Frequency Shift Keying Modulation Research Articles

Strain-modulated magnetic droplet precession in spin-torque nano-oscillators

In this paper, we present a promising method for modulating the frequency of magnetic droplets using strain induced by an adjacent piezoelectric layer. This strain results in significant changes in droplet frequency (∼6 GHz) and variations in diameter or mode, while maintaining a fixed current density of 1.4×1012A/m2 under both high and low fields. By applying strain pulses, we successfully modulate the magnetic droplet frequency, paving the way for potential implementation of digital binary frequency shift-keying modulation technique with magnetic droplets. Moreover, the effects of Oersted field and the Zhang-Li torque induced by lateral current have also been discussed, showing a minimal impact on the oscillation frequencies, especially at high fields. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Experimental Demonstration of a Visible Light Communications System Based on Binary Frequency-Shift Keying Modulation: A New Step toward Improved Noise Resilience.

Visible light communications (VLC) are an emerging technology that is increasingly demonstrating its ability to provide wireless communications in areas where radio frequency (RF) technology might have some limitations. Therefore, VLC systems offer possible answers to various applications in outdoor conditions, such as in the road traffic safety domain, or even inside large buildings, such as in indoor positioning applications for blind people. Nevertheless, several challenges must still be addressed in order to obtain a fully reliable solution. One of the most important challenges is focused on further improving the immunity to optical noise. Different from most works, where on-off keying (OOK) modulation and Manchester coding have been the preferred choices, this article proposes a prototype based on a binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK) modulation and non-return-to-zero (NRZ) coding, for which the resilience to noise is compared to that of a standard OOK VLC system. The experimental results showed an optical noise resilience improvement of 25% in direct exposure to incandescent light sources. The VLC system using BFSK modulation was able to maintain a maximum noise irradiance of 3500 µW/cm2 as compared with 2800 µW/cm2 for the OOK modulation, and an improvement of almost 20% in indirect exposure to the incandescent light sources. The VLC system with BFSK modulation was able to maintain the active link in an equivalent maximum noise irradiance of 65,000 µW/cm2, as opposed to the equivalent 54,000 µW/cm2 for the OOK modulation. Based on these results, one can see that based on a proper system design, VLC systems are able to provide impressive resilience to optical noise.

An OOK and Binary FSK Reconfigurable Dual-Band Noncoherent IR-UWB Receiver Supporting Ternary Signaling

This article presents a multiband low-power and low-complexity impulse radio ultrawideband (IR-UWB) noncoherent receiver. The proposed receiver can be digitally reconfigured in three different modes of operation, including two single-band modes and one concurrent dual-band mode. In the two single-band modes, the proposed envelope detection architecture is capable of receiving and demodulating an on–off keying (OOK) pulse stream at RF center frequencies of 2.8 or 4.8 GHz. In the concurrent dual-band mode, the proposed architecture is able to demodulate binary frequency-shift keying (FSK), in addition to OOK demodulation, at center frequencies of 3 and 5 GHz. The receiver is composed of a reconfigurable low-power differential low noise amplifier (LNA), a fully differential squarer (self-mixer circuit), low-pass filter (LPF), and variable gain baseband (BB) amplifiers. The receiver is fabricated in TSMC 130-nm CMOS process technology. The receiver can operate at up to 150 Mb/s with the ternary signaling that is enabled by the binary FSK modulation combined with the OOK modulation in concurrent dual-band mode. At its maximum gain, the receiver achieves a sensitivity of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$-$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 72 dBm at a bit error rate (BER) of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10^{-3}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> at a 100-Mb/s data rate. It consumes 11.9 and 13.2 mW from a 1.2-V supply in the single-band modes and concurrent dual-band mode, respectively.

On the performance of a hybrid frequency–phase-keying-based MIMO hybrid RF/FSO communication link

A hybrid technique in optical wireless communications is an effective solution to counter impairments and to improve link availability. In this work, a hybrid frequency phase keying (FPK) modulation scheme, based on frequency shift keying (FSK) and phase shift keying (PSK), for a hybrid radio frequency (RF)/free space optical (FSO) communication system is proposed. The hybrid FPK modulation scheme combines advantageous features of FSK and PSK and has the possibility to provide improved link performance in adverse channel conditions. A transmit aperture selection (TAS) and maximal ratio combining (MRC) diversity-based multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) hybrid RF/FSO system is considered to mitigate adverse fading effects. Analytical closed-form expressions are derived for the average symbol error probability to trace the performance of the TAS-MRC-based MIMO hybrid RF/FSO system with FPK modulation over fading and pointing error conditions. A comparative analysis of average symbol error performance is presented. The results clearly indicate that the proposed FPK modulation scheme with the MIMO hybrid RF/FSO communication system link is advantageous, as it exploits the complementary properties of both RF and FSO channel characteristics and PSK and FSK modulation schemes. In addition, the proposed MIMO hybrid RF/FSO system with FPK modulation offers superior performance, compared with MIMO RF, FSO, or hybrid RF/FSO systems applied with FSK and PSK modulation schemes. An optimum beam waist is derived analytically, and it is further verified with a numerical optimization technique. All results are validated using Monte Carlo simulation.

Capacitive Power Transfer System With Integrated Wide Bandwidth Communication

This letter proposed a novel method for compensation network design used in capacitive power transfer (CPT) systems to achieve simultaneous power and data delivery. The proposed method combines both ladder filter and resonant circuit designs, allowing the existing double-sided CL compensation topology to exhibit different characteristics under the power channel and the communication channel. The proposed system significantly reduces the design complexity and increases the bandwidth for data transfer while maintaining the circuit resonance at the wireless power transfer frequency. The system is compatible with both amplitude shift keying (ASK) and frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation methods, passing the high-frequency data carrier with an approximately unity gain. Detailed circuit parameter design and system performance analysis are presented, and a new metric power to signal is introduced to analyze the effect of the data communication on the power transfer. A prototype CPT system rated at 10 W is built, which demonstrates a 81.2% dc–ac efficiency and a data transfer rate of 10 kbps by using either ASK or FSK modulation techniques.

Artificial Neural Networks, Support Vector Machine And Energy Detection For Spectrum Sensing Based On Real Signals

A Cognitive Radio (CR) is an intelligent wireless communication system, which is able to improve the utilization of the spectral environment. Spectrum sensing (SS) is one of the most important phases in the cognitive radio cycle, this operation consists in detecting signals presence in a particular frequency band. In order to detect primary user (PU) existence, this paper proposes a low cost and low power consumption spectrum sensing implementation. Our proposed platform is tested based on real world signals. Those signals are generated by a Raspberry Pi card and a 433 MHz Wireless transmitter (ASK (Amplitude-Shift Keying) and FSK (Frequency-Shift Keying) modulation type). RTL-SDR dongle is used as a reception interface. In this work, we compare the performance of three methods for SS operation: The energy detection technique, the Artificial neural network (ANN) and the support vector machine (SVM). So, the received data could be classified as a PU or not (noise) by the ED method, and by training and testing on a proposed ANN and SVM classification model. The proposed algorithms are implemented under MATLAB software. In order to determine the best architecture, in the case of ANN, two different training algorithms are compared. Furthermore, we have investigated the effect of several SVM functions. The main objective is to find out the best method for signal detection between the three methods. The performance evaluation of our proposed system are the probability of detection and the false alarm probability . This Comparative work has shown that the SS operation by SVM can be more accurate than ANN and ED.

Undersea Wireless Power and Data Transfer System With Shared Channel Powered by Marine Renewable Energy System

Marine renewable energy (i.e., wave, tidal or ocean current, thermal gradient, and salinity gradient), can revolutionize ocean observing capabilities and marine power supply method. Under the marine environment, as the conductive feature of seawater, it has big challenge for wireless power and signal transfer under marine environment. To deal with this issue, this paper provides an undersea wireless power and data transfer system with the shared channel which powered by renewable system. The power and data could be transferred with the same channel based on the time division multiplexing theory. In one switching cycle, the power is transferred in the first half switching cycle and the data is transferred in the second half switching cycle. The data is modulated by frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation method. The frequency for power transfer is set as 240 kHz. With the FSK modulation method, the two signal carriers’ frequencies are respectively set 10 MHz and 2 MHz. The data could be completely transferred with the high bandwidth. The glass tank experimental platform is constructed with the 35‰ salinity water. The simulated and experimental results verify the theory analysis and the calculation very well.

Design and implementation of reconfigurable ASK and FSK modulation and demodulation algorithm on FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)

Our modern world is completely driven by our ability to communicate all over the world with great precision, accuracy, and the least amount of time possible. Communication systems are used vastly in our worlds such as radar, aerospace, naval/maritime communication, underwater communication, mobile communication, or even in outer space such as satellite communication or space missions. Different communication system needs different types of modulation techniques. Design and implementation of reconfigurable modulators on cyclone-II FPGA (Field-programmable gate array) are proposed in this paper, wherein the type of modulations and demodulation can be dynamically reconfigured on the fly based on the requirement at any particular instance. The demodulator is intelligent enough to demodulate any modulated signal. FPGA or Field Programmable Gate Array is a computing device that can be programmed like CPU (Central Processing Unit) but fasted than CPU in parallel processing and DSP (Digital Signal Processing) related tasks. Consisting method of FPGA-based modulation does not support multiple modulation techniques at the same time and is not fast as they used Simulink-based simulation. This study has proposed FPGA based alternative to that, which can embody all the modulation techniques at once, making it way more versatile, cost-effective, and easy to use and test. The process begins with designing an algorithm. Then this algorithm has to be simulated. The algorithm is designed for both modulation and demodulation. In the modulation part, it is just simple logic to create different phrases and different frequencies of sinusoidal waves. But in demodulation, based on the frequency it can detect ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) or FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) signal all by itself. Depending on the period of the signal, the algorithm can decide whether it is an ASK or FSK signal. After deciding it is an ASK of FSK signal, it starts to demodulate the signal. The outcome is, this FPGA-based modulator and demodulator are cheap, easy to configure, and can demodulate any type of demodulated signal. As it is reconfigurable, it's easy to deploy in any situation.

A Wireless Power and Data Transfer IC for Neural Prostheses Using a Single Inductive Link With Frequency-Splitting Characteristic.

This paper presents a frequency-splitting-based wireless power and data transfer IC that simultaneously delivers power and forward data over a single inductive link. For data transmission, frequency-shift keying (FSK) is utilized because the FSK modulation scheme supports continuous wireless power transmission without disruption of the carrier amplitude. Moreover, the link that manifests the frequency-splitting characteristic due to a close distance between coupled coils provides wide bandwidth for data delivery without degrading the quality factors of the coils. It results in large power delivery, high data rate, and high power transfer efficiency. The presented IC fabricated in a 180-nm BCD process simultaneously achieves up-to-115-mW wireless power delivery to the load and 2.5-Mb/s downlink data rate over the single inductive link. The measured overall power efficiency from the DC power supply at the transmitter module to the load at the receiver module reaches 56.7 % at its maximum, and the bit error rate is lower than 10 -6 at 2.5 Mb/s. As a result, the figure of merit (FoM) for data transmission is enhanced by 2 times, and the FoM for power delivery is improved by 38.7 times compared to prior state-of-the-arts using a single inductive link.

RSA encrypted FSK RF transmission powered by an innovative microwave technique for invulnerable security

Ensuring the secure communication is the prime concern for all kinds of data communication infrastructure. Several data encryption techniques are in use for secure communication. There is a scope for further improvement in the security level, as well as for the received signal quality. The selection of a proper combination of encryption and modulation techniques can improve the overall effectiveness of both the security level and the received signal quality. The combination of asymmetric cryptography (here use RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) algorithm) algorithm with the proposed reflex klystron-based frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation technique provides a high level of secure communication system. The performance of the proposed technique is experimentally verified. The conventional FSK modulation technique operates in the low-frequency band, but the proposed FSK modulation technique is powered by high-power microwave devices, which operate in the X band. The experimental result has been demonstrated and successfully verified for secured communication using the X band.

On the ASER performance of SC receiver with RQAM and HQAM over [formula omitted]-[formula omitted] fading

In this paper, we consider a multi-branch selection combining receiver over independent and non-identically distributed κ-μ fading channels. We derive new exact expressions for moment generating function of output signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), average symbol error rate (ASER) of coherent rectangular and hexagonal quadrature amplitude modulations, and ASER of non-coherent frequency shift-keying modulation schemes. Further, an asymptotic ASER expression is also derived to determine the diversity order of the system. The analytical results are validated using Monte-Carlo simulations for a wide range of SNRs and fading parameters. Finally, the impact of channel parameters and the number of branches on the ASER performance is also studied.

Improvement of Binary Frequency Shift Keying Modulation Performance

M-ary frequency shift keying (FSK) is a low-power, low-data-rate modulation scheme currently used by manufacturers of data transmission equipment. Inter symbol interference (ISI) occurs in all communication systems. To analyze the effect of the raised cosine filter and adaptive equalizer on reducing the ISI, the binary FSK (BFSK) modulation technique has been studied extensively in this research. In this study, we have selected the square root raised cosine filter and the sign least mean square (LMS) equalizer. The bit error rate (BER) performance of the 2-FSK system with the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel is evaluated and analyzed with the help of Simulink. The best BER value of 1.7e-03 was obtained in this study.

Free space optics communication channel with amplitude/frequency shift keying modulation technique based raised cosine line coding

Abstract The objective of the study is to simulate frequency shift keying (FSK)/amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation schemes with raised cosine line coding based free space optics channel in clear weather conditions. The max. Q and optical signal/noise ratio (OSNR) with FSO channel length variations are simulated for the previous and proposed models at DRs of 10 Gbps, and also the max. Q factor with data rate (DR) variations is demonstrated for the previous and proposed models at 10 km FSO channel length. Max. Q, min. BER, signal power (SP), noise power, and total optical power (TOP) based FSK and ASK modulation schemes are illustrated through APD receiver with FSO channel length of 10 km.

In-Band Full-Duplex FSK transceiver for IoT

Abstract A wireless frequency shift keying (FSK) transceiver that can simultaneously transmit and receive over the same radio channel using a novel complex baseband technique is introduced. The proposed design combines a traditional FSK modulator with a new frame-based demodulation technique able to recover data without using traditional cancellation techniques. Self Interference (SI) level has no impact on demodulation and can be ignored. The mathematical equations are detailed and validated by simulation. The implementation through software defined radio (SDR) using Ettus B210 USRP and GNU Radio proves that the system works properly and enables the In-Band Full-Duplex (IBFD) for FSK. An example of one single hope real-world IBFD communication is presented. Energy efficiency and System performances have been also evaluated using the bit error rate (BER) curve and discussed. The proposed technique enhances the spectral efficiency by factor 2 and seems very useful for low-rate applications such many internet of things (IoT) devices.

Robust Intra-Body Communication Using SHA1-CRC Inversion-Based Protection and Error Correction for Securing Electronic Authentication.

The explosive increase in the number of IoT devices requires various types of communication methods. This paper presents secure personal authentication using electrostatic coupling Intra-body communication (IBC) based on frequency shift keying (FSK) and error correction. The proposed architecture uses GPIO for a transmitter and analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) for a receiver. We mplemented FSK modulation, demodulation, data protection, and error correction techniques in the MCU software without applying hardware devices. We used the characteristic that the carrier signal is 50% duty square wave for 1-bit error correction and applied a method of randomly inverting SHA1 hash data to protect user authentication data during transmission. The transmitter modulates binary data using a square wave as a carrier signal and transmits data through the human body. The receiver demodulates the signal using ADC and decrypts the demodulated binary data. To determine the carrier frequency from ADC results, we applied a zero-crossing algorithm which is used to detect edge characteristics in image processing. When calculating the threshold value within the zero-crossing algorithm, we implemented an adaptive threshold setting technique utilizing Otsu’s binarization technique. We found that the size of the electrode pad does not affect the signal strength, but the distance between the electrode pad and the skin has a significant effect on the signal strength. Our results show that binary data modulated with a square wave can be successfully transmitted through the human body, and, when 1-bit error correction is applied, the byte error rate on the receiver side is improved around 3.5% compared to not applying it.

Novel low complexity decoding method for the binary coded frequency shift keying modulation

SummaryThis paper proposes a coded modulation scheme based on frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation and a simple binary permutation code. FSK detection is based on the knowledge of the probability density function (PDF) of the noise and the attenuation of the channel, called FSK “Soft‐Decision” (FSK/SD) detection. We introduce an approximation of the FSK/SD, called FSK “Select Largest” (FSK/SL). We compare the FSK/SL detection with the classical PDF‐based detection techniques, such as FSK/SD and spread‐FSK (SFSK), for both coded and uncoded transmission. As a practical application, we use the power line communication (PLC) channel. We analyze and compare the performances for a narrowband PLC channel with attenuation and impulse noise.

A novel demodulation system for base band digital modulation signals based on the deep long short-term memory model

For high-frequency digital signals to be transmitted over long distances, the basic digital signal needs to be modulated with a high-frequency carrier. In this case, the baseband digital signal is called the passband signal. In particular, in wireless communication systems or ultraviolet or infrared communications, transitional band digital modulations are used. The most commonly used transition band modulations are ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying), FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) and PSK (Phase Shift Keying) modulations. In this study, 8 bits of all digital baseband data were obtained from the transition band modulations in ASK, FSK and PSK modulations in MATLAB. Also, the noises ranging from 5 dB to 25 dB were added to these ASK, FSK, and PSK modulations. The originality of this paper is to a single deep learning model to demodulate the ASK, FSK, and PSK modulations by using a data-driven approach. The main aim is to demodulate the baseband numerical data from the transition band noised modulation signals instead of the hardware demodulator circuits. For this aim, the noised modulated signals were applied to deep LSTM (Long short-term memory) model without feature extraction. The performance measures to evaluate the proposed deep learning-based demodulator method have been used, and they are MAPE, MSE, R2, RMSE, and NRMSE. The obtained MAPE demodulation results for the worst case of ASK, FSK, and PSK (added 5 dB to these modulations) are 4.392, 5.60, and 3.166, respectively. The experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed LSTM demodulator model could be used safely in the demodulation of ASK, FSK, and PSK modulations in the real world.

Effects of Different Modulation Techniques on Charging Time in RF Energy-Harvesting System

Radio-frequency (RF) energy harvesting is a promising technology that obtains energy from electromagnetic waves. As an alternative energy source, this modern technology can provide power wirelessly enabling the practical use of battery-free devices and it is also expected to be widely used in future applications. Many studies have examined the effects of different modulation techniques on power or efficiency in RF energy-harvesting systems. In this article, the effects of different modulation techniques, such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), phase-shift keying (PSK), and frequency shift keying (FSK) on charging time, were measured and theoretically analyzed in detail. The measurement system was designed using a signal generator, an RF energy-harvesting circuit, and other auxiliary devices. The signal generator produced four different modulated signals as transmit power signals from 1 to 10 dBm at the interval of 1 dBm, and then, the RF energy-harvesting circuit was fed with these power signals. According to the measurement results, four different modulation techniques charged the RF energy-harvesting circuit at different times. It was observed that the 4-ASK modulation technique had the shortest charging time in the range of 1-10 dBm when comparing to QAM, PSK, and FSK modulation techniques, and thus, it was evaluated to be the most suitable modulation technique for the RF energy-harvesting system among these modulation techniques in terms of charging time.

Spectrum Sensing for Smart Embedded Devices in Cognitive Networks using Machine Learning Algorithms

Abstract Spectrum sensing is an essential step in cognitive radio-based dynamic spectrum management. Spectrum sensing to detect the presence of the licensed signals in a particular frequency band is one of the most important research topics in cognitive radio. To identify primary user (PU) presence, we propose a low cost and low power consumption implementation of spectrum sensing operation based on real signals. These signals are generated by smart embedded devices at 433 MHz wireless transmitter using ASK (Amplitude-Shift Keying) and FSK (Frequency-Shift Keying) modulation type. The reception interface is constructed using an RTL-SDR dongle connected to MATLAB software. The signal detection is done by using four techniques: the artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), Decision Trees (TREE), and k-nearest neighbors (KNN). This article comparatively analyzed the performance of the classifiers to identify the best method for spectrum sensing between the three techniques. The performance evaluation of our proposed model is the probability of detection (Pd) and the false alarm probability (Pfa). Results show also that the sensing is susceptible to signal to noise ratio value. This comparative study has been demonstrated that the spectrum sensing operation by ANN and SVM can be more accurate than KNN, TREE, and some other classical detectors.

Performance Analysis of FSK-PPM Technique in Visible-Light Communication Systems

Abstract This paper presents a combination of the FSK (frequency shift keying) and the PPM (pulse position modulation) techniques for visible-light communication systems. We propose novel modulator architecture, which is referred as combined FSK-PPM (CFPPM), to observe the average power requirement of FSK technique. The proposed combined scheme is compared with the traditional FSK method in terms of average transmission power and BER (bit error rate) performance. The average transmission power of FSK modulation technique is independent on M that is expressed as modulation order. The results show that the requirement of average transmission power of proposed FSK can be gradually decreased dependent on M.