Frequency Patterns Research Articles

Declining precipitation frequency may drive earlier leaf senescence by intensifying drought stress and enhancing drought acclimation

Precipitation is an important factor influencing the date of foliar senescence, which in turn affects carbon uptake of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the temporal patterns of precipitation frequency and its impact on foliar senescence date remain largely unknown. Using both long-term carbon flux data and satellite observations across the Northern Hemisphere, we show that, after excluding impacts from of temperature, radiation and total precipitation by partial correlation analysis, declining precipitation frequency may drive earlier foliar senescence date from 1982 to 2022. A decrease in precipitation frequency intensifies drought stress by reducing root-zone soil moisture and increasing atmospheric dryness, and limit the photosynthesis necessary for sustained growth. The enhanced drought acclimation, showing a more rapid response to drought, also explains the positive relationship between precipitation frequency and foliar senescence date. Finally, we find 30 current state-of-art Earth system models largely fail to capture the sensitivity of DFS to changes in precipitation frequency and incorrectly predict the direction of correlations for approximately half of the northern global lands, in both historical simulations and future predictions. Our results therefore highlight the critical need to include precipitation frequency, rather than just total precipitation, into models to accurately forecast plant phenology under future climate change.

Amelioration in Indonesian Classics: A Corpus Analysis of Concrete Nouns in Indonesian Literary Works

This research analyzes the phenomenon of amelioration on concrete nouns in the novels Layar Terkembang by Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana and Sitti Nurbaya by Marah Roesli. Amelioration is the process of changing the meaning of a word that leads to a more positive connotation. The purpose of this study is to identify the forms of amelioration, the positive connotations formed, and how these changes in meaning reflect the social and cultural context of colonial Indonesia. The research method used is corpus linguistics with documentation techniques through the KORTARA (Korpus Nusantara) application to identify frequency patterns and word collocation in literary texts. The results showed that there were 57 words undergoing amelioration that reflected changes in social views, culture, and religious values. For example, the word "khalikulalam" in Sitti Nurbaya's novel has undergone improvements, a shift in meaning that increases its value and respect; The word "virgin" in the novel Layar Terkembang carries a more subtle and respectful connotation, describing a young woman who is seen not only by her status but also associated with beauty, purity. The words not only have basic meanings, but also additional connotations that symbolize respect, sanctity, spiritual power, and cultural pride. The amelioration of these concrete nouns shows the changes in colonial society's perspective towards social roles and cultural values in daily life. The findings support the theory that amelioration is closely related to broader social dynamics, where words with high moral and cultural values tend to experience an increase in meaning. This research is expected to contribute to the study of Indonesian linguistics and semantic education, as well as add to the understanding of the interaction between language and social values in society.

The System for Classification of Low‐Pressure Systems (SyCLoPS): An All‐In‐One Objective Framework for Large‐Scale Data Sets

AbstractWe propose the first unified objective framework (SyCLoPS) for detecting and classifying all types of low‐pressure systems (LPSs) in a given data set. We use the state‐of‐the‐art automated feature tracking software TempestExtremes (TE) to detect and track LPS features globally in ERA5 and compute 16 parameters from commonly found atmospheric variables for classification. A Python classifier is implemented to classify all LPSs at once. The framework assigns 16 different labels (classes) to each LPS data point and designates four different types of high‐impact LPS tracks, including tracks of tropical cyclone (TC), monsoonal system, subtropical storm and polar low. The classification process involves disentangling high‐altitude and drier LPSs, differentiating tropical and non‐tropical LPSs using novel criteria, and optimizing for the detection of the four types of high‐impact LPS. A comparison of our labels with those in the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) revealed an overall accuracy of 95% in distinguishing between tropical systems, extratropical cyclones, and disturbances. SyCLoPS produces a better TC detection skill compared to the previous algorithms, highlighted by an approximately 6% reduction in the false alarm rate compared to the previous TE algorithm. The vertical cross section composite of the four types of high‐impact LPS we detect each shows distinct structural characteristics. Finally, we demonstrate that SyCLoPS is valuable for investigating various aspects of LPSs in climate data, such as the evolution of a single LPS track, patterns of LPS frequencies, and precipitation or wind influence associated with a particular LPS class.

Clinical Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Cronobacter sakazakii in the Northern Region of Oman

Abstract Background: Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that mostly affects neonates, infants, and elderly people with weakened immune systems. No study has reported the frequency and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of C. sakazakii from Oman, and thus this study was conducted to fill this gap in the literature. Materials and Methods: This single-center retrospective study included C. sakazakii isolates identified from different clinical samples of patients treated at Sohar Hospital, Oman, between January 2017 and December 2023. Bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were done using the VITEK II automated microbiological system in accordance with the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: A total of 185 C. sakazakii isolates were included, most commonly from patients aged >60 years (42.7%) and <1 year (11.4%). C. sakazakii strains had high susceptibility (>80%) to most of the tested antibiotics; however, for beta-lactam antibiotics, it ranged from 0% to 50%. Approximately 26.5% of the strains were multidrug resistant. Independent risk factors for increased frequency of multidrug-resistant strains were urinary catheterization (P = 0.002), surgery (P = 0.021), previous antibiotic therapy (P = 0.047), and critical care unit admission (P = 0.048). About one-fifth of the patients experienced life-threatening C. sakazakii infections such as septicemia (15%) and pneumonia (4.7%). All deaths due to septicemia occurred in the >60 years (n = 12) and <1 year (n = 4) age groups. Conclusions: Cronobacter sakazakii isolates from the North Batinah region of Oman were most frequently isolated from elderly and infant patients and had high antibiotic susceptibility; however, the significant resistance against beta-lactams suggests their low effectiveness. The high number of multidrug-resistant strains coupled with the independent risk factors suggests the need for following stricter antibiotic stewardship protocols and infection control practices.

KIC 4150611: A quadruply eclipsing heptuple star system with a g-mode period-spacing pattern

Context. KIC 4150611 is a high-order (seventh-order) multiple composed of a triple system with: a F1V primary (Aa), which is eclipsed on a 94.2 d period by a tight binary composed of two K/M dwarfs (Ab1 and Ab2) that also eclipse each other; an eccentric, eclipsing binary composed of two G stars (Ba and Bb); and another faint eclipsing binary composed of two stars of unknown spectral type (Ca and Cb). In addition to its many eclipses, the system is an triple-lined spectroscopic multiple (Aa, Ba, and Bb) and the primary (Aa) is a hybrid pulsator that exhibits high amplitude pressure and gravity modes (g-modes). Furthermore, its g-modes are arrayed in a period-spacing pattern, which greatly assists with mode identification and asteroseismic modelling. In aggregate, this richness in physics offers an excellent opportunity to obtain a precise physical characterisation for some of the stars in this system. Aims. In this work we estimate the stellar parameters of the primary (Aa) by performing asteroseismic analysis on its period-spacing pattern. Methods. We used the C-3PO neural network to perform asteroseismic modelling of the g-mode period-spacing pattern of Aa, examining the interplay of this information with external constraints from spectroscopy (Teff and log(g)) and eclipse modelling (R). To estimate the level of uncertainty due to different frequency extraction and pattern identification processes, we considered four different variations of the period-spacing patterns. To better understand the correlations between and the uncertainty structure of our parameter estimates, we also employed a classical, parameter-based Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) grid search on four different stellar grids. Results. The externally constrained model that best fits the period-spacing pattern arrives at estimates of the stellar properties for Aa of M = 1.51 ± 0.05 M⊙, Xc = 0.43 ± 0.04, R = 1.66 ± 0.1 R⊙, fov = 0.010, Ωc = 1.58 ± 0.01 d−1 with rigid rotation to within the measurement errors, log(Teff) = 3.856 ± 0.008 dex, log(g) = 4.18 ± 0.04 dex, and log(L) = 0.809 ± 0.005 dex, which agree well with previous measurements from eclipse modelling, spectroscopy, and the Gaia DR3 luminosity. Conclusions. We find that the near-core properties of the best-fitting asteroseismic models are consistent with external constraints from eclipse modelling and spectroscopy. For stellar properties not related to the near-core region, external constraints on the asteroseismic best-fitting models are informative. Aa appears to be a typical example of a γ Dor star, fitting well within existing populations. We find that Aa is quasi-rigidly rotating to within the uncertainties, and note that the asteroseismic age estimate for Aa (1100 ± 100 Myr) is considerably older than the young age (35 Myr) implied by previous isochrone fits to the B binary in the literature. Our MCMC parameter-based grid search agrees well with our pattern-modelling approach. Improved future modelling could come from detailed coverage of metallicity effects and a careful treatment of envelope physics.

Exploring Contact Distance Distributions with Google Colaboratory.

Hi-C and Micro-C are the three-dimensional (3D) genome assays that use high-throughput sequencing. In the analysis, the sequenced paired-end reads are mapped to a reference genome to generate a two-dimensional contact matrix for identifying topologically associating domains (TADs), chromatin loops, and chromosomal compartments. On the other hand, the distance distribution of the paired-end mapped reads also provides insight into the 3D genome structure by highlighting global contact frequency patterns at distances indicative of loops, TADs, and compartments. This chapter presents a basic workflow for visualizing and analyzing contact distance distributions from Hi-C data. The workflow can be run on Google Colaboratory, which provides a ready-to-use Python environment accessible through a web browser. The notebook that demonstrates the workflow is available in the GitHub repository at https://github.com/rnakato/Springer_contact_distance_plot.

Evaluation of Articulatory Dynamics in Palatalized Articulation Using Electropalatography and Analysis of Factors in Its Occurrence

ABSTRACTAimWe aimed to visually evaluate the place of articulation of palatalized articulation (PA) using electropalatography (EPG) and to analyze the involvement of fistula and velopharyngeal function (VPF) as factors in the occurrence of PA.MethodsTen patients with postoperative cleft palate and auditory PA were included. The test sounds were three alveolar sounds, [t], [d], and [s], with [a] inserted before each consonant and [a], [e], and [o] inserted afterward. The test sounds were consecutively recorded five times using the EPG, and a cumulative frequency pattern was created by accumulating the maximum contact frames at the time of each consonant production to visually determine the PA. The place of articulation in the cumulative frequency pattern was subsequently evaluated in detail. The relationship between the place of articulation and fistula and VPF was statistically analyzed.ResultsAll 10 patients had PA for any of the tested sounds. The place of articulation was divided into three patterns: anterior, middle, and posterior. The relationship between the place of articulation and the fistula for PA showed a significant difference between the groups with and without a fistula (U = 0, p = 0.0167, p < 0.05). The relationship with VPF showed no statistically significant differences.ConclusionUsing EPG to visually evaluate the place of articulation of the PA, we could divide it into three positions. Furthermore, there was an association between the place of articulation and fistula, suggesting that the place of articulation is more posterior in the presence of a fistula.

Enhanced Detection of Diffusion Model-Generated Deepfakes Using CNN Feature Maps and Forgery Traces

Recent advancements in generative artificial intelligence powered by deep learning have significantly improved image generation and manipulation, resulting in highly realistic images that pose substantial risks to multimedia security. The increasing similarity between authentic and deepfake images, especially those generated by Diffusion Models, highlights the pressing need for effective detection mechanisms. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of counterfeit facial image detection, focusing on the generalizability and robustness of various detection methods. Using a dataset comprising real images from CelebA-HQ and synthetic images generated by five state-of-the-art models (StyleGAN2, VQGAN, DDPM, PNDM, and LDM), we benchmark four leading detection algorithms: Wang2020, Grag2021, Mandelli2022, and Ojha2023. The performance of these detectors was evaluated across different generative models and under various image perturbations, such as resizing, noise, blur, and compression. Additionally, we analyzed frequency-domain artifacts, revealing that GAN-generated images exhibit distinct frequency patterns, whereas DM-generated images closely resemble authentic ones. A novel hybrid approach combining spatial and frequency-domain features was proposed, yielding superior performance in detecting AI-generated human faces. Among the methods tested, Mandelli2022 achieved an AUC of 98.38%, while our ResNet-50+FFT model outperformed it slightly with an AUC of 98.42%. These results highlight the effectiveness of hybrid approaches in improving detection accuracy. However, detectors still face challenges in generalizing to diverse datasets, emphasizing the need for more adaptable and robust detection strategies.

Auditory temporal order and speech perception in late talkers

Abstract Background Auditory temporal processing skills to perceive rapid changes in intensity, duration, and frequency of sounds over time are essential for early spoken language acquisition and speech perception. This study aimed to assess auditory temporal order and speech perception in late talkers. Methods Fifty children (25 with late-talking and 25 with typical development) aged 7 to 9 years were included in the study. All subjects had typical audiometric thresholds between 125 Hz and 8 kHz (≤ 20 dB HL) and no middle ear pathology. The frequency pattern test, duration pattern test, and speech intelligibility tests in quiet and noise conditions were used to assess auditory temporal order and speech perception. Results Late talkers performed lower than typically developing children on tests of frequency pattern, duration pattern, and speech intelligibility in noise (p < 0.05). When the correlations between the tests used were calculated, there were correlations between the tests for both groups. Conclusions The results indicate that children who talk later than their typically developing peers in the early years of life may have difficulties with some auditory processing skills, even if they catch up with their typically developing peers in speech and language skills in middle childhood. Thus, it is very crucial to monitor auditory processing skills as well as speech and language skills in late talkers.

Frequency, demographics, diagnoses and consultation patterns associated with low-acuity attendances in German emergency departments: a retrospective routine healthcare data analysis from the INDEED project

ObjectiveEvidence suggests interventions targeting low-acuity attendances have been hampered by insufficient characterisation of potential target groups. This study aimed to estimate the frequency of low-acuity emergency department (ED) attendances and...

Дискурсивные маркеры имиджеобразующей деятельности российских губернаторов в социальных медиа

The article analyzes discursive markers used by Russian governors to shape their digital image in social media. The authors examine how political leaders use social media to construct public opinion, enhance trust, and manage their image in the context of modern digital challenges. The study covers the content of Telegram channels of eight governors representing regions with a medium response level for June 2023. The authors highlight key discursive topics (patriotism, socio-economic aspects, interaction with citizens), analyze their frequency and usage patterns. The data obtained demonstrate significant differences in governors’ strategies. Some focus on youth policy and social stability, while others focus on the regions’ economic achievements or maintaining patriotic sentiment. At the same time, the importance of social responsibility, transparency, and interaction with the population in the digital environment is emphasized.

Exploring the Correlations Between Language Impairments, Central Auditory Processing Disorder, Neuropsychiatric Functions, and Seizure Timing in Children With Self-Limited Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes.

Children with self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes often face language impairments and central auditory processing difficulties. The correlations between these issues, seizure timing, and neuropsychiatric challenges are not fully understood. This study delves into the connections between language impairments and central auditory processing difficulties in cases with self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, examining their links with seizure occurrence and neuropsychiatric function. Patients with self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes were categorized based on seizure timing: group 1 experienced seizures postbedtime, and group 2 prewaking. Both, alongside controls, underwent the Turkish Expressive and Receptive Language Test (TIFALDI) for language skills, and the Frequency Pattern and Duration Pattern tests for central auditory processing difficulties. Neuropsychiatric assessments involved the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Conners Parent Rating Scale-Revised Short, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11. The study comprised 56 patients with self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (ages 6-13) and 32 healthy controls. Both groups significantly lagged behind controls on the Frequency Pattern and Duration Pattern tests (P < .001). In the TIFALDI, the expressive language scores varied between group 1 and controls (P = .04) but not the receptive language scores or the test's expressive and receptive language results between group 2 and controls (P > .05). In the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, group 1 diverged from controls in behavioral and kind and helpful behavior scores (P = .016 and P = .012). Group 1's Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 values surpassed controls' (P = .038). Children with self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes have a high central auditory processing difficulties prevalence, regardless of seizure timing. Those with postsleep seizures tend to confront expressive language difficulties, alongside issues in prosocial behavior and impulsivity.

What Drives Herbal Traditions? The Influence of Ecology and Cultural Exchanges on Wild Plant Teas in the Balkan Mountains

This study investigates the ethnobotanical diversity of wild plant teas across various populations in the Balkan mountain regions, focusing on cultural and ecological influences. Data were collected through ethnobotanical field surveys conducted in thirteen distinct areas, encompassing approximately 900 interviews with local populations, including Albanians, Bosniaks, North Macedonians, Goranis, and Serbs. The study identifies 143 genera used in traditional teas, with species frequency and distribution patterns analysed concerning elevation and cultural factors. Statistical analyses using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis revealed clear grouping patterns between populations based on ecological zones. The results show a clear correlation between altitude and the herbal use of plant genera, with higher elevations (above 700 m) supporting a greater variety of local species. Cultural practices, such as tea consumption during communal gatherings, also significantly shaped the selection of plants across different populations. For instance, Sideritis species were most prevalent among Albanian and North Macedonian communities, while Thymus and Mentha species were widely used across all groups. Moreover, cultural exchanges can explain the similarity of wild teas reported by Bosniaks (in Bosnia) and North Albanians, located far away from each other but showing similar traits due to possible common origins or the effect of centuries of pastoralism, which may have generated a constant exchange of local plant practices. The study concludes that ecological conditions and cultural exchanges significantly influence the choice, use, and resilience of wild plant herbal traditions in the Balkans. However, modern pressures such as urbanisation and market-driven consumption are increasingly threatening these practices. This highlights the need for conservation strategies that integrate ecological preservation and cultural heritage safeguarding.

HUBUNGAN FREKUENSI MAKAN DAN POLA TIDUR DENGAN KEJADIAN ANEMIA PADA REMAJA PUTRI DI SMP NEGERI 2 LABUAPI TAHUN 2024

Adolescents are individuals within the age range of 10 to 18 years. Anemia is a common condition frequently observed during this stage of development. Several factors influence hemoglobin levels, including eating frequency and sleep patterns. This study aims to examine the relationship between eating frequency and sleep patterns with anemia on female adolescents at SMP Negeri 2 Labuapi in 2024. This study employs a quantitative research design with a cross-sectional approach. The population consists of female adolescents in grade VII at SMP Negeri 2 Labuapi. A purposive sampling technique was utilized, resulting in a sample size of 45 female adolescents. Data collection instruments included questionnaires and hemoglobin (HB) checkers. Data analysis was conducted using the chi-square test. The study results show that 30 respondents (66.7%) have good eating frequency, while 15 respondents frequency. Additionally, 27 respondents (33.3%) have poor eating (60%) exhibit poor sleep patterns, and 18 respondents (40%) have good sleep patterns. Anemia is present in 27 respondents (60%), while 18 respondents (40%) are not anemic. The analysis reveals the relationship between eating frequency and anemia is p 0.519, meanwhile, the relationship between sleep patterns and anemia is p = 0.000. In conclusion, there is no relationship between eating frequency and anemia among female adolescents at SMP Negeri 2 Labuapi in 2024. However, a relationship is found between sleep patterns and anemia in this population.

Global research trajectories in gut microbiota and functional constipation: a bibliometric and visualization study.

Functional constipation (FC) negatively impacts quality of life and is associated with gut microbiota (GM) imbalances. Despite the growing interest in this area, a thorough analysis of research trends is missing. This study uses bibliometric methods to assess the global research on GM's role in FC, pinpointing key topics, impactful studies, and prominent researchers to guide future research and identify gaps. In our study, we conducted a performance analysis and science mapping using bibliometric indicators such as publication trends, author and institutional contributions, productivity, impact, keyword analysis, and collaboration networks. We employed software tools like VOSviewer, Biblioshiny, CiteSpace, and SCImago Graphica to automate the assessment of metrics including country, institutional, and journal distribution, authorship, keyword frequency, and citation patterns. From 2013 to 2024, annual publications on GM and FC rose from 29 to 252, with a slight decrease to 192 in 2024. Average citations per publication peaked at 11.12 in 2021, declining to 6.43 by 2024. China led in research output (37.8%), followed by the United States (14.4%) and Japan (7.5%). Bibliometric analysis identified key authors like CHEN W and ZHANG H, with 30 and 27 articles, respectively. Jiangnan University and Harvard University were top contributors, with 131 and 81 articles. Keywords analysis revealed "constipation," "gut microbiota," and "probiotic" as central themes, with a shift toward "gut microbiota" and "intestinal flora" in recent years. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the research landscape, highlighting leading authors, institutions, and evolving research priorities in the field. Our review synthesizes current GM and FC research, guiding future studies. It suggests exploring GM in various GI disorders, the impact of lifestyle and drugs on GM, advanced research techniques, and probiotics/prebiotics for FC. There's also a focus on therapies targeting GM's effect on the gut-brain axis, paving the way for improved FC management.

Continuous theta burst stimulation at 30 hz does not modulate cortical excitability in a sham-controlled study

Theta burst stimulation (TBS) can modulate cortical excitability but suffers from high inter-subject variability. Modified TBS frequency patterns (30 Hz) showed consistent inhibitory aftereffects, but further research into the time course of these effects is needed. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a 30 Hz continuous TBS (cTBS) protocol. Participants (n = 20) underwent an experimental session (real cTBS) and a control session (sham cTBS). To assess cortical excitability, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation was applied over the primary motor cortex before cTBS, and at five timepoints after cTBS. Percentage change (PC) to baseline was analysed using a Linear Mixed Model. No difference in PC was found between real and sham cTBS (p = 0.696). Our results demonstrate a significant increase in PC over time (p = 0.006) at 30, (p = 0.01), 45 (p = 0.027), and 55 min (p = 0.024) post cTBS, irrespective of condition. Secondary analysis dividing the sample into responders and paradox-responders showed no significant predictors for cTBS responsiveness. We could not replicate previously reported suppressive effects of 30 Hz cTBS. Increases in MEP amplitudes over a 60-minute time window were independent of stimulation condition and marked by high inter-subject variability. Validations of modified TBS protocols are further needed to replicate findings and understand mechanisms underlying individuals’ responsiveness.

Reconfigurable 28/38 GHz wideband and high isolation MIMO antenna for advanced mmWave applications

Abstract This research presents a high-performance MIMO antenna for 5G and next-generation wireless communication. Operating in the millimeter wave (mmWave) band, the antenna offers frequency and radiation pattern reconfigurability. A compact-size antenna, with dimensions of 22.5×30×0.787 mm3, exhibited peak gains of 7.5 and 6.5 dBi at 28 and 38 GHz, respectively. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) was improved through proper spacing and adopting a simple decoupling technique, ensuring efficient MIMO operation. Based on the evaluated reflection coefficients, bandwidths of 2.3 and 12.9 GHz at 28 and 38 GHz, respectively have been accomplished. The mutual coupling between antenna elements was minimized achieving improved isolation of −37 and −40 dB at the desired frequency bands. This corresponds to an envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain of 1.6×10−4 and 9.99, respectively. The antenna gain was enhanced by incorporating a metasurface designed to optimize gain and improve isolation. For a single-element antenna, the gain was enhanced to 7.9 and 7.3 dBi at frequencies of 28 GHz, and 38 GHz, respectively. The antenna design incorporates frequency and pattern reconfigurability through switching selected antenna ports and patches. The proposed design’s simplicity and antenna compactness make it practical for various mmWave communication systems.

Effect of 3 Different Daily Protein Intakes in a 2-Meal Eating Pattern on Protein Turnover in Middle Age and Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Reduced meal frequency patterns have become popular for weight loss, maintenance, and improving cardiometabolic health. The extended fasting windows with these dietary patterns could lead to greater protein breakdown, which is a concern for middle-aged and older adults who may need higher protein intakes to maintain or increase net protein balance. This study aimed to quantify muscle and whole-body protein kinetic responses to 3 different daily protein intakes within a 2-meal eating pattern. Thirty participants (age: 61 ± 6 y, BMI: 26.5 ± 4.8 kg/m2) participated in this 24-h metabolic study using oral stable isotope tracer techniques and were randomized to 1 of 3 protein intakes: 1) recommended dietary allowance (RDA): 0.8 g/kg/d; 2) habitual United States intake: 1.1 g/kg/d; or 3) ≈2RDA: 1.5 g/kg/d distributed across 2 meals, consumed within a 9-h window. Whole-body net protein balance was significantly higher for 1.5 g/kg/d compared with 0.8 g/kg/d [mean difference: 0.55 g/kg; lean body mass (LBM)/d; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.17, 0.93 g/kg LBM/d; P = 0.004] and 1.1 g/kg/d (mean difference: 0.6 g/kg LBM/d; 95%CI: 0.23, 0.97 g/kg LBM/d; P = 0.001), with no difference between 0.8 and 1.1 g/kg/d (mean difference: 0.05 g/kg LBM/d; 95%CI: -0.31, 0.40 g/kg LBM/d; P = 0.936). Muscle protein synthesis was not significantly different between any groups (P = 0.388). s: Within a 2-meal eating pattern, a protein intake of 1.5 g/kg/d led to a more positive whole-body net protein balance than intakes of 0.8 and 1.1 g/kg/d in middle-aged and older adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04830514.

Identification of variations in time frequency characteristics of sleep stages for humans with different chronotypes

The paper reports the results of a partial-time analysis of EEG signals from healthy volunteers obtained during the recording of polysomnography with an expanded arrangement of electrodes (19 leads). An analysis of the characteristics of frequency patterns (their number, duration, and energy power) was carried out in theta – band (4 – 6 Hz) in five brain areas (central, occipital, frontal zones, and left and right hemispheres). A comparison of the obtained characteristics was carried out according to the chronotypes of the respondents. Based on the results of the study, it was possible to demonstrate chronobiological patterns of nocturnal EEG activity in healthy volunteers. REM sleep stage in groups of participants with morning and evening chronotypes demonstrates statistically significant differences in the number and duration of EEG oscillatory patterns for different areas of brain activity. The report was presented at PhysCon 2024 “Local nocturnal EEG activity of healthy people depending on chronotype”.

A Method for Identifying Warm Fronts in Eurasia

ABSTRACTWarm fronts often trigger significant weather changes, which also play a role in many extreme weather incidents. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the location and characteristics of warm fronts to accurately forecast weather changes. However, warm fronts are more difficult to identify than cold fronts on average, since the gradients can be weaker and shallower. This paper proposes a new objective method for identifying warm fronts in the Eurasia region using ERA‐5 hourly reanalysis data. The method uses the appropriate thermal front parameter and warm advection threshold to identify the potential warm frontal zone, then determines the corresponding warm boundary according to the predominant wind direction within the frontal zone, and finally locates the warm front line along the warm boundary. In various weather processes, the location and shape of the objective warm front correspond well with the distribution of weather systems and meteorological elements, indicating the effectiveness of the method. Meanwhile, the high agreement between objective and manual warm fronts further supports the reliability of the method. Furthermore, this method is applied to the long‐term datasets covering Eurasia, enabling an exploration of the climatological characteristics of warm fronts in the region. The study reveals distinct seasonal patterns in warm front frequency, with the highest frequency occurring during winter and the lowest during summer. Warm fronts are notably active in Europe, the Siberian Plain, the Northeast China Plain extending to the Western Pacific during winter, spring, and autumn. The dataset of warm fronts produced by this method proves valuable for climate change research.