Fresh Milk Research Articles

Determination of the Chemical and Proximate Properties of Fresh Milk Samples from Small Holder Dairy Cows and Large Mechanized Dairy Cows in Parts of Kaduna State, Nigeria

Determination of the Chemical and Proximate Properties of Fresh Milk Samples from Small Holder Dairy Cows and Large Mechanized Dairy Cows in Parts of Kaduna State, Nigeria

Active and Intelligent Biodegradable Packaging Based on Anthocyanins for Preserving and Monitoring Protein-Rich Foods.

Currently, active and intelligent packaging has been developed to solve the spoilage problem for protein-rich foods during storage, especially by adding anthocyanin extracts. In such a film system, the antioxidant and antibacterial properties were dramatically increased by adding anthocyanins. The physicochemical properties were enhanced through interactions between the active groups in the anthocyanins and reactive groups in the polymer chains. Additionally, the active and intelligent film could monitor the spoilage of protein-rich foods in response to pH changes. Therefore, this film could monitor the sensory acceptance and extend the shelf life of protein-rich foods simultaneously. In this paper, the structural and functional properties of anthocyanins, composite actions of anthocyanin extracts and biomass materials, and reinforced properties of the active and intelligent film were discussed. Additionally, the applications of this film in quality maintenance, shelf-life extension, and quality monitoring for fresh meat, aquatic products, and milk were summarized. This film, which achieves high stability and the continuous release of anthocyanins on demand, may become an underlying trend in packaging applications for protein-rich foods.

Aflatoxins Contamination in Animal Feeds and Fresh Milk in Kondoa District, Tanzania

Abstract: The occurrence of aflatoxins in animal feeds and milk is common around the World as most livestock keepers are not aware of aflatoxins.
 Aims: This study was conducted to assess storage and feeding practices, and assessment of aflatoxin B1 and M1 contamination in animal feeds and fresh milk samples in Kondoa.
 Study Design: The study involved a survey using semi-structured questionnaires and Laboratory analysis of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1 in animal feeds and fresh milk samples collected from among smallholder dairy farmers.
 Methodology: Purposive selection of 120 respondents among smallholder dairy farmers in six wards purposively selected due to having larger number of dairy cattle was conducted. Likewise, 20 samples of animal feeds and 25 composite milk samples from among 120 interviewed farmers were analysed for aflatoxin B1 and M1 using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
 Results: The results indicates that, aflatoxin B1 in feeds was 55%, with mean concentration of 8.6 ±5.9 μg/kg ranging from the lowest limit of detection (LOD) to 21.1 μg/kg with 5% samples above the maximum level stipulated by the Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) and European Union (EU) of 20 μg/kg. Likewise, about 44% of the milk samples revealed to contain traces of aflatoxin M1 with a mean amount of 0.07 ±0.08 μg/L, ranging from the limit of detection (<LOD) to 0.23 μg/L, and 12% exceeding the TBS and EU standards of 0.05 μg/kg.
 Conclusion: There is need to scale up aflatoxin awareness campaigns and regular monitoring throughout the food system in Tanzania.
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: 

Antibiotic residues: fresh milk from expansion tanks in Alagoas

Milk is a food widely consumed by the population, so it is important that it is produced under appropriate hygienic conditions and free from chemical contaminants of various origins. The objective of this study was to test for antibiotic residues in fresh milk from municipal expansion tanks in the State of Alagoas. 42 milk samples were collected in sterile bottles of approximately 50 mL. These samples were frozen and sent to be subjected to the official analysis methods of the Ministry of Agriculture. In the laboratory, qualitative analysis of multi-residues in different matrices and determination of beta-lactam antibiotic residues in bovine milk by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were performed. In 95.2% (40/42) of the samples analyzed, the presence of antibiotic residues was not detected; however, in two samples (4.8%), the presence of residues was detected, but at levels that could not be quantified. Samples were within the limits established by Brazilian legislation. This study concluded that there were no antibiotic residues at quantifiable levels in the samples analyzed. This study concludes that there were no antibiotic residues at quantifiable levels in the samples analyzed. It is therefore suggested that these antimicrobials be monitored in milk to ensure the absence of these residues and to guarantee a quality product, which is essential for public health.

Heavy Metals Cd, Hg, and Pb in Fresh Milk from Dairy Farms in South Jakarta Analyzed by ICP-MS

Heavy Metals Cd, Hg, and Pb in Fresh Milk from Dairy Farms in South Jakarta Analyzed by ICP-MS

Inovasi Pengembangan Pemasaran Produk Susu Kambing Etawa di Dusun Jengglik

Community empowerment initiatives are pivotal in bolstering the financial stability of rural communities, particularly those facing challenges in marketing local products such as fresh milk. One of the strategic actions taken for the village populace involves enhancing the marketability of Etawa goat milk—a product with significant demand. The principal objective of this service activity is to inject innovation into the sales techniques of Jegglik Village's community outputs. It was achieved through the creation of distinctive logos or labels and leveraging Google Maps to extend the customer base, thereby amplifying the visibility of Etawa goat milk production far and wide. The approach employed in these community service efforts was Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD), which focuses on fostering social cohesion and enabling community-led environmental and economic development, also known as Community-Driven Development (CDD). The outcomes of this initiative have been markedly positive, yielding beneficial impacts for the community, such as expanded market reach and the ability to forge contractual relationships with milk production enterprises.

Effectiveness of the California Mastitis Test (CMT), Reductase Test, and Alcohol Test for Dairy Cows Subclinical Mastitis Detection

Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary glands caused by pathogenic bacteria Mastitis divided into 2 types, clinical mastitis which has symptoms of swelling and changes in the shape of the mammary gland, while subclinical mastitis does not indicate clear symptoms. Subclinical mastitis is a very high case in Indonesia, around 97-98%, while clinical mastitis is 2-3%. Effectiveness of the california mastitis test (CMT), reductase test and alcohol test to detect subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. The number of samples taken was 60 samples of fresh dairy milk from 15 cattles in Medowo Village as much as 50 ml for each sample. The results showed that the test was very effective in identifying subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. 15% positive results were obtained for subclinical mastitis using CMT, 10% of the milk quality was not good during the reductase test and 18.33% positive with the alcohol test from a total of 60 samples obtained.

Protein Stability in Pasteurized Cow and Goat Milk using Protein Gel Electrophoresis

Milk is a nutritious beverage that contains whey, casein, and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins. Pasteurization kills pathogenic microorganisms in milk, making it safe to drink. A high heat load during processing can affect the protein quality of milk. In this study, protein gel electrophoresis (Native and SDS-PAGE) was used to view the protein profiles of retail cow and goat milk samples pasteurized at different temperatures (145, 165, or 280 °F) compared to commercially spray dried milk (356–482 °F). SDS-PAGE provided better resolution of the milk proteins compared to Native-PAGE. There were clear species differences in the MFGM proteins. This could be used to spot adulteration of goat milk with cow milk, however none of the samples showed signs of adulteration. There were no overt patterns of protein degradation with increasing pasteurization temperature. However drying reduced band intensity, especially MFGM and whey proteins in the goat milk sample. Whereas most samples came from different herds where genetics and environmental conditions varied, two of the goat milk samples were from the same herd, one fresh and one spray dried. It was evident from these two samples that spray drying can alter proteins in goat milk. Even so, if fresh milk is unavailable or unaffordable, dry milk remains a valuable protein source.

Adulteration: Supply of Raw Milk and Prevalence of Adulterated / Prepared Milk

Raw milk adulteration is one of the food fraud to gain financial benefits by removing fat and cream from whole milk and compensating it by addition of different adulterants to make it near to wholesome milk. Objectives: To analyze milk adulterants to not only describe about the prevalence of different milk adulterants but also confirm the sources of adulterants being used for the synthesis of semi synthetic or prepared milk due to their characteristics which they impart to form a sort of wholesome milk. Methods: In this regard total of 190 raw milk samples from cow and buffalo sources along with control and in house standards were taken to detect most prevailing adulterants in raw milk samples through automated and/or titration based manual recommended methods. Results: The analysis of different adulterants in milk samples showed water in 148(77.89%) raw milk samples, Detergent in 62(32.9%), Cane Sugar 41(21.8%), Caustic Soda 32(16.8%), Sodium Salts 31(16.4%), Starch 21(11.1%), Formalin 18(9.4%), Urea 15(8.05%), Foreign Fat 12(6.4%), Hydrogen Peroxide 04(2.3%), Glucose 02(1.3%), Boric Acid 02(1.1%) and sulfate salts 02(1.1%) in raw milk samples. Conclusions: The assessment of quality of fresh milk showed poor quality milk with the provision of different sort of adulterants in 77.89% raw milk samples and alarming sign of semi synthetic milk in 2.63% samples.

Lighter as flame control and temperature control in milk pasteurization system

Milk pasteurization involves heating milk at a specific temperature below its boiling point as a method to keep the resulting dairy product retaining the shape and taste characteristics of fresh milk. In several experiments, the use of fuzzy control systems has been tested to regulate the temperature in the milk pasteurization process and to time the ignition of the stove flame. However, this fuzzy approach still causes the system to give an unstable response and irregular stove flame. In order to study milk pasteurization, the Low Temperature Long Time (LTLT) method is used which is implemented automatically through a PID control system. This method serves to maintain nutritional quality by keeping the pasteurization temperature at a setpoint of 62°C. This control involves the use of servo actuators and electric lighters that are automatically regulated with the help of flame sensors. The flame sensor detects the presence of flame and ensures that the flame remains lit throughout the pasteurization process. At the end of the process, the flame sensor plays a role in breaking the flame by setting a certain threshold. This sensor operates within 10 CM of the flame source and will produce an analog output with a maximum value of 4000 when the flame is lit. When the flame is extinguished, the analog output of the sensor will reach a value of 4095. Testing of the milk pasteurization automation system is given a value for each PID resulting from the value of Kp = 31.8, Ki = 115.6, Kd = 4.4 and obtained a rise time value of 0.39 minutes, 0.61%, settling min of 60.88, and settling max of 62.38.

Analisis Non Finansial Pendirian Bisnis Frozen Yoghurt di Cipta Rasa Farm Kabupaten Bogor, Provinsi Jawa Barat, Indonesia

Milk is an animal product produced by mammals.The world community, including Indonesia, needs the nutrients contained in milk. The milk commodity can be cultivated by the people of Indonesia. West Java Province is included among the three largest milk-producing provinces in Indonesia. One of the fresh milk producers in West Java Province is Cipta Rasa Farm (CRF). CRF was founded in 2001 in Karang Asem Barat, Citeureup District, Bogor Regency. CRF is capable of producing 100 liters of fresh milk. However, lately, CRF has left 20 liters of milk that are not sold out. In order to gain additional income, CRF plans to make frozen yogurt using leftover milk. This study aims to determine the non-financial feasibility analysis of establishing a frozen yogurt business unit on CRF in the form of a non-financial feasibility analysis consisting of analysis of product planning, marketing planning, production planning, organizational and management planning, and collaboration planning.The data used in this research are primary and secondary.This research's data analysis method is descriptive qualitative and quantitative. Based on the results of the non-financial analysis, it was concluded that the plan to establish a frozen yogurt business at Cipta Rasa Farm, Bogor Regency, was feasible.

Systematic review and meta-analyses on the accuracy of diagnostic tests for IgE-mediated food allergy.

The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) is updating the Guidelines on Food Allergy Diagnosis. We aimed to undertake a systematic review of the literature with meta-analyses to assess the accuracy of diagnostic tests for IgE-mediated food allergy. We searched three databases (Cochrane CENTRAL (Trials), MEDLINE (OVID) and Embase (OVID)) for diagnostic test accuracy studies published between 1 October 2012 and 30 June 2021 according to a previously published protocol (CRD42021259186). We independently screened abstracts, extracted data from full texts and assessed risk of bias with QUADRAS 2 tool in duplicate. Meta-analyses were undertaken for food-test combinations for which three or more studies were available. A total of 149 studies comprising 24,489 patients met the inclusion criteria and they were generally heterogeneous. 60.4% of studies were in children ≤12 years of age, 54.3% were undertaken in Europe, ≥95% were conducted in a specialized paediatric or allergy clinical setting and all included oral food challenge in at least a percentage of enrolled patients, in 21.5% double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges. Skin prick test (SPT) with fresh cow's milk and raw egg had high sensitivity (90% and 94%) for milk and cooked egg allergies. Specific IgE (sIgE) to individual components had high specificity: Ara h 2-sIgE had 92%, Cor a 14-sIgE 95%, Ana o 3-sIgE 94%, casein-sIgE 93%, ovomucoid-sIgE 92/91% for the diagnosis of peanut, hazelnut, cashew, cow's milk and raw/cooked egg allergies, respectively. The basophil activation test (BAT) was highly specific for the diagnosis of peanut (90%) and sesame (93%) allergies. In conclusion, SPT and specific IgE to extracts had high sensitivity whereas specific IgE to components and BAT had high specificity to support the diagnosis of individual food allergies.

Source and health risk of urinary neonicotinoids in Tibetan pregnant women

High altitude could influence the level of exposure to neonicotinoids, but relevant data remain limited for people living in Tibet. We investigated 476 Tibetan pregnant women from Lhasa of Tibet, China in 2021 and measured eight neonicotinoids and four metabolites in urine. Food consumption was investigated by a food frequency questionnaire. Health risk was assessed by using hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) based on acceptable daily dose or chronic reference dose. Neonicotinoids and metabolites were overall detected in 56.5% of urine samples with a median concentration being 0.73 μg g−1 creatinine. Four neonicotinoids or metabolites were detected in more than 10% of urine samples, including N-desmethyl-acetamiprid (47.5%), clothianidin (15.5%), thiamethoxam (16.0%), and imidacloprid (10.5%). Annual household income, family smoking, and pre-pregnancy body mass index were associated with the detection frequencies of neonicotinoids. Pregnant women with a higher consumption frequency of wheat, rice, fresh vegetable, fresh fruit, beef and mutton, fresh milk, yoghourt, candy and chocolate, or carbonated drinks had a higher detection frequency of neonicotinoids. Both HQ and HI were less than one. There was an evident exposure to neonicotinoids in Tibetan pregnant women with both plant- and animal-derived food items as exposure sources, but a low health risk was found based on current safety thresholds.

Changes in properties of human milk under different conditions of frozen storage

Human milk is the best source of nutrition for infants. Lower freezing temperatures and faster freezing rates allow for better preservation of human milk. However, research on the freezing conditions of human milk is limited. This study investigated the effectiveness of quick freezing and suitable freezing conditions for home preservation. Human milk was stored under different freezing conditions (−18 °C, −18 °C quick freezing, −30 °C, −40 °C, −60 °C, and − 80 °C) for 30, 60, and 90 days and then evaluated for changes in the microbial counts, bioactive protein, and lipid. The results showed that the total aerobic bacterial and Bifidobacteria counts in human milk after storage at freezing temperatures of − 30 °C and lower were closer to those of fresh human milk compared to − 18 °C. Furthermore, the lysozyme loss, lipid hydrolysis degree, and volatile organic compound production were lower. However, −18 °C quick freezing storage was not markedly different from −18 °C in maintaining human milk quality. Based on the results, for household and environmental reasons, the recommended temperature for storing human milk is suggested as −30 °C.

Strategy for Developing Dairy Farming for All-Business Cooperatives in Tandangsari, Sumedang Regency

The livestock sector has proven itself to be a crisis-resistant sector. The Ministry of Agriculture stated that the total national milk demand in 2019 reached 4,332.88 thousand tons. One of the dairy cattle center areas that has developed and become the focus of the Sumedang Regency Government is Tanjungsari District. The breeders joined the Tandangsari KSU. The supply and demand for pure milk has fluctuated at KSU Tandangsari in the last five years. The problems in the dairy cattle business at KSU Tanjungsari are currently related to production factors as inputs in the development of a dairy cattle business including livestock seeds, feed availability, land as living space for livestock, livestock production facilities (procurement of equipment and maintenance of livestock production), labor (breeders), as well as the cost of production.The goal of preparing the RIP is to formulate alternative strategies for developing a dairy cattle business. By identifying strengths and weaknesses, as well as opportunities and threats based on internal and external factors that affect the dairy cattle business at KSU Tandangsari.The strategy for developing a dairy cattle business is the S-O (1) strategy. Development of cattle population to increase production, (2). Building a place (factory) for processing dairy products, W-O strategy (1). Build a cow nursery, (2). Establishing cooperation with third parties in producing processed HPT, strategy S-T (1). Increasing the quality and quantity of beef cattle, (2). Moving the location of the fresh milk business activity center (MCU), W-T strategy (1). The application of appropriate technology is increased by breeders, (2). Establish cooperation with financial institutions in capital facilities.

Effects of solutes and freezing front velocity on ice morphology in frozen ovine milk

Ovine milk is sometimes stored frozen until processing, and deterioration has been observed during frozen storage. Mechanisms for degradation have been proposed involving morphology of the frozen product. Freezing is also integral to freeze-drying, sometimes applied to ovine milk. Knowledge of factors influencing the frozen morphology in ovine milk may help avoid degradation or aid freeze-drying.Fractions were prepared from ovine milk and used to build milks of decreasing complexity from whole milk, skim milk, skim milk less casein (removed centrifugally), ovine milk ultrafiltration permeate and finally water. Cryo-Scanning-Electron Microscopy, and optical microscopy with a custom-built Bridgman furnace format freezing stage, were used to investigate the static morphology of frozen milk and then the morphology of advancing freezing fronts in ovine milk. Milk frozen slowly showed a significantly different morphology in the frozen state to milk that was frozen rapidly. The morphology of the freezing front was observed to change as the velocity increased, and as the composition of the sample being frozen changed. Increased freezing front velocities lead to the formation of columnar and then dendritic ice morphologies, and the freezing front velocities that lead to transitions in morphology increased with decreasing fluid complexity. A phase diagram was generated showing ice morphology on axes representing solution complexity and ice front velocity.Knowledge gained from the observations was used to design rapid freezing processes that preserve fresh milk properties, which have since been patented.

The Relationship Between Perceptions of Livestock Participation Rates in the Dairy Cattle Business Insurance Program

The majority of dairy cattle businesses in Indonesia are smallholder farmers. The government has tried various ways to increase domestic fresh milk production, one of which is increasing the number of intensive dairy cattle in the form of various facilities such as assistance programs, Asuransi Usaha Ternak Sapi (AUTS). Koperasi Unit Desa (KUD) Sarwa Mukti is one of the cooperatives engaged in the dairy cattle business in the Bandung Barat Regency area that received AUTS assistance. Research is needed to see the relationship between perception (cognition and affection) with the level of farmer participation in the AUTS program at KUD Sarwa Mukti. The results of this study can be a source of information and input for all livestock groups, KUD Sarwa Mukti and AUTS organizers for the progress of the program. This research is a survey with purposive sampling and simple random sampling and the outputs are Spearman rank correlation analysis and the interpretation of the degree of relationship with Guilford's rule. A total of 67 farmers with 1-20 dairy cows were the respondents of this study. The results obtained, the perception of dairy farmers who are members of the KUD Sarwa Mukti towards the AUTS program is in the high category (49.3%). Participation in the decision-making, implementation, and utilization stages of the results of dairy farmers who are members of the KUD Sarwa Mukti towards the AUTS program is at a moderate level (82.09%). There is a weak positive relationship between the perception and participation of dairy farmers who are members of the KUD Sarwa Mukti on the AUTS program, with a Spearman Rank correlation coefficient with Guilford's rule of 0.253.

Classification of Dairy Products by Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting Fluorescence and Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

A transient fluorescence spectroscopy system based on time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) technology was constructed. Time-resolved fluorescence spectra of pure, modified and fresh milk were obtained using this system. A method for differentiating these dairy products was established by principal component analysis (PCA). The measured time-resolved fluorescence spectra of the dairy products were directly substituted into the principal component analysis model without fitting. The results showed that the two largest principal components, PC1 and PC2, had variance contribution values of 48.18% and 32.1%, respectively. The results were plotted as a two-dimensional graph of PC1 × PC2. The results showed that the coordinates of the dairy products were clearly distinguished in the two-dimensional plot, with pure milk in the fourth quadrant, modified milk in the second and third quadrants, and fresh milk in the first quadrant. It is inferred that the time-resolved fluorescence spectra were changed due to the different heat treatment of the dairy products. Compared with fluorescence spectroscopy, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy is less susceptible to instrumental variation. Data from different instruments can be compared. The developed method does not require any processing and fitting of fluorescence lifetimes to milk, which has the advantages of easy identification, simple operation, and short identification time.

Tetracycline residues in fresh dairy milk from three districts in Indonesia: Occurrence and dietary exposure assessment.

Milk can introduce antibiotics into the human diet which poses a public health risk. Therefore, a study to determine the tetracycline residue in dairy milk and its health risk assessment is needed. A cross-sectional study was performed to detect tetracycline residues in fresh dairy milk samples collected from the districts of Malang, Boyolali, and Padang Panjang, Indonesia, and to evaluate dietary exposure to tetracycline residues through milk consumption in 10-12-year-old children and adults. A total of 203 fresh dairy milk samples were collected from local and smallholder dairy cows in Malang, Boyolali, and Padang Panjang in April and August 2018. High-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array at 355 and 368 nm was used to detect tetracycline residues. Data were evaluated for dietary exposure assessment. The results showed that the most common residue found was chlortetracycline (8.37%), followed by tetracycline (7.88%) and oxytetracycline (5.91%) in the concentration range of 14.8-498.4, 11.7-49.4, and 11.6-85.6 ng/g, respectively. Seven (3.45%) samples exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL) for chlortetracycline. However, neither oxytetracycline nor tetracycline residues exceeded the MRL. The mean concentration of the tetracycline residues was 21.76-137.05 ng/g, resulting in an estimated daily intake of 16.46-172.83 ng/kg body weight/day. Tetracycline residues were found in almost all milk sampling locations. The highest prevalence and residue concentration were obtained from chlortetracycline. Estimated daily intake of tetracycline through milk by 10-12-year-old children and adult consumers was low and the risk to consumers was negligible.

Assessment of Fresh Milk Quality Through Quality Parameters

Raw milk manipulation is one of the major food frauds to gain financial benefits that can be identified through basic analysis. Objective: To analyse fresh milk quality parameters not only to define that milk is of poor quality but also to give some sort of clue that milk is adulterated. Methods: In this regard, a total of 110 (47 cows and 63 buffalo) raw milk samples were collected along with control samples through recommended methods and their routine physical & chemical quality parameters were analyzed. Results: The analysis of physical & chemical quality parameters showed 52/110 (47.3%) unsatisfactory samples with significantly decreased levels of major quality parameters like milk fat (94.2%), total solids (90.4%) and specific gravity (75.0%). It also showed an addition of water while other parameters were comparatively less decreased. There was compensation of water with thorough addition of other adulterants. The analysis also showed 58 (52.7%) samples were found satisfactory with 41/58 (70.7%) samples having normal quality parameters showing natural raw milk or precisely prepared adulterated milk while 17/58 (29.3%) samples had exceptionally raised quality parameters as fat 16/17 (94.1%) samples, total solids 14/17 (82.4%) and specific gravity 12/17 (70.6%) of samples showed the addition of water as well as other adulterants. Conclusions: The assessment of the quality of fresh milk through physical and chemical parameters not only described the poor quality of fresh milk but also gave some clues regarding the addition of different sorts of adulterants (>76.6%).