Frequent Use Research Articles

Electronic gaming machine accessibility and gambling problems: A natural policy experiment.

Electronic gaming machines (EGMs) are one of the most harmful forms of gambling at an individual level. It is unclear whether restriction of EGM functions and accessibility results in meaningful reductions in population-level gambling harm. A natural policy experiment using a large (N = 15,000) national dataset weighted to standard population variables was employed to compare estimates of gambling problems between Australian residents in Western Australia (WA), where EGMs are restricted to one venue and have different structural features, to residents in other Australian jurisdictions where EGMs are widely accessible in casinos, hotels and clubs. Accessibility of other gambling forms is similar across jurisdictions. Gambling participation was higher in WA, but EGM participation was approximately half that of the rest of Australia. Aggregate gambling problems and harm were about one-third lower in WA, and self-reported attribution of harm from EGMs by gamblers and affected others was 2.7× and 4× lower, respectively. Mediation analyses found that less frequent EGM use in WA accounted for the vast majority of the discrepancy in gambling problems (indirect path = -0.055, 95% CI -0.071; -0.038). Moderation analyses found that EGMs are the form most strongly associated with problems, and the strength of this relationship did not differ significantly across jurisdictions. Lower harm from gambling in WA is attributable to restricted accessibility of EGMs, rather than different structural features. There appears to be little transfer of problems to other gambling forms. These results suggest that restricting the accessibility of EGMs substantially reduces gambling harm.

Concept «grade-stage» in morphological diagnostics of chronic colitis in inflammatory bowel disease

Purpose: to propose a new approach in the morphological diagnosis of colitis using the categories grade and stage to clarify and decipher the diagnosis of chronic colitis and improve the quality of biopsy diagnostics.Materials and methods. The study included 100 cases of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) diagnosed between 2017 and 2021 (70 cases of ulcerative colitis and 30 cases of Crohn's disease). The age of the patients ranged from 19 to 53 years. In all cases, the diagnosis was established on the basis of a complex of clinical, laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods. Multiple biopsies were obtained in all patients during colonoscopy. The processing of the biopsy material was carried out according to the generally accepted method. To evaluate plasma cells, an IHC study with antibodies to CD138 (syndecan-1) (Dako RTU) was additionally performed.Results. In the course of the study, a gradation of morphological criteria was carried out, which are decisive in the diagnosis of chronic colitis in patients with IBD. The concept of chronic colitis as a process characterized by the grade of severity and stage of chronic inflammation has been revised and re-formulated. Criteria of structural disorders (stage of colitis from 0 to 3) and criteria of severity of chronic inflammatory infiltrate (grade of colitis from 0 to 3) were identified and graded. Additionally, an attempt was made to objectify the selected criteria using an IHC study using antibodies to CD138 plasma cells (syndecan-1). Based on the material of colonobiopsies, the proposed degree-stage approach was tested in the group of colitis in patients with IBD, which showed the possibility of its practical application.Conclusion. The proposed concept will be able to improve the quality of biopsy diagnostics and avoid unjustified use of the term "chronic colitis" without further elaboration and, accordingly, its frequent unjustified use existing at the moment.

Baseline and recurrent exposure to the standard dose of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) induces oxidative stress and liver damage in mice (BALB/c)

BackgroundIn malaria-endemic countries, repeated intake of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) is rampant and driven by drug resistance, improper usage, and easy accessibility. Stress effects and potential liver toxicity due to the frequent therapeutic use of ACTs have not been extensively studied. Here, we investigated the effects of repeated treatment with standard doses of the commonly used ACTs artemether/lumefantrine (A/L) and artesunate-amodiaquine (A/A) on oxidative stress and liver function markers in male mice (BALB/c).MethodsForty Five mice were divided into three groups: control, A/L, and A/A. The drugs were administered three days in a row per week, and the regimen was repeated every two weeks for a total of six cycles. The levels of oxidative stress and liver function markers were measured in both plasma and liver tissue after initial (baseline) and repeated exposures for the second, third, and sixth cycles.ResultsExposure to A/L or A/A caused a significant (p < 0.001) increase in plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels after the first and repeated exposure periods. However, Hepatic MDA levels increased significantly (p < 0.01) only after the sixth exposure to A/A. Following either single or repeated exposure to A/L or A/A, plasma and liver glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities, plasma aspartate and alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase activity, and bilirubin levels increased, whereas total plasma protein levels decreased significantly (p < 0.001). Varying degrees of hepatocyte degeneration and blood vessel congestion were observed in liver tissues after a single or repeated treatment period.ConclusionIrrespective of single or repeated exposure to therapeutic doses of A/L or A/A, plasma oxidative stress and liver damage were observed. However, long-term repeated A/A exposure can led to hepatic stress. Compensatory processes involving GPx and CAT activities may help reduce the observed stress.

Plant, pigment, and bone processing in the Neolithic of northern Arabia-New evidence from Use-wear analysis of grinding tools at Jebel Oraf.

Archaeological sites with surface hearths are a ubiquitous feature across the arid zones of the Arabian interior. At Jebel Oraf, in the Jubbah basin of the Nefud Desert of northern Arabia, numerous grinding stone fragments were found in association with hearths, though the original purpose of these stones was unclear owing to the poor preservation of faunal and botanic remains. Here we describe results from use-wear analysis on five grinding tools at Jebel Oraf, demonstrating that such artefacts were used during the Neolithic for plant processing, bone processing, and pigment production. Grinding stones were often broken up after initial use and fragments were subsequently re-used for alternative purposes, before finally being placed on hearths or discarded. More specifically, plants were ground or prepared and possibly cooked in the hearths, and bones were processed as well. The analyses also highlight the importance of pigment processing at Neolithic sites and provide a link to painted rock art. The frequent use of pigment in the archaeological record suggests that pigment was widely used, and that Neolithic painted art may have been more common than the surviving images suggest.

Design and implementation of resource‐aware robust event‐based integral sliding mode controller for a networked wheeled mobile robot

AbstractThis work discusses the design and implementation of a robust control strategy based on integral sliding mode (ISM) for tracking a reference trajectory by a nonholonomic wheeled mobile robot (WMR). A state feedback control law using dynamic feedback linearization is adopted to design the controller for the unperturbed dynamics of the WMR. To nullify the effects of perturbations in the WMR and to retain the performance of the nominal controller, the ISM control scheme is introduced, which uses discontinuous control to guarantee the robustness of the closed‐loop system. To relax the frequent use of the communication network due to the continuous exchange of the sensor measurements, the control law is redesigned using event‐based sampled data information. The control signal is updated in an aperiodic manner by designing a novel triggering rule where the triggering occurs only when either of the two sampling errors violates a predefined threshold condition. This design approach gives a balanced solution for a networked WMR regarding network usage and control performance. Finally, a simulation study with comparative analysis and hardware‐in‐loop testing of the proposed controller is performed on a mobile robot system to establish the feasibility of the theoretical results.

The scope of antimicrobial resistance in residential aged care facilities determined through analysis of Escherichia coli and the total wastewater resistome.

High and often inappropriate antibiotic use has been documented for residential aged care facilities (RACFs). As a result, RACFs represent selective environments favoring the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, surveillance of the prevalence and scope of AMR in RACFs is limited. Here, wastewater-based epidemiology encompassing culture-based methods in combination with whole genome sequencing and metagenomics allowed for the in-depth analysis of the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in two RACFs and one retirement facility. Wastewater was collected at five different time points over 18 months. From these, E. coli were isolated and assessed for phenotypic and genotypic resistance. The antimicrobial resistome of each wastewater sample was also determined. A comparison of facilities revealed a higher prevalence of AMR and multidrug-resistant E. coli observed in one RACF. The international high-risk E. coli clone, ST131, carrying CTX-M-like extended-spectrum beta-lactamases was exclusively isolated from this facility. A high proportion of these isolates were classified as belonging to phylogroups B2 and D, associated with virulent extra-intestinal E. coli infections. The resistome of this facility also revealed a higher prevalence of mobile resistance genes such as sul1 and sul2, conferring sulfamethoxazole resistance, the plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance gene qnrS, and qacEdelta1 that confers biocide resistance. High fluoroquinolone resistance rates were observed in all three sample sites despite measures in place limiting the use of this class of antibiotics. The findings of this study illustrate that RACFs are highly selective environments that require measures to limit AMR development, potentially through antimicrobial stewardship. IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat that imposes a heavy burden on our health and economy. Residential aged care facilities (RACFs), where frequent inappropriate antibiotic use creates a selective environment that promotes the development of bacterial resistance, significantly contribute to this problem. We used wastewater-based epidemiology to provide a holistic whole-facility assessment and comparison of antimicrobial resistance in two RACFs and a retirement village. Resistant Escherichia coli, a common and oftentimes problematic pathogen within RACFs, was isolated from the wastewater, and the phenotypic and genotypic AMR was determined for all isolates. We observed a high prevalence of an international high-risk clone, carrying an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in one facility. Analysis of the entire resistome also revealed a greater number of mobile resistance genes in this facility. Finally, both facilities displayed high fluoroquinolone resistance rates-a worrying trend seen globally despite measures in place aimed at limiting their use.

Changes in Cannabis Use From 2014 to 2019 Among Young Adults in Washington State

Understanding changes in cannabis use in the legalized nonmedical cannabis context is critical. Washington State, one the earliest states to implement legalization, presents a unique opportunity to examine how cannabis use and its consequences changed after the implementation of legalization for adults. With a focus on Washington State young adults, this study conducted in 2022-2023 examined changes in (1) cannabis use by sex and age, (2) preferred mode of use, and (3) cannabis use disorder symptoms. Using repeated cross-sectional data on young adults aged 18-25 years in Washington State from 2014 (premarket opening) to 2019 (N=12,945), logistic regression models assessed trends over time in the prevalence of any and frequent (20+ days) past-month cannabis use. Among individuals reporting use, multinomial logistic regressions estimated trends over time in the preferred mode of use and negative binomial regressions examined trends in the count of cannabis use disorder symptoms. From 2014 to 2019, the prevalence of cannabis use converged by sex, with females being equally likely as males to report both any and frequent use by 2019. Among young adults reporting past-month use, smoking as the preferred mode of use decreased relative to other modes. Number of cannabis use disorder symptoms reported increased, which was not accounted for by changes in preferred mode of use. During the 5-year period following the implementation of legalization, patterns of young adult cannabis use shifted, including particularly sharp increases among females and increases in cannabis use disorder symptoms. Future studies should investigate underlying causes for these important changes.

Erectile dysfunction and quality of life in patients under left ventricular assist device support-an unspoken issue.

Multiple domains of quality of life (QoL) such as erectile function are not sufficiently investigated among left ventricular assist-device (LVAD) patients. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) and its association with QoL and depression. This is a prospective, single-center, cross-sectional study. We included adult male LVAD patients who were clinically stable after at least 3months post-implantation. Erectile function was assessed with the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire with a score of ≤21 being confirmatory for ED. QoL and depression were estimated with the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) and the Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale (PHQ-8), respectively. The study included 56 patients, of whom 45 (80%) met criteria for ED, a prevalence much higher than previously reported in patients with established cardiovascular disease or conservatively treated heart failure. Patients with ED were older and had lower 6-minute walking distance. ED was not associated with comorbidities and heart failure medications but with less frequent use of diuretics and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. There was a correlation between erectile function and depression as well as QoL. These findings underscore that ED deserves special attention and should be included in a multi-targeted approach to address suboptimal QoL outcomes after LVAD implantation.

A Systematic Review of Outcomes of Total Ankle Arthroplasty with INBONE II

Category: Ankle Arthritis; Ankle Introduction/Purpose: The INBONE II is a fixed-bearing implant with a stemmed tibial component commonly used for total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). Despite its frequent use and previously reported outcomes within individual clinical studies, no study has systematically reviewed outcomes of TAA with this implant. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature and report on outcomes of TAA with the INBONE II. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Databases searched included PubMed, Google Scholar, SCOPUS and CINAHL from database date of inception through February 28th, 2023. Clinical studies of INBONE II outcomes in peer reviewed journals were included. Outcomes included were survivorship, patient reported outcome measures (PROMs), and complications. Outcome results were compiled using weighted averages when possible. This review of 26 articles included 808 patients with 667 primary TAA and 141 revision TAA. Results: Survivorship, with failure defined as metal component revision, was 97.8% at an average follow-up of 49 months (range, 14-85.4 months) and 94.2% at an average follow-up of 25.7 months (range, 9.1-47.5) months for primary and revision TAA respectively. Complication rates for primary TAA included: 3.8% intra-operative fractures, 2.5% post-operative fractures, 1.8% deep infection, 8.0% wound complications, 1.6% rate of poly exchange, and 1.6% nerve injuries. Revision TAA complication rates included: 12.3% intra-operative fractures, 6.9% wound complications, 3.3% deep infections, and a 5.5% incidence of nerve injury. Average PROMs for primary TAA included: AOFAS American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot score improved 41 points, visual analog scale (VAS) scores decreased 5.9, and patient satisfaction of 92.6%. Revision TAA PROMs were not consistently reported. Conclusion: This study is the largest compilation of INBONE II outcomes and survivorship. Primary and revision TAA with the INBONE II results in satisfactory improvement in PROMs and low complication rates. The overall survivorship is 97.8% and 94.2% at an average follow-up of 49 months (range, 14-85.4 months) and 25.7 months (range, 9.1-47.5) for primary and revision total ankle arthroplasty respectively. These findings support continued use of this implant in primary and revision TAA.

The Theoretical Role for Radiotherapy in Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Secondary Analysis of a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.

The role of radiotherapy (RT) for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is unclear. In patients treated with upfront chemotherapy for DLBCL, indications for RT are often considered to be bulky (7.5 cm +) or extranodal disease. This is thought to improve outcomes through improvement in local control. Many trials call into question the actual benefit of RT. Alliance/CALGB 50303 was a randomized phase III trial comparing two chemotherapy regimens for the treatment for DLBCL in which no patients were to receive RT. Our objective was to assess the theoretical impact of RT by assessing outcomes of trial patients. This secondary analysis was performed using PET/CT images and data from the NCTN/NCORP Data Archive of the National Cancer Institute. Data were originally collected on the Alliance/CALGB 50303 (NCT00118209) clinical trial. Of the 524 registered patients, data and images for 155 patients were available. Two investigators measured the largest sites of nodal involvement on PET/CT and the average was calculated-the largest was used to determine bulky disease. Bulk was defined as nodal disease with maximum diameter greater than or equal to the threshold. Thresholds (in cm) examined included: 5, 6, 7, 7.5, 8, 9, and 10. PFS was estimated for patients with versus without bulky disease and compared using the log-rank test. Of the 155 evaluable pre-treatment PET/CT image sets, 135 patients had measurable nodal disease. Fifteen patients who did not complete treatment per protocol and four patients with mediastinal B-cell lymphoma were excluded. Of the 116 analyzed patients, 45% had stage IV disease, 88% had an ECOG performance status of 0-1, and one had double-hit lymphoma. IPI was 0-2 in 62% and 3-5 in 38%. Chemotherapy was R-CHOP in 61 and DA-R-EPOCH in 55. Best response was CR in 84 patients (73%), PR in 30 (26%) and SD in 1 (1%). The median follow-up was 5 years and 32 PFS events were observed. Bulky disease was associated with elevated LDH at diagnosis (using 7.5 cm threshold: LDH elevated in 72% with bulky disease v. 40% with non-bulky, p< 0.01) and more frequent use of pegfilgrastim (51% v. 31%, respectively, p = 0.04). Overall, the 5-year PFS rate was 72.3% (95% CI 64.1-81.4). Using a 7.5 cm threshold, 5-year PFS was 62.7% in patients with bulk versus 79.3% in those without (p = 0.14). There were no significant PFS differences (p>0.05) observed at any threshold. The 5-year OS was 86.4% (95% CI 80.2-93.1); no differences in OS by bulk using any threshold were observed. In this secondary analysis of a phase III randomized trial of chemotherapy alone for DLBCL, initial bulk was not shown to be significantly associated with outcomes. Prospective data comparing consolidative RT versus no RT are necessary to determine optimal treatment paradigms.

Prevalence, severity, and risk factors of allergic rhinitis among schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia: A national cross-sectional study, 2019

BackgroundAllergic rhinitis is a significant public health concern worldwide, affecting both developed and developing countries, with prevalence rates ranging between 10% and 30% in adults and over 40% in children. However, there are limited studies on allergic rhinitis prevalence in Saudi Arabia. ObjectiveTo explore allergic rhinitis among schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia in terms of prevalence, severity, and risk factors. MethodsThis study was conducted between March and April 2019, covering 20 regions. The study employed a multistage, stratified cluster sampling approach and selected 137 primary and 140 intermediate schools. The research utilized the methodology and questionnaires recommended by the Global Asthma Network (GAN). Data analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 23). ResultsThe completed questionnaires in the analysis comprised 3614 children aged 6–7 years old and 4068 adolescents aged 13–14 years old. The study found that 5.6% of children and 14.0% of adolescents reported current rhinoconjunctivitis, with 0.5% of children and 1.3% of adolescents experiencing severe symptoms. Several risk factors were significantly associated with rhinoconjunctivitis. In children 6–7 years old, eating cooked vegetables was inversely associated with rhinoconjunctivitis, while prematurity, wheezing in infancy, and a history of pneumonia were positively associated with the condition. In adolescents, vigorous physical activity, current exposure to cats, and frequent use of paracetamol were found to be the main risk factors associated with rhinoconjunctivitis, while high consumption of pulses and eggs was found to have a protective effect. ConclusionIn Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis in children is lower than average globally, but among adolescents, it is within the global average range. However, the prevalence of severe rhinoconjunctivitis among adolescents is twice the global average. Further research is required to examine regional differences, track trends over time, and explore risk factors that contribute to allergic rhinitis.

BRAF/MEK Inhibition as a Bridge to Immunotherapy for Symptomatic BRAF V600 Melanoma Brain Metastases: A Case Series.

Targeted and immune therapies have changed the paradigm of treatment for patients with metastatic melanoma. Treatment of patients with symptomatic melanoma brain metastases, however, is complicated by the frequent use of immune suppression for the management of vasogenic edema and the urgency in addressing disease burden. Use of BRAF/MEK inhibitors in patients with a corresponding BRAF V600 mutation often results in rapid response but is hindered by high rates of disease relapse and progression. Immunotherapy has higher durability of response, but the rate of response is slower and responses can be significantly diminished for patients on concurrent steroid therapy. Considering this gap in evidence-based guidance for optimal adjuvant therapy sequence in immunosuppressed patients with BRAF V600-mutant melanoma brain metastases, we report on 4 cases utilizing BRAF/MEK inhibitors as a bridging therapy for brain metastases management before initiation of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Future prospective studies will be required to determine the optimal treatment sequencing for patients in this population with high unmet medical need.

Kaiser Permanente early-onset sepsis calculator as a safe tool for reducing antibiotic use among chorioamnionitis-exposed term neonates: Qatar experience

Being an important cause of early-onset neonatal sepsis, clinical chorioamnionitis in the mother results in frequent laboratory workup and antibiotic use for the neonate. Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in...

Repeated methamphetamine exposure decreases plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in rhesus monkeys

BackgroundBrain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is known to prevent methamphetamine (METH)-induced neurotoxicity and plays a role in various stages of METH addiction. However, there is a lack of research with longitudinal...

Digital Technology Use and Adolescent Mental Health Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Roles of Internet Addiction and Digital Competence.

This study examined whether Internet addiction (IA) and digital competence (DC) mediated the association between digital technology use and mental health problems in adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, when digital device use increased dramatically. Repeated cross-sectional data from a 3-year cross-cohort study adopting stratified random sampling were analyzed. In 2019, 569 adolescents (female = 312) from 14 secondary schools completed a DC assessment and an online survey on their digital technology use, IA, and mental health. In 2021, 775 adolescents (female = 397) from 11 of those 14 schools completed both instruments. Results showed that adolescents in 2021 spent more time using digital devices, were more digitally competent, and reported more mental health problems than adolescents in 2019. The prevalence of IA was 8 percent in 2019 and 12.4 percent in 2021. In both years, more frequent digital technology use predicted a higher risk of IA, which was associated with more mental health problems (indirect β = 0.08, p < 0.001 for 2019 and β = 0.05, p < 0.001 for 2021). In addition, in 2021, DC was positively associated with digital technology use and negatively with IA, which indirectly related to fewer mental health problems (indirect β = -0.01, p = 0.03). In conclusion, DC is a protective factor alleviating the positive associations of digital technology use and IA with mental health problems in adolescents when the ecological context requires high levels of digital device use.

The effect of two isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vull. on the larvae of confused flour beetle [Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The confused flour beetle cause economic losses in stored products, especially in products obtained from wheat. Although using insecticides against storage pests is an effective method, their frequent and continuous use can lead to resistance and toxicity issues in non-target organisms. In this study, the effect of local Beauveria bassiana isolates (BMAUM LD.2016 and BMAUM M6-4) on the 3rd instar larvae of confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum) was determined under laboratory conditions. As a result of the experiment, both isolates of B. bassiana were found to be more effective on the larvae in the spraying method compared to the dipping method. In the spraying method, mortality rates on the 9th day were 72% in BMAUM LD.2016 isolate, 34% in the dipping method, respectively. Mortality rates of BMAUM M6-4 isolate were recorded as 96% in the spraying method and 8% in the dipping method. In the spraying method, the mortality date (LT50) was determined as 6.09 days for BMAUM LD.2016 isolate and 3.90 days for BMAUM M6-4 isolate. The LT50 value could not be calculated in the dipping method, since the mortality rates were below 50% for both isolates. BMAUM M6-4 isolate caused higher mortality in larvae than BMAUM LD.2016 isolate. As a result, B. bassiana isolates have shown a high level of effectiveness against T. confusum, demonstrating that they can be used as isolates for insect control.

Functional Outcomes Among Young People With Trajectories of Persistent Childhood Psychopathology

Understanding which children in the general population are at greatest risk of poor functional outcomes could improve early screening and intervention strategies. To investigate the odds of poor outcomes in emerging adulthood (ages 17 to 20 years) for children with different mental health trajectories at ages 9 to 13 years. Growing Up in Ireland is a longitudinal, nationally representative population-based cohort study. Data collection began in August 2007 and was repeated most recently in September 2018. All results were weighted to account for sampling bias and attrition and were adjusted for socioeconomic factors. Data analysis took place from October 2022 to April 2023. Four latent classes captured variation in mental health in children aged 9 and 13 years, based on the parent-completed Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Classes included no psychopathology, internalizing, externalizing, and high (comorbid) psychopathology. Those who remained in the same class from ages 9 to 13 years were included. Poor functional outcomes in emerging adulthood were measured at approximate ages 17 years (range, 16 to 18 years) and 20 years (range, 19 to 21 years). Outcomes included poor mental health, poor physical health, social isolation, heavy substance use, frequent health service use, poor subjective well-being, and adverse educational/economic outcomes. Of 5141 included participants, 2618 (50.9%) were male. A total of 3726 (72.5%) were classed as having no childhood psychopathology, 1025 (19.9%) as having persistent externalizing psychopathology, 243 (4.7%) as having persistent internalizing psychopathology, and 147 (2.9%) as having persistent high psychopathology. Having any childhood psychopathology was associated with poorer functional outcomes in emerging adulthood. The internalizing group had elevated odds of most outcomes except for heavy substance use (range of odds ratios [ORs]: 1.38 [95% CI, 1.05-1.81] for frequent health service use to 3.08 [95% CI, 2.33-4.08] for poor mental health). The externalizing group had significantly elevated odds of all outcomes, albeit with relatively small effect sizes (range of ORs: 1.38 [95% CI, 1.19-1.60] for frequent health service use to 1.98 [95% CI, 1.67-2.35] for adverse educational/economic outcomes). The high psychopathology group had elevated odds of all outcomes (nonsignificantly for frequent health service use), though with wide confidence intervals (range of ORs: 1.53 [95% CI, 1.06-2.21] for poor physical health to 2.91 [95% CI, 2.05-4.12] for poor mental health). Female participants with any psychopathology had significantly higher odds of poor physical health and frequent health service use compared with male participants with any psychopathology. In this longitudinal cohort study, childhood psychopathology was associated with a widespread pattern of functional impairment in emerging adulthood. Findings point to the need for a wider range of preventive interventions in child and adolescent mental health services.

Frequent native language use supports phonemic and semantic verbal fluency in L1 and L2: An extended analysis of verbal fluency task performance in an L1 language attrition population

Purpose: Verbal fluency (VF) tasks are an efficient tool for exploring lexical retrieval. Attriters generally produce fewer words in semantic categories than monolinguals, but the processes underlying attriters’ lexical retrieval remain unclear. Phonemic tasks are scarcely applied in language attrition studies. We aim to identify processes underlying attriters’ phonemic verbal fluency (PVF) and semantic verbal fluency (SVF) performance by extending the analysis beyond total scores in the first (L1) and second (L2) language. Design: We modeled total scores and temporal aspects of task performance in L1 and L2 for the attriters, with L1 use and length of residence (LoR) as predictors. We analyzed the number and types of errors between languages and compared L1 task performance with a matched monolingual group. Data and analysis: Attriters’ ( N = 38) phonemic and semantic task performance in L1 (Finnish) and L2 (English) were modeled, and results were contrasted to a matched monolingual control group ( N = 50). Findings: Attriters demonstrated strong proficiency in L1 and similar lexical retrieval processes in L1 and L2 after 20 years of immersive L2 exposure. Frequent L1 use supported overall performance but slowed performance down in both languages. Compared with monolinguals, attriters show a disadvantage in SVF, but not due to slower initiation. Instead, attriters rely more on rapid L1 retrieval than monolinguals. Originality: Prior research on VF tasks in language attrition populations has mainly focused on SVF total scores in L1. Our investigation explores underlying mechanisms of L1 and L2 task performance in PVF and SVF within a language attrition population and contrasts L1 performance to a matched monolingual group performance. Implications: This study demonstrates the importance of investigating L2 alongside L1 in language attrition studies for a holistic approach to language processing strategies. Our findings enhance understanding of the processes underlying VF task performance, emphasizing the significance of VF task early-stage performance.

Unsolved mystery, the etiology of acute pancreatitis after liver resection: a case report and literature review

Link of Video Abstract: https://youtu.be/WQnJQwwYcHcIntroduction: After liver resection, pancreatitis is a well-known yet uncommon consequence. The actual cause is unclear, and the postoperative condition may mask the clinical symptoms. When a patient unexpectedly worsens after surgery, postoperative pancreatitis should always be taken into consideration due to its high fatality risk. After liver resection, we present our patient with acute pancreatitis. The paper was written using certain hypotheses. First, the surgeon should be aware of the possibility of pancreatitis following liver surgery, which is not included in the literature as a side effect of liver surgery. The second step is to increase our knowledge and develop measures to reduce the risk of acute pancreatitis following liver surgery. Case Description: We present here a case of acute pancreatitis following liver resection surgery from our institution, and we strongly suspect that the results of our postoperative white bile leak test contributed to this. According to the literature analysis, this test is risk-free and won't have a materially detrimental impact on the patient. Keep in mind the white test rule, which suggested things like focus and spooling following the test. Conclusion: The white test is effective for identifying bile leakage following liver resection, however, we do not advise frequent use of this test since there is a chance that it can trigger acute pancreatitis, which can have a substantial negative impact on the patient's morbidity or death. The precise process is still a mystery and will require further experimental research.

THE PRACTICE OF CARING FOR THE ELDERLY POPULATION AND PEOPLE WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

The purpose of the review is to analyze the practices of caring for the elderly population and people with cognitive impairments in the focus of the XXI century among the peoples of different countries.&#x0D; &#x0D; Materials and methods. Using the method of scientometric analysis, 20 articles from WoS and Scopus on historical anthropology, demography, and social security were studied. The information is synthesized and taken in accordance with the purpose of the study.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results. Learning the transformation in the practices of caring for the elderly population and people with cognitive impairments is a relevant interdisciplinary direction in anthropology. The relevance of the topic is emphasized by current demographic changes, the evolution of cultural values and modernization of care systems for the older generation. The data obtained show the evolution of society in relation to the elderly population with possible mental disorders. The selected models of care contribute to understanding the trends in the development of the society. For Europe, significant partners as a source of care in old age and the existence of “Money for care” and “Kind care” schemes, organized individual and family consultations by phone or ad hoc. In Canadian society, according to existing government programs, the emphasis in palliative care is placed on long-term care homes. Assistance in Africa is becoming a collective responsibility of family members, with frequent use of biomedical and non-medical methods of treatment. The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean are characterized by a fragmented system of facilitation and assistance to older people.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusions. The author notes social isolation of the older generation and the state unpredictability of using the knowledge resource as intellectual capital in the economy. At the same time, there is a timely response of the UN to the ongoing demographic processes and promotion of the WHO program to create the concept of a “city favorable for older people”. Properly organized guardianship will help the elderly to maintain self-esteem. The demographic and economic processes taking place in the historical moment are changing the attitude of society to this problem.&#x0D; &#x0D; The author expects that a positive orientation of caring for the elderly population and people with cognitive impairments observed in the XXI century will not change its course.&#x0D; &#x0D; The information provided in this article is useful for specialists working in the field of history, sociology, healthcare, guardianship, etc., as well as in the framework of improving information support in the specialty 5.6.4. Ethnology, anthropology and ethnography.