Frequent Nouns Research Articles

Analyzing fuzzy semantics of reviews for multi-criteria recommendations

Hotel reviews play a vital role in tourism recommender system. They should be analyzed effectively to enhance the accuracy of recommendations which can be generated either from crisp ratings on a fixed scale or real sentiments of reviews. But crisp ratings cannot represent the actual feelings of reviewers. Existing tourism recommender systems mostly recommend hotels on the basis of vague and sparse ratings resulting in inaccurate recommendations or preferences for online users. This paper presents a semantic approach to analyze the online reviews being crawled from tripadvisor.in. It discovers the underlying fuzzy semantics of reviews with respect to the multiple criteria of hotels rather than using the crisp ratings. The crawled reviews are preprocessed via data cleaning such as stopword and punctuation removal, tokenization, lemmatization, pos tagging to understand the semantics efficiently. Nouns representing frequent features of hotels are extracted from pre-processed reviews which are further used to identify opinion phrases. Fuzzy weights are derived from normalized frequency of frequent nouns and combined with sentiment score of all the synonyms of adjectives in the identified opinion phrases. This results in fuzzy semantics which form an ideal representation of reviews for a multi-criteria tourism recommender system. The proposed work is implemented in python by crawling the recent reviews of Jaipur hotels from TripAdvisor and analyzing their semantics. The resultant fuzzy semantics form a manually tagged dataset of reviews tagged with sentiments of identified aspects, respectively. Experimental results show improved sentiment score while considering all the synonyms of adjectives. The results are further used to fine-tune BERT models to form encodings for a query-based recommender system. The proposed approach can help tourism and hospitality service providers to take advantage of such sentiment analysis to examine the negative comments or unpleasant experiences of tourists and making appropriate improvements. Moreover, it will help online users to get better recommendations while planning their trips.

Lexical-semantic processing in preschoolers with Developmental Language Disorder: an eye tracking study.

This study examined lexical-semantic processing in children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) during visually situated comprehension of real-time spoken words. Existing evidence suggests that children with DLD may experience challenges in lexical access and retrieval, as well as greater lexical competition compared to their peers with Typical Development (TD). However, the specific nature of these difficulties remains unclear. Using eye-tracking methodology, the study investigated the real-time comprehension of semantic relationships in children with DLD and their age-matched peers. The results revealed that, for relatively frequent nouns, both groups demonstrated similar comprehension of semantic relationships. Both groups favored the semantic competitor when it appeared with an unrelated visual referent. In turn, when the semantic competitor appeared with the visual referent of the spoken word, both groups disregarded the competitor. This finding shows that, although children with DLD usually present a relatively impoverished vocabulary, frequent nouns may not pose greater difficulties for them. While the temporal course of preference for the competitor or the referent was similar between the two groups, numerical, though non-significant, differences in the extension of the clusters were observed. In summary, this research demonstrates that monolingual preschoolers with DLD exhibit similar lexical access to frequent words compared to their peers with TD. Future studies should investigate the performance of children with DLD on less frequent words to provide a comprehensive understanding of their lexical-semantic abilities.

Automatic classification of AD pathology in FTD phenotypes using natural speech.

Screening for Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change (ADNC) in individuals with atypical presentations is challenging but essential for clinical management. We trained automatic speech-based classifiers to distinguish frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients with ADNC from those with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). We trained automatic classifiers with 99 speech features from 1 minute speech samples of 179 participants (ADNC=36, FTLD=60, healthy controls [HC]=89). Patients' pathology was assigned based on autopsy or cerebrospinal fluid analytes. Structural network-based magnetic resonance imaging analyses identified anatomical correlates of distinct speech features. Our classifier showed 0.88 0.03 area under the curve (AUC) for ADNC versusFTLD and 0.93 0.04 AUC for patients versusHC. Noun frequency and pause rate correlated with gray matter volume loss in the limbic and salience networks, respectively. Brief naturalistic speech samples can be used for screening FTD patients for underlying ADNC in vivo. This work supports the future development of digital assessment tools for FTD. We trained machine learning classifiers for frontotemporal dementia patients using natural speech. We grouped participants by neuropathological diagnosis (autopsy) or cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Classifiers well distinguished underlying pathology (Alzheimer's disease vs. frontotemporal lobar degeneration) in patients. We identified important features through an explainable artificial intelligence approach. This work lays the groundwork for a speech-based neuropathology screening tool.

Attributivity and Subjectivity in Czech Journalism and Scientific Literature

This study examines two recently proposed stylometric indices, attributivity and subjectivity, in the context of Czech journalism and scientific literature. Index of attributivity is defined as the ratio of the frequency of attributes to the sum of frequencies of nouns, pronouns, and attributes. Index of subjectivity is defined as the ratio of the frequency of subjects to the sum of frequencies of predicates and subjects. The research is based on the corpus of contemporary written Czech language SYN2020. It appears that both indices of attributivity and subjectivity are sensitive to different genres, and could be used in stylometric analyses, especially those that focus on the interpretability of quantitative measures. In general, more formal texts tend to have higher values of both indices across different genres.

텍스트마이닝을 통해 본 구비설화의 지역 간 전승 경향의 유사성

This paper analyzed the similarities in the inter-regional transmission trends of oral tales handed down in nine regions using two data collections, 『Comprehensive Korean Oral Literature』 and 『Complementary Edition of Comprehensive Korean Oral Literature』. To this end, we used text mining techniques to go through the analysis process of “data collection → local information pre-processing → regional narrative analysis → visualization”.
 First, 26,542 tale title data were collected from the digital archive of 〈Comprehensive Korean Oral Literature〉, and regional information that was not organized into administrative districts at the “province” level was preprocessed. The data was then divided into nine regions, and these data were again classified based on the year of recording. Next, the corpus morphemes created by collecting only titles from the preprocessed data were analyzed to extract the top 100 frequencies of nouns by region. Then, the extracted noun frequencies were normalized to accurately compare the proportion of oral speech between regions. The distribution of stories between regions was compared by calculating the cosine similarity between regions using the normalization value calculated here. This targeted 384 nouns extracted from 『Comprehensive Korean Oral Literature』 and 435 nouns from 『Complementary Edition of Comprehensive Korean Oral Literature』.
 The results derived through the analysis process were presented through a word cloud for each of the nine regions, the numbers of cosine similarity values ​​between regions, and data visualizing the cosine similarity values ​​on a map. The results indicate that, excluding Jeju, narratives transmitted in the Gyeonggi region show relatively low similarity with those of other regions, making it the most heterogeneous in terms of transmission tendencies across the nation in 『Comprehensive Korean Oral Literature』. On the other hand, in the 『Complementary Edition of Comprehensive Korean Oral Literature』 the regions of Chungcheongbuk-do and Jeollabuk-do exhibit the most heterogeneous transmission tendencies, with Gyeonggi region showing a relatively higher similarity with other regions.

Development of a Phrase-Based Speech-Recognition Test Using Synthetic Speech.

Speech-recognition tests are widely used in both clinical and research audiology. The purpose of this study was the development of a novel speech-recognition test that combines concepts of different speech-recognition tests to reduce training effects and allows for a large set of speech material. The new test consists of four different words per trial in a meaningful construct with a fixed structure, the so-called phrases. Various free databases were used to select the words and to determine their frequency. Highly frequent nouns were grouped into thematic categories and combined with related adjectives and infinitives. After discarding inappropriate and unnatural combinations, and eliminating duplications of (sub-)phrases, a total number of 772 phrases remained. Subsequently, the phrases were synthesized using a text-to-speech system. The synthesis significantly reduces the effort compared to recordings with a real speaker. After excluding outliers, measured speech-recognition scores for the phrases with 31 normal-hearing participants at fixed signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) revealed speech-recognition thresholds (SRT) for each phrase varying up to 4 dB. The median SRT was -9.1 dB SNR and thus comparable to existing sentence tests. The psychometric function's slope of 15 percentage points per dB is also comparable and enables efficient use in audiology. Summarizing, the principle of creating speech material in a modular system has many potential applications.

Individual word and phrase frequency effects in collocational processing: Evidence from typologically different languages, English and Turkish.

Collocations are understood to be integral building blocks of language processing, alongside individual words, but thus far evidence for the psychological reality of collocations has tended to be confined to English. In contrast to English, Turkish is an agglutinating language, utilizing productive morphology to convey complex meanings using a single word. Given this, we expected Turkish speakers to be less sensitive to phrasal frequencies than English speakers. In Study 1, we conducted a corpus analysis of translation-equivalent adjective-noun collocations (e.g., front door) and found differences between the two languages in frequency counts. In Study 2, we conducted a reaction time experiment to determine the sensitivity of native speakers of English and Turkish to the frequency of adjectives, nouns, and whole collocations. Turkish speakers were less sensitive to whole-phrase frequencies, as predicted, indicating that collocations are processed less holistically in Turkish than English. Both groups demonstrated that processing collocations involves combining information about individual words and phrases. Taken together, we show that speakers are sensitive to frequency information at multiple grain sizes that are attuned to the typology of different languages. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

텍스트마이닝(Textmining) 기법을 활용한 『제인 에어』 아동용과 성인용 번역본의 어휘 텍스트 비교분석

This study facilitates text mining analytics to compare and analyze lexical differences between the children's (2005) and the adult's (2000) translation of Jane Eyre from English to Korean. Through the present research, we find out the following results: First, regarding pronoun usage, the children's version frequently reiterates a person’s names, resulting in a higher frequency of proper nouns. On contrary, the adult version uses more pronouns to refer a person, presumably aiming to enhance comprehension for children by explicitly using specific names, while adults are assumed to employ pronouns for referents. Second, in terms of Chinese character usage, the adult version utilizes around 230 characters, while the children's version abstains from their use. This suggests that the children's version excludes Chinese characters to facilitate comprehension, while the adult version actively employs them to diversify the lexicon. Last, concerning foreign language usage, the adult version integrates French, corresponding to English, alongside Korean. In contrast, the children's version exclusively uses Korean. This can be interpreted as an effort in the children's version to enhance comprehension by excluding foreign languages, while the adult version seeks to increase linguistic diversity by combining Chinese characters and foreign languages. These findings underscore variations in style and language choices across different translations of Jane Eyre and emphasize the importance of employing suitable translation strategies tailored to a reader’s age and comprehension levels.

Clinical Manifestations.

The detection and characterization of speech changes may help in the identification of neurodegenerative diseases and have the potential to help with patient characterization and monitoring. Yet, there is limited research validating the presence of speech changes across different types of neurodegenerative disease. We report on the relationships between speech and other clinical assessments in the individuals with different dementia diagnoses and in comparison to healthy older adults. We analyzed speech recordings from 109 patients (52F, 57M; Age = 72.63± 8.61) who were diagnosed with various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Frontotemporal Dementia, and Vascular Cognitive Impairment, in a cognitive neurology memory clinic. Speech recordings of an open-ended picture description task were processed using the Winterlight speech analysis platform which generates >500 acoustic and linguistic features. We investigated the linear relationship between the speech features and clinical assessments including the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Western Aphasia Battery (WAB), and Mattis Dementia Rating Scale while controlling for age, sex and years of education. Speech features that were significantly associated with clinical measures were then included in group comparisons with healthy older adults (N = 74, ∼39F; Age = 61.31±7.29). Speech features including lexical and syntactic features were significantly correlated with clinical assessments in patients, across diagnoses. Lower MMSE scores were associated with the use of more familiar nouns (β = -1.60, p<.001). Similarly, increased impairment as assessed by the WAB was correlated with the use of higher frequency nouns (β = -0.01, p<.001). Patients used significantly more nouns (z = 6.25, p<.001) and shorter words (z = 8.33, p<.001) than the healthy older adults. Their speech duration was also significantly shorter (z = 7.98, p<.001) and they paused more (z = 5.19, p<.001). Speech changes representing decreased speech, with simpler vocabularies and syntax, were detectable in patients with different neurodegenerative diseases and correlated with clinical outcomes. These same speech patterns differed in patients with neurodegenerative disease compared to healthy older adults. Speech has the potential to be a sensitive measure for detecting cognitive impairments across various neurodegenerative diseases.

Learning-skill stories completion: A study on the development of 3–6-year-old children's narratives

The development of children's narrative language is an essential part of their language development, which has a unique value to children's future learning and growth. Many research studies focus on children's narrative ability, but few focus on the completion of Chinese children's stories. In this study, 191 Chinese children aged 3–6 years old in the Shanghai area were selected to collect a story corpus by using the international and general completion pictures of learning stories, supplemented with the method of corpus study to explore the characteristics of children's narrative language development in the learning-skill stories. The study found that the development of vocabulary, syntax, and other aspects of 3–6-year-old children showed an apparent upward trend. The variety of words, the types, and the frequency of nouns and adjectives increased with age. Regarding the perspective of syntactic analysis, the critical stage in the development of syntactic length was about 5 years old. The narrative situation of the learning-skill stories could help children to show a better narrative level. At the age of 3–6, the story structure of children's learning-skill stories gradually became complete and three-dimensional with age, and the richness of children's life experiences was an essential factor in promoting the integrity of the story structure. In the Chinese context, reactive sequences and abbreviated episodes were the main types of story structure in children's narration. The narratives of children's learning-skill stories were influenced by Chinese culture.

One nation, under war: Did the language of Fox News and MSNBC converge during the invasion of Ukraine?

AbstractEvidence suggests that political differences have increased markedly in the United States in recent decades. Differences may also emerge in the way that partisans express themselves through language, and it is possible that language differences vary in times of crisis and war. In the current work we examined over a decade's worth of transcripts from a liberal (MSNBC) and conservative (Fox) news network. More specifically, we examined evidence for two competing perspectives on language differences during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. One perspective, the depolarization perspective, suggests that we should see decreased differences, or parity in language styles between the two networks leading up to and during the invasion. Another perspective, the polarization perspective, suggests we should see increased differences in language styles between networks leading up to and during the early stages of the invasion. We examined an index of personalizing and formalizing language as well as 77 Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) dictionaries plus noun frequency using smoothed curves and linear discriminant function analyses (LDA) to examine the pattern of results in our data. Our results provide more support for the depolarization perspective, showing that both Fox News and MSNBC became more similar than different leading up to and during the invasion. Implications are discussed.

Frequent vs. infrequent words shape toddlers' real-time sentence comprehension.

We examined how noun frequency and the typicality of surrounding linguistic context contribute to children's real-time comprehension. Monolingual English-learning toddlers viewed pairs of pictures while hearing sentences with typical or atypical sentence frames (Look at the… vs. Examine the…), followed by nouns that were higher- or lower-frequency labels for a referent (horse vs. pony). Toddlers showed no significant differences in comprehension of nouns in typical and atypical sentence frames. However, they were less accurate in recognizing lower-frequency nouns, particularly among toddlers with smaller vocabularies. We conclude that toddlers can recognize nouns in diverse sentence contexts, but their representations develop gradually.

Comparative Lexical Analysis of Noun Lemmas in Slovak Judicial Decisions

Abstract The paper presents a comparative lexical analysis of the most frequent noun lemmas in Slovak judicial decisions. The data was taken from the large corpus of decisions provided by the Ministry of Justice of the Slovak Republic, and compared with lemmas from four other corpora. The style of administrative, legal and other highly formalized texts has been receiving attention in recent years, although research into the style of Slovak judicial decisions remains rather sparse, which could partially stem from their idiosyncratic nature. The paper’s aim is thus to focus on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of noun lemmas found specifically in the style of judicial decisions.

A Corpus-Based Study of the Distributions of Adnominals Across Registers and Disciplines

ABSTRACT Adnominals are an important resource of noun modification in written registers, especially in academic writing. This study compares the frequencies of adjectival adnominals and nominal adnominals across two registers (Fiction and Academic writing) by calculating T-values and conducting Welch’s t-tests on the adnominal subtypes. It is found that the preference for nominal adnominals exists in both the two registers and the mean frequencies of adjectival adnominals, premodifying nouns and postmodifying nouns increase as the register moves from Fiction to Academic writing. We further investigate the frequencies of adnominals in the research article abstracts across three disciplinary groups by conducting Welch’s ANOVA test. No significant difference is revealed in T-values in the research article abstracts across disciplines. The difference of adjectival adnominals, nouns as postmodifiers and appositive nouns lacks practical applications, while the effects of disciplines on the frequency of premodifying nouns cannot be rejected. It is the mean frequencies of premodifying nouns that show the significant difference in the research article abstracts across disciplines. Premodifying nouns are more prevalent in hard science texts than in soft science texts.

Frequency and morphological behaviour of nouns in Czech and Russian

Declensional morphology of nouns in Czech and Russian is investigated and compared. It is shown that, in general, word forms which are more similar to their lemmas are preferred, but there are differences between animate and inanimate nouns and also among grammatical genders. The frequency distribution of grammatical cases is also studied, with animacy and gender being again important factors.

Crisis communication in the WHO COVID-19 press conferences: A retrospective analysis.

The objective of this study is to investigate, from a longitudinal perspective, how WHO communicated COVID-19 related information to the public through its press conferences during the first two years of the pandemic. The transcripts of 195 WHO COVID-19 press conferences held between January 22, 2020 and February 23, 2022 were collected. All transcripts were syntactically parsed to extract highly frequent noun chunks that were potential topics of the press conferences. First-order autoregression models were fit to identify "hot" and "cold" topics. In addition, sentiments and emotions expressed in the transcripts were analyzed using lexicon-based sentiment/emotion analyses. Mann-Kendall tests were performed to capture the possible trends of sentiments and emotions over time. First, eleven "hot" topics were identified. These topics were pertinent to anti-pandemic measures, disease surveillance and development, and vaccine-related issues. Second, no significant trend was captured in sentiments. Last, significant downward trends were found in anticipation, surprise, anger, disgust, and fear. However, no significant trends were found in joy, trust, and sadness. This retrospective study provided new empirical evidence on how WHO communicated issues pertaining to COVID-19 to the general public through its press conferences. With the help of the study, members of the general public, health organizations, and other stake-holders will be able to better understand the way in which WHO has responded to various critical events during the first two years of the pandemic.

Noun canonicity in heritage speakers and monolingual speakers of Spanish

The present investigation examines the role of Spanish noun gender-correlated endings when accessing gender agreement in two different linguistic populations: Spanish-English bilingual heritage speakers and monolingual speakers of Spanish. This study analyzed data from 34 monolingual speakers of Spanish from the Dominican Republic and 44 heritage speakers of Spanish born in the United States who completed a picture naming task in Experiment 1 (determiner-noun agreement) and a picture description task in Experiment 2 (noun-adjective agreement). Results found that canonicity, particularly overt gender marking cues, seemed to have a facilitatory effect for monolingual speakers as seen by significantly faster naming times with transparent nouns on both experiments RTs analysis. However, within the heritage speaker group, no canonicity effects were found on either experiments RTs analyses indicating a difference between the monolingual and bilingual group. There was, however, an effect of noun canonicity in the accuracy rates of both experiments in the monolingual and bilingual group, specifically, a facilitatory effect of transparency, consonant with other studies with heritage speakers and/or monolingual speakers of Spanish (Hur, Lopez and Sanchez 2020; Montrul, Davidson, De La Fuente and Foote 2014; Montrul, De La Fuente, Davidson and Foote 2013; Alarcón 2011; Montrul, Foote and Perpiñán 2008). The main effects of canonicity and frequency found in Experiment 1 monolingual’s RTs analysis and the interaction between frequency and canonicity found in Experiment 2 strongly suggest that canonicity along with noun frequency (noun lexico-syntactic information) have a facilitatory effect in the gender agreement process. Therefore, these results corroborate the predictions of the Two-Route Hypothesis proposed by Gollan and Frost (2001) and psycholinguistic studies that have found a lexico-syntactic route and word-form route to gender access (Caffarra, Jansen and Barber 2014). Findings in the present study contribute to the understanding of different processing mechanisms in two adult populations and to our knowledge of the overall role of predictive nominal endings in gender agreement processes in both monolingual and heritage speakers of Spanish.

Blogery Takie Blogery (Bloggers Are Such Bloggers), Or about a New Phraseoscheme in Russian

The article is devoted to a comparatively new structure in the language ‘N1 takie N1’ (N1 such N1), actively used in Internet communication. The study is based on the material from the General Internet Corpus of the Russian language. The structure is used mainly in blogs, in hashtags, in community names, that is, in Internet communication, which has a tendency to be excessively expressive and to save language resources. The article discusses structural properties of the phrase, the meaning of its permanent component ‘such’, the synonymy with other tautological constructions, semantics and frequency of nouns in position N1 and semantic and pragmatic features of the construction. The structure is defined as a new psvedvotautological phraseoscheme characterized by reproducibility, idiomaticity and evaluativeness. The phraseoscheme attributes typical, expected features to the subject. The connotative potential of the lexeme (of the noun) is the basis of the evaluative meaning of the structure. It is the connotative meaning of the noun, and not its lexical and grammatical category, that affects the possibility of its using in this phraseoscheme. The specificity of the pragmatic meaning of the phraseoscheme is associated with the subject of evaluation, which forms the tone of the expression (affectionateness, jokiness, irony and mixed shades, for example, tenderness) and the communicative structure of the expression, appropriating the ‘right’ to be evaluated and taking a position of a more significant communicant.

Стратегии самопрезентации в авторских текстах специалистов с разным профессиональным опытом

Background. Xe article is devoted to the features of self-presentation, expressed in the author’s texts, considered in the context of evaluation of professionals. Referring to the group of methods based on the “personality-text” relation is conditioned by the change in management paradigms and importance of employee’s creative potential as well as independence in modern economic conditions. Objective. Xe aim of this study was to determine the features of self-presentation of specialists with diYerent professional experience by analyzing the texts through the selection of formal and substantive attributions that reZect the individual characteristics of the author. We assumed that the texts created by specialists of diYerent age, gender, job level will diYer in terms of formal and content-related criteria, explicit and underlying semantic structures. Sample. Xe sample consisted of 83 employees of a manufacturing company. Methods. Xe participants were asked to give seven self-descriptions, answering the question “Who am I?” and to continue 10 un[nished sentences on the topic “My profession”. Xe resulting texts were subjected to a content analysis procedure based on the statistical processing of the selected categories (relative frequencies, correlations and signi[cant diYerences between them). Results. Xe results obtained made it possible to single out two strategies for writing texts on the same topic, which reveal the author’s experience: “detached, passive” and “included, active”. Xese strategies are tracked both at the level of explicit, formal characteristics of the text and at the level of deep semantic structures — semantic roles and metaprograms. Psychosemantic correlates of experience are indicators of emotional valence (positive, negative, neutral) and indicators of the frequency of adjectives, nouns and verbs in the text. Conclusion. Xese data demonstrate the diagnostic capabilities of psychosemantic methods in assessing the individual characteristics of employees when it is impossible to calculate the social desirability of answers, as well as in obtaining important information for building correct communications with them.

PECULIARITIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLYSEMY IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH (ON THE MATERIAL OF THE MOST FREQUENT SUBSTANTIVE AND VERBAL LEXEMES)

Problem statement. The paper considers the peculiarities of the development of polysemy of 200 Russian (100 substantive and 100 verbal) and 200 English (100 substantive and 100 verbal) most frequent lexemes taken from the Frequency Dictionary of S.A. Sharov and the lists of frequency nouns and verbs of the British National Corpus. The development of polysemy in Russian and English is considered from the point of view of the integral theory of polysemy, according to which polysemy exists at two levels: lexical and lexico-grammatical (part-of-speech) in the form of lexical and lexico-grammatical polysemy. The latter exists in two types: lexico-grammatical polysemy proper and lexico-grammatical variation. Results. With the help of the comparative-parametric method of linguistic research developed by the Voronezh Theoretical and Linguistic School, the peculiarities of the development of lexical and lexical-grammatical polysemy in the compared languages are described. Lexical polysemy is considered from the point of view of the average sememic volume of semanthemes, as well as the development of denotative and connotative polysemy. Lexico-grammatical polysemy is considered from the point of view of the development of lexico-grammatical polysemy proper, as well as lexico-grammatical variation. The parts of speech at the level of which the development of lexico-grammatical derivation occurs in both languages are determined. The description is carried out in groups, depending on the volume of their semanthemes. Small-seme, multi-seme, hyper-seme and super-hyper-seme Russian and English substantive and verbal lexemes are studied. Conclusion. On the basis of the integral index of national-specific peculiarities and the scale of the degree of manifestation of national-specific peculiarities developed within the framework of the comparative-parametric method of linguistic research, it was found that in terms of lexical polysemy, national differences can be recognized as noticeable, while in terms of lexical-grammatical polysemy, they are bright.