Wave Frequency Research Articles

Cosmologically consistent analysis of gravitational waves from hidden sectors

Production of gravitational waves in the early Universe is discussed in a cosmologically consistent analysis within a first-order phase transition involving a hidden sector feebly coupled with the visible sector. Each sector resides in its own heat bath leading to a potential dependent on two temperatures and on two fields: one a standard model Higgs field and the other a scalar arising from a hidden sector U(1) gauge theory. A synchronous evolution of the hidden and visible sector temperatures is carried out from the reheat temperature down to the electroweak scale. The hydrodynamics of two-field phase transitions, one for the visible and the other for the hidden is discussed, which leads to separate tunneling temperatures and different sound speeds for the two sectors. Gravitational waves emerging from the two sectors are computed and their imprint on the measured gravitational wave power spectrum vs frequency is analyzed in terms of bubble nucleation signature, i.e., detonation, deflagration, and hybrid. It is shown that the two-field model predicts gravitational waves accessible at several proposed gravitational wave detectors: LISA, DECIGO, BBO, and Taiji, and their discovery would probe specific regions of the hidden sector parameter space and may also shed light on the nature of bubble nucleation in the early Universe. The analysis presented here indicates that the cosmologically preferred models are those where the tunneling in the visible sector precedes the tunneling in the hidden sector and the sound speed cs lies below its maximum, i.e., cs2<13. It is of interest to investigate if these features are universal and applicable to a wider class of cosmologically consistent models. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Rydberg-atom-based radio-frequency sensors: amplitude-regime sensing

Rydberg atom-based radio frequency electromagnetic field sensors are drawing wide-spread interest because of their unique properties, such as small size, dielectric construction, and self-calibration. These photonic sensors use lasers to prepare atoms and read out the atomic response to a radio frequency electromagnetic field based on electromagnetically induced transparency, or related phenomena. Much of the theoretical work has focused on the Autler-Townes splitting induced by the radio frequency wave. The amplitude regime, where the change in transmission observed on resonance is measured to determine electric field strength, has received less attention. In this paper, we deliver analytic expressions that are useful for calculating the absorption coefficient in the amplitude regime. Our main goal is to describe the analytic expressions for the absorption coefficient and demonstrate their validity over a large range of the interesting parameter space. The effect of the thermal motion of the atoms is explicitly addressed. The analytic formulas for the absorption coefficient for different types of Doppler broadening are compared to estimate the sensitivity under conditions where it is limited by the laser shot noise. Residual Doppler shifts are shown to limit sensitivity. The expressions, approximations and descriptions presented in the paper are important for understanding the absorption of Rydberg atom-based sensors in the amplitude regime. This provides insight into the physics of multi-level interference phenomena.

Wave-induced fluid flow and reflection/transmission of seismic waves at a fluid/double-porosity thermoelastic medium interface

This study investigates the wave-induced fluid flow and reflection/transmission of seismic waves at the interface of a non-viscous fluid and a double-porosity thermoelastic (DPT) solid. The analytical reflection/transmission coefficients are calculated for two boundary conditions: wholly sealed and open pores using the displacement potentials and Gauss-elimination method. The wave-induced local fluid flow (LFF) is computed analytically using the transmission coefficients of transmitted waves in a DPT medium, and it found that four compressional waves contribute to wave-induced LFF. Further, the energy partitioning between reflected and transmitted waves is also computed. An energy matrix describes the amount of energy transmitted to the DPT medium. The matrix has five diagonal elements representing the five waves’ energy proportions with different properties. The total of all the non-diagonal elements in the matrix indicates the energy involved in the interaction between transmitted waves. A numerical example is considered to perform the computational analysis of distinct propagation characteristics. Finally, the impacts of incident direction, wave frequency, inclusion radius, and pores fluid viscosity on the wave-induced LFF and energy partitioning are investigated graphically. Finally, energy conservation for both kinds of surface pores is found.

Wave propagation in bidirectional functionally graded tapered beams incorporating porosity effect

This study addresses wave propagation in beams made of bidirectional functionally graded materials (BDFG) and having nonuniform cross section by using a quasi-3D analytical solution. For the first time, this aspect will be studied. The mechanical characteristics of the beams are supposed to be variable in both axial and transvers direction according to a specific law depending on the porosity. The mathematical formulation used is based on a displacement field containing indeterminate terms and requiring a few variables to be determined. The thickness and width of the beams are assumed to be linearly variable in the longitudinal direction. The equations governing the simply supported beams are obtained by applying the principle of virtual work and are then analytically solved to obtain the phase velocities and wave frequencies. In addition, the validation results reveal excellent concordance of the proposed theory with those given in the literature. Then, a detailed parametric study is carried out to investigate the influence of the several geometrical and material parameters on the wave propagation in BDFG tapered beams. It is observed that these parameters have significant impact on the wave propagation in BDFG tapered porous beams. These results can be used as benchmark solutions for future studies.

Numerical investigation of rock-breaking mechanisms and influencing factors of different PDC cutters during rotary percussion drilling

While drilling deep or ultra-deep wells in hard rock formations, there are significant problems such as easy wear of drilling cutters and a low rate of penetration (ROP), and rotary percussion drilling technology is one of the essential techniques for improving drilling efficiency. However, there is currently limited research on the compatibility of rotary percussion drilling tools, polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters, and hard rock formations. Considering the motion mechanism of rotary percussion drilling tools, a three-dimensional rock-breaking numerical model was established for different cutters (planar, axe-shaped, and triple-ridged) under impact loads. Penetration depths, cutting widths, and rock-breaking volumes of different cutters under static and dynamic load coupling were analyzed. Changes in tensile, compressive, and shear stresses during the cutter rock-breaking process were compared, revealing the different cutter rock-breaking mechanisms under impact loads. The cutter rock-breaking laws under different impact amplitudes and frequencies were analyzed quantitatively, and the differences in rock-breaking effects of different cutters under various geological conditions were assessed. The results indicated that cutter penetration depth during rotary percussion drilling could be increased by 16.04% compared to that during conventional drilling. Under the same impact load, the rock-breaking effects of different cutters on hard and soft rocks exhibited similar variation patterns. The penetration depth followed the order axe-shaped > triple-ridged > planar cutters, with an average tangential order of triple-ridged < axe-shaped < planar cutters. When drilling through hard rock, the average penetration depths of planar, axe-shaped, and triple-ridged cutters were 5.57, 6.06, and 3.91 mm, respectively. The average tangential forces were 670.57, 541.76, and 347.89 N, respectively. During the transition from soft to hard rock during drilling, the tangential forces of the planar, axe-shaped, and triple-ridged cutters increased by 8.41%, 3.21%, and 2.64%, respectively. The planar cutter experienced the most significant instantaneous tangential-force change and was more prone to impact damage. Increasing the amplitude of the axial stress waves helps enhance the penetration depth of the drill bit, whereas increasing the frequency of the stress waves can reduce the intensity of fluctuations during drill-bit penetration and increase drill-bit stability. The research results provide insights into optimizing drilling cutters and engineering parameters during rotary percussion drilling.

Predicting Blast-Induced Damage and Dynamic Response of Drill-and-Blast Tunnel Using Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

The significance of predicting the dynamic response and damage of an existing concrete tunnel during underground blasting has increased owing to the close proximity between the newly built and existing tunnels. Peak particle velocity (PPV) is a commonly used criterion in the assessment of blast-induced structural damage. However, such structural damage is also associated with the frequency content of the blast wave. Nevertheless, the recommended threshold PPVs, which are based on empirical criteria, predict conservative estimations. Using stringent and regulated blasting methods often results in project delays and escalates the total project expenditure. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element model of an underground tunnel has been developed in LS-DYNA to analyze damage to the concrete tunnels under blast loading. A suite of analyses was performed to examine the potential damage induced in the underground tunnel. A lower frequency load was found to have a greater potential for producing damage compared with a high frequency blast load. The results showed that the location of the cracking within the tunnel, such as the arch foot or tunnel wall, was also influenced by the frequency of the blast wave. The maximum allowable PPV for the concrete tunnel was determined for a range of frequencies based on predicted free field PPV and additional factors of safety of 1.2 and 1.5 were established, depending on the safety needs and importance of the tunnel construction. Thus, our findings provide useful information for improving the evaluation of tunnel damage and guaranteeing the safety of underground tunnels.

Parametric decay instability of circularly polarized Alfvén waves in magnetically dominated plasma.

We investigate parametric decay instability (PDI) of circularly polarized Alfvén wave into daughter acoustic wave and backward Alfvén wave in magnetically dominated plasma, in which the magnetization parameter σ (energy density ratio of background magnetic field to matter) exceeds unity. We analyze relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), focusing on wave frequencies sufficiently lower than the plasma and cyclotron frequencies. We derive analytical formulas for the dispersion relation and growth rate of the instability as a function of the magnetization σ, wave amplitude η, and plasma temperature θ. We find that PDI persists even in high magnetization σ, albeit with a decreased growth rate up to σ→∞. Our formulas are useful for estimating the decay of Alfvén wave into acoustic wave and heat in high magnetization σ plasma, which is a ubiquitous phenomenon such as in pulsars, magnetars, and fast radio bursts.

Nonlinear modelling of arrays of submerged wave energy converters

Studies of arrays of wave energy converters (WECs) with respect to power absorption and array interactions are often performed using linear models. However, nonlinear effects can be important and may change power estimates and optimal array designs. In this study, we have compared linear predictions of the behaviour of a shallowly submerged, buoyant point absorber with predictions from the nonlinear model SWASH with a WEC incorporated (WEC-SWASH). The latter was first comprehensively validated against 1:20 Froude scaled measured data from physical experiments. WEC-SWASH predictions of body motions and mean power absorption were generally in good agreement with measurements (absolute bias within 25%), although some discrepancies were observed in the body motions, especially when the device exhibited motion instabilities. The validated WEC-SWASH model was then compared with a linear frequency-domain model, as the latter is well-known and widely used because of its computational efficiency. Model comparisons were carried out for both an isolated WEC and small arrays (up to 5 devices). The mean power estimates from the linear model and WEC-SWASH for two representative wave farms showed good agreement for mild waves, with a difference of less than 5%. However, for larger waves, the disagreement increased to about 75 to 85% between the models (for the two wave farms tested). We found that array interactions for these arrays depend on wave amplitude and not just wave frequency. Furthermore, we discovered that the power take-off coefficients optimized using the linear model were not the optimum coefficients for the nonlinear model (WEC-SWASH).

Design and stability analysis of a new six-floater oscillating water column-based floating offshore wind turbine platform

The operational efficiency and lifespan of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs) are adversely impacted by the inherent platform motions and undesired vibrations induced by wind and wave loads. To effectively address these effects, the control of specific structural motions is of utmost importance, with platform pitch and yaw identified as the primary Degrees Of Freedom (DOF) that require attention. This study proposes a novel utilization of Oscillating Water Columns (OWCs) as a reliable and viable solution to mitigate platform pitch and yaw motions, thereby significantly enhancing the efficiency and reducing fatigue in wind turbines. This article aims to evaluate the impact resulting from integrating OWCs within each discrete floater of a Six-Floater platform. By considering different combinations of OWCs, a comprehensive analysis of the Response Amplitude Operators (RAOs) associated with pitch and yaw motions is presented. The primary objective is to identify the most efficient arrangements of OWCs and determine suitable combinations that effectively stabilize platform pitch and yaw motions. The empirical results substantiate that specific OWC configurations exhibit notable dampening effects on both pitch and yaw motions, particularly within specific wave frequency intervals. Consequently, it can be inferred that the integration and adequate operation of OWCs facilitate a substantial improvement in the stabilization of multi-floater platforms.

Oxidative stress across multiple tissues in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) acclimated to warm, stable cold, and unpredictable cold thermal treatments.

With climate change increasing not just mean temperatures but the frequency of cold snaps and heat waves, animals occupying thermally variable areas may be faced with thermal conditions for which they are not prepared. Studies of physiological adaptations of temperate resident birds to such thermal variability are largely lacking in the literature. To address this gap, we acclimated winter-phenotype house sparrows (Passer domesticus) to stable warm, stable cold, and fluctuating cold temperatures. We then measured several metrics of the oxidative stress (OS) system, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and lipid oxidative damage, in brain (post-mitotic), kidney (mitotic), liver (mitotic) and pectoralis muscle (post-mitotic). We predicted that high metabolic flexibility could be linked to increases in reactive oxygen damage. Alternatively, if variation in ROS production is not associated with metabolic flexibility, then we predict no antioxidant compensation with thermal variation. Our data suggest that ROS production is not associated with metabolic flexibility, as we found no differences across thermal treatment groups. However, we did find differences across tissues. Brain catalase activity demonstrated the lowest values compared with kidney, liver and muscle. In contrast, brain glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were higher than those in kidney and liver. Muscle GPx activities were intermediate to brain and kidney/liver. Lipid peroxidation damage was lowest in the kidney and highest in muscle tissue.

Sonophotocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole using lanthanum ferrite perovskite oxide anchored on an ultrasonically exfoliated porous graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet.

The lanthanum ferrite perovskite (La0.8FO) was synthesized using a citric combustion route and then modified with a porous graphitic nitride nanosheet via the wet impregnation-assisted ultrasonic method to produce La0.8FO@PgNS. Various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), and Tauc plot analysis were employed to confirm the functional moieties, crystallinity, phase change, morphology, composition, and bandgap of La.0.8FO and La0.8FO@PgNS. La0.8FO and La0.8FO@PgNS were used for the sonophotocatalytic oxidative degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) under low energy and ultrasound wave frequency in the presence of visible light. La0.8FO and La0.8FO@PgNS exhibited a sonophotocatalytic degradation capacity of 52.06 and 99.60%, respectively. Furthermore, the rate constant at the optimum condition of pH 7 and 5 mg L-1 concentration was 0.01343 and 0.01494 min-1 for La0.8FO and La0.8FO@PgNS, respectively. The integration of sonolysis and photocatalysis in the remediation process of SMX resulted in a synergy of 2.5-fold. Ultrasonic waves and hydroxyl and superoxide radicals are the main species governing the degradation process while La0.8FO@PgNS was stable over 8 cycles, proving to be a sustainable material for environmental remediation.

Millimeter wave negative refractive index metamaterial antenna array

In this paper, a novel negative refractive index metamaterial (NIM) is developed and characterized. The proposed metamaterial exhibits negative effective permittivity (εeffe) and negative effective permeability (µeffe) at millimeter wave frequency of 28 GHz. This attractive feature is utilized to enhance the gain of a microstrip patch antenna (MPA). Two thin layers of 5 × 5 subwavelength unit cell array of NIM are placed above a single MPA to enhance the gain of the antenna. Each unit cell has an area of 3.4 × 3.4 mm2. A gain increase of 7.9 dBi has been observed when using the proposed NIM as a superstrate. Furthermore, the NIM array is placed over a 2 × 2 array of MPAs with four ports to demonstrate versatility of the metamaterial. The total size of the 2 × 2 antenna array system with N-MTM is about 61.1 × 34 × 16mm3 (5.71λ × 3.18λ × 1.5λ, where λ is the free-space wavelength at 28 GHz). The measurement result indicate that the maximum gain of the antenna array is 13.5dBi. A gain enhancement of 7.55 dB in E-Plane and 7.25 dB in H-Plane at the resonant frequency of 28 GHz is obtained. The proposed antenna structure is suitable for 5G millimeter wave communications, in particular, for possible implementation in future millimeter wave access points and cellular base stations.

Numerical Study of Hydrodynamic Characteristics of a Three-Dimensional Oscillating Water Column Wave-Power Device

The impact of wave-induced forces on the integrity of stationary oscillating water column (OWC) devices is essential for ensuring their structural safety. In our study, we built a three-dimensional numerical model of an OWC device using the computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) software OpenFOAM-v1912. Subsequently, the hydrodynamic performance of the numerical model is comprehensively validated. Finally, the hydrodynamic performance data are analyzed in detail to obtain meaningful conclusions. Results indicate that the horizontal wave force applied to the OWC device is approximately 6.6 to 7.9 times greater than the vertical wave force, whereas the lateral wave force is relatively small. Both the horizontal and vertical wave forces decrease as the relative water depth increases under a constant wave period and height. In addition, the highest dynamic water pressure is observed at the interface between the water surface and device, both within and outside the front wall of the gas chamber. The dynamic water pressure at different locations on the front chamber increases and subsequently decreases as the wave frequency increases.

Measurements of the complex permittivity of low loss ferrites at millimeter wave frequencies

Significant progress has been achieved in millimeter-wave technologies, enabled by the development of dielectric and magnetic materials operating at such frequencies. Conventional resonance dielectric characterization techniques are not applicable due to small required sample sizes. Measurements of the complex permittivity of spherical samples available from ferrite manufacturers are proposed, performed in metal cavities by employing spherical dielectric resonances. Rigorous analysis of the resonance structure allowed the determination of the diameter of an equivalent spherical enclosure, which negligibly affects the result accuracy but allows to reduce the 2D electromagnetic problem to a 1D one. Measurements have been performed on yttrium-iron- and calcium-vanadium-garnet samples having diameters in the 1.2 - 2.8 mm range at frequencies 25 - 58 GHz. The permittivity of these samples was found to be in the range of 14 to 16 and the dielectric loss tangent in the range of 1.6×10−4 to 9.6×10−4.

An Analytical Model for Cosmology with a Single Input, the Redshift

We propose an analytical model for cosmology which requires only one parameter as an input. This parameter is the redshift. The model is based on conservation of energy, Planck’s Radiation Law, and the relation between energy and frequency of waves. The model yields the current age of the universe, the age of the universe at the CMB emission, as well as the time histories of its expansion velocity and acceleration. The model also is used to show the existence of a constant energy per unit area, associated with the momentum energy of photons, which generates the pressure that perpetuates the expansion of the universe. The model is completely independent of the ɅCDM model but implicitly includes the effects of gravity. Using the model we show the existence of a constant in nature that under certain assumptions can represent the Hubble constant. We have used the model to derive the Hubble constants measured by Reiss et al. and by the Planck Collaboration. Using the model we show that the path of light in the Planck collaboration measurement is along a circular arc, while the Reiss et al. measurement path is exactly along the chord of the same circular arc. The difference in the light travel times along these two paths matches exactly the difference between the two measured values for the Hubble constant, as measured by Reiss et al. and as measured by the Planck Collaboration. This result explains the cause of tension between the two methods of measurement.

The impact of heat waves on food industry productivity: Firm‐level evidence from Italy

AbstractThis paper investigates the impact of heat waves on the productivity of the Italian food industry. Using daily weather and firm‐level data for the 2004–2019 period, we show that a heat wave causes, on average, a reduction in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of about 3.2%. Smaller firms are more severely affected, with a reduction of approximately 7%, revealing unequal impacts within the same country and sector. The reduction in TFP can be partially attributed to lower workers' productivity, with labour input increased in order to compensate for productivity loss. The estimated effect is heterogeneous across subsectors, with some well‐known Italian products (e.g., wine production) more severely affected by heat waves. These findings have significant policy implications due to the expected increase in the frequency of heat waves caused by climate change, and are particularly important in the case of the Italian food industry, which is mainly composed of small firms. The paper highlights the need to investigate further the impacts of heat stress on the entire food system, as most of the literature has predominantly focused on the agricultural sector.

The Virus Gone Viral: The October 4th Conspiracy, “X”, and Post-Truth

On October 4th, 2023, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and Federal Communications Commission (FCC) conducted a nationwide test of the Emergency Alert System and Wireless Emergency Alerts, broadcasting a message to all consumer cell phones in the United States; This routine test became the catalyst for a baseless conspiracy theory involving 5G, wave frequencies, and zombies within the anti-vaccine community and gained significant traction online. In the context of a post-truth world, the proliferation of such dangerous misinformation warrants an examination of the role played by social media platforms, particularly "X" (formerly "Twitter"), in disseminating the October 4th Zombie conspiracy theory. This study explores how social media facilitates the dissemination and perpetuation of groundless theories devoid of objective truth within like-minded communities, and utilizes content analysis, discourse analysis, and an examination of user engagement with October 4th-related content on "X". What is found is that the rise of this conspiracy theory is largely attributed to the nature of the “X” algorithm: whether engaged with positively or negatively, engagement pushes content regardless of the nature of the post and therefore enables the widespread of the conspiracy theory across the platform to be viewed by millions. Thus, these findings bring forth the question of who is responsible for regulating informational versus misinformational discourse if we live in a post-truth era.

N-doped CNTs/CoNi nanochains-carbon hollow microspheres multi-level multi-scale heterogeneous interface structures and microwave absorption properties

Constructing multi-level multi-scale heterogeneous interfaces in magnetic carbon-based composites remains a formidable challenge, requiring rational material combinations to effectively balance dielectric and magnetic losses for achieving high strength and wide frequency wave absorption. Electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials consisted of cobalt-nickel (CoNi) magnetic nanochain, nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) and hollow carbon microspheres were prepared by hydrothermal method without external magnetic field. These composites possessed a unique multi-level multi-scale heterogeneous interface structure that is highly advantageous for efficient absorption of EMWs. The CoNi nanoparticles were self-assembled into uniformly distributed and randomly oriented magnetic nanochains, which were further reassembled with NCNTs and hollow carbon microspheres to form heterogeneous interface structures resembling a rose, chrysanthemum, hedgehog ball, and bauhinia tree. Due to the high-density interface enhancing the loss ability of interface polarization, as well as the higher saturation magnetization, coercivity, and wave absorption ability of the magnetic nanochains compared to the magnetic nanoparticles themselves, the minimum reflection loss achieved is −66.86 dB, and the effective absorption bandwidth achieved is 5.01 GHz, at a content as low as 11 wt%. This study provides a new idea for generating nanochains without magnetic fields and constructing multi-level and multi-scale heterogeneous interface structures to achieve strong absorption and wide effective absorption bandwidth (EAB).

Three-dimensional thermomechanical wave propagation analysis of sandwich nanoplate with graphene-reinforced foam core and magneto-electro-elastic face layers using nonlocal strain gradient elasticity theory

This article investigates the propagation of bending, longitudinal, and shear waves in a smart sandwich nanoplate with a graphene platelet (GPL)-reinforced foam core and magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) surface layers using sinusoidal higher-order shear deformation theory (SHSDT). The suggested nanoplate is comprised of a Ti–6Al–4V foam core placed between MEE surface layers. The MEE surface layers are composed of a volumetric combination of cobalt-ferrite (CoFe2O4) and barium-titanate (BaTiO3). The foam core and MEE face layers’ material characteristics are temperature dependent. In this study, three different core types are considered: metallic solid core (Type-I), GPL-reinforced solid core (Type-II) and GPL-reinforced foam core (Type-III), as well as three different foam distributions: symmetrical foam I (S-Foam I), symmetrical foam II (S-Foam II) and uniform foam (U-Foam). To derive the nanoplate's equations of motion and determine the system response, Hamilton's principle and Navier's method are employed. The effects of various parameters such as the wave number, nonlocal parameter, foam void coefficient and distribution pattern, GPL volume fraction, and thermal, electric, and magnetic charges, on the phase velocity and wave frequency are investigated via analytical calculations. The findings of the research indicate that the 3-D wave propagation characteristics of the sandwich nanoplate can be considerably modified or tuned with respect to external loads and material parameters. Thus, the proposed sandwich structure is expected to provide important contributions to radar stealth applications, protection of nanoelectromechanical devices from high frequency and temperature environments, advancement of smart nanoelectromechanical sensors characterized by lightweight and temperature sensitivity and wearable health equipment applications.

The collisional study of EIC waves in a magnetized dusty plasma with the inclusion of a DC electric field

This study investigates Electrostatic Ion Cyclotron (EIC) waves and their behaviour in weakly collisional plasmas, utilizing a proposed kinetic analytical model. The findings include alterations in EIC wave dispersion characteristics due to collisions, with parameters such as dust density, collision frequency, gyro-radius, magnetic field, density ratio, and electric field influencing wave growth rate and frequency. Temperature analysis reveals that higher electron-to-ion temperature ratios lead to increased frequency and critical drift velocity, while decreasing the growth rate. In addition, the critical drift velocity is studied for the unstable mode and it is observed that the relative density ratio increases with a reduction in critical drift velocity. Electron collisions destabilize EIC waves, while ion collisions stabilize them. Furthermore, the presence of dust particles decreases the growth rate of EIC waves as dust grain density increases. These results align with observations reported in previous literature.