Fresh Food Products Research Articles

Lettuce Production in Intelligent Greenhouses-3D Imaging and Computer Vision for Plant Spacing Decisions.

Recent studies indicate that food demand will increase by 35-56% over the period 2010-2050 due to population increase, economic development, and urbanization. Greenhouse systems allow for the sustainable intensification of food production with demonstrated high crop production per cultivation area. Breakthroughs in resource-efficient fresh food production merging horticultural and AI expertise take place with the international competition "Autonomous Greenhouse Challenge". This paper describes and analyzes the results of the third edition of this competition. The competition's goal is the realization of the highest net profit in fully autonomous lettuce production. Two cultivation cycles were conducted in six high-tech greenhouse compartments with operational greenhouse decision-making realized at a distance and individually by algorithms of international participating teams. Algorithms were developed based on time series sensor data of the greenhouse climate and crop images. High crop yield and quality, short growing cycles, and low use of resources such as energy for heating, electricity for artificial light, and CO2 were decisive in realizing the competition's goal. The results highlight the importance of plant spacing and the moment of harvest decisions in promoting high crop growth rates while optimizing greenhouse occupation and resource use. In this paper, images taken with depth cameras (RealSense) for each greenhouse were used by computer vision algorithms (Deepabv3+ implemented in detectron2 v0.6) in deciding optimum plant spacing and the moment of harvest. The resulting plant height and coverage could be accurately estimated with an R2 of 0.976, and a mIoU of 98.2, respectively. These two traits were used to develop a light loss and harvest indicator to support remote decision-making. The light loss indicator could be used as a decision tool for timely spacing. Several traits were combined for the harvest indicator, ultimately resulting in a fresh weight estimation with a mean absolute error of 22 g. The proposed non-invasively estimated indicators presented in this article are promising traits to be used towards full autonomation of a dynamic commercial lettuce growing environment. Computer vision algorithms act as a catalyst in remote and non-invasive sensing of crop parameters, decisive for automated, objective, standardized, and data-driven decision making. However, spectral indexes describing lettuces growth and larger datasets than the currently accessible are crucial to address existing shortcomings between academic and industrial production systems that have been encountered in this work.

COVID-19 in Pluralea Interactions: A Case Study in Santo Tomé (Corrientes, Argentina)

This paper is an ethnographic case study of COVID-19 emergence in Santo Tomé (South America, NE Argentina, ≂25,000 inhabitants). Based on interviews with healthcare personnel, we describe local containment and prevention policies in a context of national lockdown measures. We reconstruct a tree diagram of infections, index cases and close contacts that spread infection locally. In parallel, fieldwork in a sample of impoverished subsistence agricultures and fishermen allows us to describe drought and fresh food production decline during confinement as convergent ecocrises (pluralea interactions) with the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. The core idea of the article, which emerged from ethnographic fieldwork evidence, is that in the context of climate change, the sudden onset of an infectious disease interacts with convergent ecocrises.

Application of Edible Film with Asian Plant Extracts as an Innovative Food Packaging: A Review

Asian plants (AP) have long been used as natural food preservatives in the food industry. Asian plant extracts (APE) and essential oils (EOs) with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties were incorporated into edible film (EF) for the inhibition of microbial growth in the food matrix. However, information on the utilization of these antibacterial EFs on the storage application of different local food products has not been thoroughly reviewed. Hence, this review gives an overview of the physicochemical, mechanical, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of EF incorporated with AP and their storage application for the preservation of food products. For their applicability as food packaging, the potency of these EFs to be used as food packaging in preventing food spoilage or foodborne pathogens was also thoroughly reviewed. The addition of APE and EOs into the packaging matrix demonstrated the potential to prolong the storage of food products by preserving food quality (pH, colors, and lipid oxidation) and safety during storage, and the inhibition zones of some extracts against the pathogens demonstrated are weaker in comparison to the standard antibiotic drug used (WHO standards). In conclusion, the freshness of food products could be retained and lengthened by using EF with APE and Eos as active edible food packaging. However, additional research is required to significantly improve its antibacterial activity, producibility, and technical feasibility for long-term market use.

Evaluation of Cold Plasma Effect on Shelf Life, Physicochemical and Organoleptic Properties of Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus Var. Negin)

Non-thermal plasma is a new technique to reduce the microbial load in fresh fruits and vegetables, which can decontaminate the surfaces of fresh food products. This research used the atmospheric pressure jet discharge plasma of argon gas to treat cucumber samples. The treatments included two power levels (voltage of 17 volts with a current intensity of 2.66 amps and voltage of 10 volts with a current intensity of 0.86 amps) and four-time levels of plasma application (0, 2, 4, and 6 minutes) on the surface of cucumber samples. Cucumbers’ microbial, qualitative, and sensory characteristics were measured after plasma application and during storage at 250C in three periods, the first, fifth, and tenth days after plasma application. The results of the microbial analysis in plasma-treated samples with the machine’s high power showed a decrease of 2.59 logarithmic cycles in the total count and 1.388 logarithmic cycles in mold and yeast. No significant difference was observed between the tissue hardness and color indices of the treated samples immediately after plasma application and the corresponding values of the control sample in both powers. Examining the quality indicators of cucumber samples during storage showed the superiority of the treated samples compared to the control samples. The sensory evaluation of cucumber samples indicated that plasma had no adverse effect on the sensory characteristics of cucumbers. The aroma characteristics and general acceptability of the plasma-treated samples were significantly better than the control samples during the storage period. Based on the results, cold plasma is a new method for food processing. Due to its non-thermal nature, this technique can be a suitable alternative to other techniques used for the decontamination, pasteurization, and sterilization of food products, especially heat-sensitive products.

Analysis of A Fresh Food E-commerce Enterprise’s Terminal Distribution Network Site Selection

In view of the current prosperity of China’s fresh market transactions, fresh e-commerce enterprises in the end of the construction of the logistics network of the pain point problem, this study of fresh e-commerce in the “last mile” distribution of site planning issues. This paper focuses on a fresh food ecommerce enterprise’s end distribution network and explores the key influencing factors in fresh food product distribution from three dimensions: timeliness, economy and service quality. And then establishes a mathematical model for selecting community stores for end distribution of fresh food e-commerce enterprises with the objectives of minimizing input costs and maximizing customer satisfaction. The model takes into account the costs of building and operating community stores and the transportation costs of distribution. In the model introduces three types of penalty costs due to site selection variability and transforms the model from a dual-objective to a single-objective model. The study takes the example of store location selection in 35 neighborhoods in region B by enterprise A and designs an immune optimization algorithm to solve the model. Based on the results of the algorithm, we verify the rationality and validity of the model, and obtain the optimal solution that ensures customer satisfaction and minimizes all costs.

Edukasi Pemanfaatan Metode Vakum dalam Memperpanjang Masa Simpan Produk Pangan

Karawang Regency has quite high culinary business potential because apart from being an industrial area of ​​Karawang it is also a tourist area. Most Karawang residents have culinary businesses, especially in the form of street vendors, warteg, catfish penyet stalls, to restaurants. However, the products being sold are fresh food products that will quickly deteriorate. This service aims to assist culinary entrepreneurs in producing food products that have a longer shelf life during production and marketing. In addition, it is hoped that it can help culinary entrepreneurs maintain the nutritional value of the products to be sold and can provide added value in sales by utilizing vacuum packaging. Education is carried out for the people of Ciampel, Karawang Regency through demonstrations or demonstrating how to pack food ingredients using the vacuum method. The activities carried out were tested first at the Padjadjaran University Laboratory in Bandung to determine the nutrient content on the first day of packaging, the seventh day and the 14th day of packaging using samples of raw snakehead fish which were packaged using the vacuum method through 2 treatments, namely salted and without being sprinkled with salt. Laboratory results showed that samples with vacuum packaging covered with salt were still suitable for consumption on seven day.

Production of Bioplastic and their Applications as Food Packaging: PLA AND PHB

The food industry contributes around 40% of the containers and packaging used and discarded until 2020 worldwide. Social, environmental, and political interest in the development of biodegradable containers is growing, as is the demand of consumers for fresh and quality food products. Bioplastics are classified according to their chemical composition, origin, and synthesis process. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are materials of microbial origin, while polylactic acid (PLA) is obtained from lactic acid and the chemical reaction of lactide that produces the biomaterial. This work explores, through a bibliographic review, the principles and production of bioplastics made from polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and their application in food packaging. These materials constitute particularly interesting materials due to their potential in a wide range of applications. Physical-chemical properties of the biomaterials requested to make food packaging are permeability to moisture, oxygen permeability, and mechanical properties. The requirements established for the different types of packaging used in the food industry can be achieved by these biomaterials. In the same way, the environmental, economic, and industrial advantages and the challenges encountered for their massive use have been estimated. It was identified that the reduction of manufacturing costs can be achieved through the use of agricultural biomass residues as a source of substrate for fermentation processes. PLA and PHB are particularly interesting materials due to their potential in a wide range of applications in the food industry due to their biodegradation capacity and efficiency.

Development of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) Based Food Sanitizer

Although minimally processed food contains more beneficial nutrients, it is one of the largest sources of food-borne diseases. Therefore, this research aims to develop the efficiency of food sanitizer, targeted toward fresh food products using a green chemistry approach. The cinnamon and clove were extracted using water distillation and ethanol extraction with the green technique. The extracts were characterized for antimicrobial activity and incorporated into basic food sanitizer formulation. The solution's color and stability were evaluated and the sanitizer was applied to decontaminate fresh strawberries. The total microbial load before and after the application was also compared to determine the effectiveness of the food sanitizer. Based on the results, all the extracts showed high effectiveness in inhibiting various spoilage microorganisms that exist in food produced with water distillation. The extracts also showed better ability when incorporated into a water-based sanitizer. All the developed food sanitizers can reduce the microbial load of the fresh produce by 4 log per 5 minutes of contact time. Meanwhile, the water-distilled clove extract showed the most effectiveness, decreasing microbial log by 3.93±0.07 log CFU g<sup>-1</sup> of bacteria load and 4.37±0.14 log CFU g<sup>-1</sup> of mold load, respectively which performed good dispersion stability for approximately 10 days of observation. This indicated that food sanitizer using water-distilled clove extract could be applied as a good alternative to chemical-based sanitizer.

Effects of sterilization methods on the survival of pathogenic bacteria in potting soil stored at various temperatures

Fresh food products can be contaminated with pathogenic bacteria in various agricultural environments. Potting soil is sterilized by heat sterilization and then reused. This study evaluated the effects of three sterilization methods (non-sterilized, pasteurized, and sterilized) on the survival of pathogenic bacteria in potting soil during storage for 60 days at 5, 15, 25, and 35 °C. The reduction in Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus in potting soil was higher at higher temperatures (25 and 35 °C) than at lower temperatures (5 and 15 °C). The population of pathogenic bacteria in pasteurized and sterilized potting soil was reduced below the detectable levels within 30 days at 35 °C. In contrast, the population of Bacillus cereus did not change in potting soil during storage for 60 days at all temperatures. These results indicate that sterilization and storage temperature of potting soil are critical factors influencing the survival of pathogenic bacteria.

Peri-urban agrifood systems and a landscape project in the southern Mediterranean. The case of the urban agglomeration of Sousse (Tunisia)

Peri-urban agrifood systems are often subject to urban pressure and other territorial factors, which justifies a detailed study and analysis from multiple points of view. The main objective of this work is to analyze the periurban agri-food systems of the urban agglomeration of Sousse (Tunisia), one of the most important in the country, from a landscape perspective. This work adds to the literature on policies and strategies for the planning and development of Tunisian cities, which are currently facing several environmental and social challenges, of which climate change, food security and sustainable development are the most important. This research focuses, as mentioned above, on the case of the urban agglomeration of Sousse (Tunisia), where the concurrence of different factors (political, environmental, economic, etc.), together with clearly deficient regulations and uncontrolled urban development, is threatening the survival of a traditional, largely family-based agricultural model, based on a mixed or polyculture production system, with olive groves predominating. The latter is vital to ensure the economic maintenance of many families and to actively contribute to food security, with the consequent production of varied, fresh, and quality food. In this sense, we present a specific method that, based on the integrative and strategic significance of landscapes, and on the Landscape Character Assessment methodology, employs the so-called “landscape project” as a tool to strengthen the resilience and sustainability of peri-urban agriculture and to prevent the loss of a landscape heritage that has always been considered crucial for the identity of the local population. The document highlights the importance of the concept of green infrastructure, which, when properly integrated into land-use planning instruments, can contribute to enhancing local and sustainable agri-food systems. It also points out the need to promote Agricultural Parks, a protected status already recognized in Spain and other countries, as instruments for management, promotion, and development, and puts forward some specific proposals for the enhancement and activation of peri-urban agricultural landscapes in the Sousse conurbation. In relation to this last aspect, it insists on the need to modify the current forms of governance, which would require greater leadership and involvement of the main actors in peri-urban agriculture.

Assessing Consumers’ Preference and Loyalty towards Biopolymer Films for Food Active Packaging

Contemporary society faces numerous food-related challenges: on the one hand, it is becoming increasingly difficult to ensure that people have access to fresh, nutritious, and safe food products around the world, while on the other hand, consumers from ‘low income’ countries are starving, while food products are sometimes discarded because it is difficult to prolong shelf-life. To overcome such challenges, edible active films, called biopolymer films, were developed as materials to cover or wrap food products to extend their shelf-life, as they can offer additional protection. Therefore, this article aims to study consumers’ preference and loyalty towards the innovative, active, green, and sustainable characteristics of biopolymer films for the active packaging of food products. A quantitative empirical investigation was carried out among consumers in an emerging market, pinpointing their behavior toward such a novel food packaging material. The conceptual model designed was assessed using structural equation modelling. The results show that consumers tend to accept and prefer biopolymer-film packaging, as it maintains the characteristics of the product and thus extends its shelf-life. The results also revealed consumers’ openness to eco-sustainable consumption and willingness to pay more for the benefits of this packaging.

Impact of special-denomination label constraints on fresh produce supply chains

Special Denomination labels for fresh food products, such as “local”, “fair-trade”, “organic” and similar market-narrowing movements have gained a lot of attention over the last few decades. While these movements have some clear benefits and beneficiaries, they also may increase the complexity of the management of the underlying supply chains resulting in unintended consequences such as increased food waste, higher prices, and reduced food availability for certain geographical areas and population segments. The implementation of local food movements may result in the exclusion of farmers of certain areas, enticing these farmers to move their operations to be close to large urban centers, increasing the competition for scarce resources such as land, water and labor. In this paper, we explore the use of optimization-based tools to assess the impact of different levels of implementation of these special denomination labels to fresh food, with particular emphasis on the “local food” label and the distance used to determine compliance with this label. The tools presented seek to contribute to the emergence and maturation of the design of efficient supply chains for the direct procurement of special denomination crops, particularly fresh vegetables by making the most efficient connections between a market demand and the suppliers of products with the required characteristics. A case study is used to analyze the impact of the definition of this label on the potential suppliers of a specific market. The results show that the implementation of distinct definitions of local food have different impacts on the potential supplying sources being considered, depending on their distance to the market and the other potential supply sites. The results also show that the relaxation of strict local-food label and the use of other proxy measures of local food may be a better approach to reduce CO2 emissions associated with the supply chain of fresh produce.

Multi-product multi-region supply chain optimisation for seasonal crops

There is a large demand for seasonal crops year-round within Australia, even when they are considered out of season. The demand is satisfied by continually moving production throughout the year to climates where the crops are in season. Management of the supply chain for a major national grower is challenging for several reasons. Due to the large number of planting decisions, it is standard practice for a team of production planners to create the annual production plan. For fresh food production, the supply chain does not contain intermediate storage requiring that the production plan is carefully timed not to waste resources with overproduction. In this paper, we develop a supply chain model that simultaneously manages the production of multiple crops across many growing regions. Production is set to satisfy the demand of multiple end-products while considering the packing plants' throughput capacity, each growing region's harvest capacity, and farm capacity. A time delay may be applied when moving between stages of the supply chain due to the geographic scale being modelled. A deterministic Mixed Integer Program is used to find the optimal planting plan, which minimises the deviation from demand for all products year-round at a minimal cost. Due to the excessive runtime for solving the model, a heuristic solution method is introduced. Numerical experiments demonstrate the advantage of the proposed model over the current manual planning process, which can solve the problem faster and with less deviation across the planning horizon.

A Systematic Literature Review on Controlled-Environment Agriculture: How Vertical Farms and Greenhouses Can Influence the Sustainability and Footprint of Urban Microclimate with Local Food Production

The rapidly growing population and increasing urbanization have created the need to produce more food and transport it safely to urban areas where the majority of global consumers live. Open-field agriculture and food distribution systems have a lot of food waste, and, in parallel, the largest percentage of available arable land is already occupied. In most cases, food produced by compatible agricultural methods needs to be frozen and travel several miles until it reaches the consumer, with high amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced by this process, making it an unsustainable method with huge amounts of CO2 emissions related with fresh food products. This research contains an extensive literature review based on 165 international publications (from 2006–2022) describing and analyzing the efficiency and impact of controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) methods, and more precisely, greenhouses (GHs) and vertical farms (VFs), in the environmental footprint of food production and consumption. Based on various publications, we could draw the conclusion that VFs could highly influence a greener transition to the sustainability of urban consumption with reduced CO2 emissions sourcing from food transportation and limited post-harvest processes. However, there is a significant demand for further energy efficiency, specifically when it comes to artificial lighting operations inside VFs. A large-scale implementation of VFs that operate with renewable energy sources (RES) could lead to significant urban decarbonization by providing the opportunity for integrated energy–food nexus systems. Under this direction, VFs could optimize the way that cities interact with meeting the food and energy demand in densely urbanized areas.

Assessing Risks in Dairy Supply Chain Systems: A System Dynamics Approach

Due to the dynamic nature of the food supply chain system, food supply management could suffer because of, and be interrupted by, unforeseen events. Considering the perishable nature of fresh food products and their short life cycle, fresh food companies feel immense pressure to adopt an efficient and proactive risk management system. The risk management aspects within the food supply chains have been addressed in several studies. However, only a few studies focus on the complex interactions between the various types of risks impacting food supply chain functionality and dynamic feedback effects, which can generate a reliable risk management system. This paper strives to contribute to this evident research gap by adopting a system dynamics modelling approach to generate a systemic risk management model. The system dynamics model serves as the basis for the simulation of risk index values and can be explored in future work to further analyse the dynamic risk’s effect on the food supply chain system’s behaviour. According to a literature review of published research from 2017 to 2021, nine different risks across the food supply chain were identified as a subsection of the major risk categories: macro-level and operational risks. Following this stage, two of the risk groups identified first were integrated with a developed system dynamics model to conduct this research and to evaluate the interaction between the risks and the functionality of the three main dairy supply chain processes: production, logistics, and retailing. The key findings drawn from this paper can be beneficial for enhancing managerial discernment regarding the critical role of system dynamics models for analysing various types of risks across the food supply chain process and improving its efficiency.

Protozoa as the “Underdogs” for Microbiological Quality Evaluation of Fresh Vegetables

The monitoring of the microbial quality of fresh products in the industrial environment has mainly focused on bacterial indicators. Protozoa, such as Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Cyclospora cayetanensis, are routinely excluded from detection and surveillance systems, despite guidelines and regulations that support the need for tracking and monitoring these pathogens in fresh food products. Previous studies performed by our laboratory, within the scope of the SafeConsume project, clearly indicated that consumption of fresh produce may be a source of T. gondii, thus posing a risk for the contraction of toxoplasmosis for susceptible consumers. Therefore, preliminary work was performed in order to assess the microbiological quality of vegetables, highlighting not only bacteria (Escherichia. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp.), but also the zoonotic protozoa G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. Although all samples were found to be acceptable based on bacteriological parameters, cysts of G. duodenalis and oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. were observed in vegetables. Moreover, it was possible to genetically characterize G. duodenalis positive samples as assemblage A, a genotype that poses risks to human health. Although these are preliminary results, they highlight the need to include protozoa in the microbiological criteria for foodstuffs, as required by EU Law No. 1441/2007, and to improve inactivation and removal procedures of (oo)cysts in fresh produce and water.

A Comparison of Simple Closed-Form Solutions for the EOQ Problem for Exponentially Deteriorating Items

Some inventory items deteriorate and lose their useful life while in storage due to evaporation, spoilage, pilferage, and chemical or mechanical breakdown. Some examples of this phenomenon are the inventories of fresh food, batteries, electronic items, and petroleum products (such as gasoline and turpentine). Economic and environmental sustainability requires minimizing deterioration losses in inventories throughout the supply chain while optimizing the ordering decisions. This is especially important for food items because, globally, about one third of the food that is produced for human consumption is wasted, causing economic, environmental, political, and societal problems. Food production consumes large amounts of resources such as land, freshwater, fossil fuels, and labor. The same is true for items such as petroleum and chemical products. Exponential deterioration is a commonly used approach to model this phenomenon, which results in an exponentially decreasing inventory level function. An important extension of the basic economic order quantity (EOQ) model is its application to exponentially deteriorating items. In the exponentially deteriorating items model, the rate of deterioration per unit time for the stocked items is proportional to the amount of available physical inventory at any given time. This results in an exponentially declining inventory level over time. This problem normally does not lend itself to a closed-form optimal solution due to the coexistence of polynomial and exponential terms; hence, approximations are used, but the existing approximations yield closed-form solutions that are far from intuitive. In this research, we develop new approximate closed-form solutions for the basic problem and its backordering extensions that are intuitive and very easy to interpret, as well as more accurate; therefore, they are very attractive to practitioners. We provide extensive experimental results to demonstrate superiority of our approximate closed-form solutions.

P002 Access to Fresh Produce and Low-Fat Food Products in SNAP-Eligible Virginians During COVID-19

P002 Access to Fresh Produce and Low-Fat Food Products in SNAP-Eligible Virginians During COVID-19

물류창고 부지의 사업성 분석에 관한 연구

This study tries to analyze the business feasibility of the logistics warehouse land in the southern area of Gyeonggi-do, where there is the highest density of logistics warehouses, and to suggest the directions for securing a stable quantity of goods and providing an optimal distribution service. Firstly, the logistics centers in the metropolitan areas account for about 60% of domestics ones, and have been on the sharp rise since 2018. In the case of the south eastern area where traditional logistics warehouses are concentrated, the supply of logistics facilities has been on the constant rise. Recently, supply in the western area is also on the increase. Anseong, the city that meets good conditions of traffic to the metropolitan areas, faces high demands of logistics and distribution. Given that, the city is expected to have an advantageous position for logistics facilities. Secondly, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a rise in non-contact online sales and the rapid growth of the market of fresh food products. Unfortunately, it is predicted that it is hard to secure lessees of freezing and chilling warehouses in 2023. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to new supply. Thirdly, logistics warehouses are expected to become favorable investment assets of institutional investors continuously. However, as more restrictions on supply are made by difficulties in securing land and permission and enhanced SG, it is necessary to achieve regular supply.

Feature Selection to Predict LED Light Energy Consumption with Specific Light Recipes in Closed Plant Production Systems

The use of closed growth environments, such as greenhouses, plant factories, and vertical farms, represents a sustainable alternative for fresh food production. Closed plant production systems (CPPSs) allow growing of any plant variety, no matter the year’s season. Artificial lighting plays an essential role in CPPSs as it promotes growth by providing optimal conditions for plant development. Nevertheless, it is a model with a high demand for electricity, which is required for artificial radiation systems to enhance the developing plants. A high percentage (40% to 50%) of the costs in CPPSs point to artificial lighting systems. Due to this, lighting strategies are essential to improve sustainability and profitability in closed plant production systems. However, no tools have been applied in the literature to contribute to energy savings in LED-type artificial radiation systems through the configuration of light recipes (wavelengths combination. For CPPS to be cost-effective and sustainable, a pre-evaluation of energy consumption for plant cultivation must consider. Artificial intelligence (AI) methods integrated into the prediction crucial variables such as each input-variable light color or specific wavelengths like red, green, blue, and white along with light intensity (quantity), frequency (pulsed light), and duty cycle. This paper focuses on the feature-selection stage, in which a regression model is trained to predict energy consumption in LED lights with specific light recipes in CPPSs. This stage is critical because it identifies the most representative features for training the model, and the other stages depend on it. These tools can enable further in-depth analysis of the energy savings that can be obtained with light recipes and pulsed and continuous operation light modes in artificial LED lighting systems.