mg/l, NAA @ 50, 75 and 100 mg/l, and biofertilizers viz., Azatobactor, Azospirillum and Bio NPK consortia each of 5 ml/l of water as a seed soaking for 24 hours before sowing. The treatments were repeated thrice. Among all the treatments, GA3 @ 100 mg/l treatment recorded significantly maximum height of seedling, diameter of seedling, number of leaves per seedling, leaf area, chlorophyll content, seedling length, fresh weight of seedling and dry weight of seedling.

Hydrogen-rich water promotes elongation of hypocotyls and roots in plants through mediating the level of endogenous gibberellin and auxin.

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of the hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on the vegetable growth, and explore the possibility of applying HRW for protected cultivation of vegetables. Results showed that compared with control, HRW treatment significantly promoted fresh weight, hypocotyl length and root length of mung bean seedlings. The strongest stimulation was observed for 480 μM H2 (60% of saturated HRW concentration) treatment. This concentration was used in the following experiments. The enhanced cell elongation was correlated with the changes in the level of endogenous phytohormones. In the dark-grown hypocotyls and roots of mung bean seedlings, HRW significantly increased the content of IAA and GA3. Addition of GA3 enhanced the hypocotyl elongation only. uniconazole, an inhibitor of GA3 biosynthesis, inhibited HRW-induced hypocotyl elongation, but did not affect root elongation. Exogenous application of IAA promoted HRW effects on elongation of both the hypocotyl and the root, while the IAA biosynthesis inhibitor TIBA negated the above affects. The general nature of HRW-induced growth-promoting effects was further confirmed in experiments involving cucumber and radish seedlings. Taken together, HRW treatment promoted growth of seedlings, by stimulating elongation of hypocotyl and root cells, via HRW-induced increase in GA and IAA content in the hypocotyl and the root respectively.