Frequency Of Total Cholesterol Research Articles

Plasma lipids, alcohol intake frequency and risk of Osteoarthritis: a Mendelian randomization study

BackgroudPlasma lipids and alcohol intake frequency have been reported to be associated with the risk of osteoarthritis (OA). However, it remains inconclusive whether plasma lipids and alcohol intake frequency play a role in the development of OA.MethodsThe study employed a comprehensive genome-wide association database to identify independent genetic loci strongly linked to plasma lipids and alcohol intake frequency, which were used as instrumental variables. The causal association between plasma lipids, alcohol intake frequency, and the risk of OA was then analyzed using two-sample Mendelian randomization methods such as inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger regression, and weighted median estimator (WME), with odds ratios (ORs) as the evaluation criteria.ResultsA total of 392 SNPs were included as instrumental variables in this study, including 32 for total cholesterol (TC), 39 for triglycerides (TG), 170 for high-density lipoproteins (HDL), 60 for low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and 91 for alcohol intake frequency. Using the above two-sample Mendelian Randomization method to derive the causal association between exposure and outcome, with the IVW method as the primary analysis method and other MR analysis methods complementing IVW. The results of this study showed that four exposure factors were causally associated with the risk of OA. TC obtained a statistically significant result for IVW (OR = 1.207, 95% CI: 1.018–1.431, P = 0.031); TG obtained a statistically significant result for Simple mode (OR = 1.855, 95% CI: 1.107–3.109, P = 0.024); LDL obtained three statistically significant results for IVW, WME and Weighted mode (IVW: OR = 1.363, 95% CI: 1.043–1.781, P = 0.023; WME: OR = 1.583, 95% CI: 1.088–2.303, P = 0.016; Weighted mode: OR = 1.521, 95% CI: 1.062–2.178, P = 0.026). Three statistically significant results were obtained for alcohol intake frequency with IVW, WME and Weighted mode (IVW: OR = 1.326, 95% CI: 1.047–1.678, P = 0.019; WME: OR = 1.477, 95% CI: 1.059–2.061, P = 0.022; Weighted mode: OR = 1.641, 95% CI: 1.060–2.541, P = 0.029). TC, TG, LDL, and alcohol intake frequency were all considered as risk factors for OA. The Cochran Q test for the IVW and MR-Egger methods indicated intergenic heterogeneity in the SNPs contained in TG, HDL, LDL, and alcohol intake frequency, and the test for pleiotropy indicated a weak likelihood of pleiotropy in all causal analyses.ConclusionsThe results of two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis showed that TC, TG, LDL, and alcohol intake frequency were risk factors for OA, and the risk of OA increased with their rise.

The correlation of plasma atherogenic index and obesity in patients with familial Mediterranean fever.

The plasma atherogenic index (PAI) is associated with cardiovascular diseases. This study evaluated the relationship between PAI and obesity in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and its advantage over conventional lipid components in predicting obesity. The cross-sectional study included 164 FMF patients in the attack-free period and a control group of 160 healthy individuals. Serum lipid components were measured, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). PAI was calculated as log 10 (TG/HDL-C). The relationship between PAI, four conventional lipid profiles, and obesity was evaluated. The mean PAI values (p = 0.003), frequency of obesity (p = 0.005), TC (p = 0.008), TG (p = 0.000), and LDL-C (p = 0.005) values were determined to be statistically significantly higher in the FMF patients than in the control group. The FMF patients with a higher PAI value had a higher risk of obesity, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, TC, and LDL-C, and lower HDL-C (p < 0.001). The Pearson coefficient for PAI (r = 0.854; p < 0.001) was calculated as an explanatory percentage on the variable of obesity of r2 = 0.730. There was a stronger relationship between obesity and PAI than conventional lipid components (p < 0.001). We have found that the PAI, BMI, TC, TG, and LDL-C values of the FMF patients were determined to be higher. The higher PAI was strongly correlated to obesity in FMF patients. The first time in FMF patients, PAI showed increased sensitivity to predict obesity, higher than conventional lipid components. It can be a promising biomarker for obesity compared to other lipid components. A low-cost and readily available index derived from routine (TG and HDL-C) tests are advantages in identifying obesity in FMF patients. Key Points • The PAI is valuable for atherosclerotic CVD risk management in patients with rheumatismal diseases. • A correlation is found between PAI level and obesity, and it is used as a biomarker for obesity in the healthy population. • The PAI revealed increased sensitivity to predict obesity, higher than conventional lipid components in FMF patients.

Effect of the normalization of TSH and free T4 on lipid profile in a pediatric population with primary hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism has been associated with dyslipidemia. Its treatment with levothyroxine has shown a positive effect on the lipid profile in adults, however, there is a lack of data on the pediatric popu lation. to evaluate the effect of the thyroid profile normalization on the lipid profile in children with primary hypothyroidism. Retrospective study in children aged from 6 to 16 years, with diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis, in treatment with levothyroxine, and who had an evaluation of serum lipids before and during their treatment. The lipid profile was evaluated in 2 stages: the first one referred to as "before levothyroxine treatment" (at the diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism) and the second one referred to as " thyroid profile normalization" (when normalization of Thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] and free T4 [FT4] was achieved during levothyroxine treatment). Sociodemographic and anthropometric data were recorded. The lipid profile evaluation consisted of the serum determination of total cholesterol (TC), high-density cholesterol (HDL-C), and TG. The phenotype of dyslipidemias was determined according to the Fredrickson's classification. 72 patients were included (61% women; age 11.5 ± 2.9 years), out of which 58.3% (n = 42) presented pre-treatment dyslipidemia. In hypothyroid state, it was evident the correlation of TSH with TC (r = 0.36; p = 0.002), LDL-C (r = 0.46; p = 0.01), and HDL-C (r = -0.33; p = 0.004). The thyroid profile normalization showed the reduction of TC [184 mg/dL (IQR 92-322) vs 147 mg/dL (IQR 92-283); p = 0.05], LDL-C [99 mg/dL (IQR 44-232) vs 82 mg/dL (IQR 41-168); p = 0.02], TG [113 mg/dL (IQR 50-483) vs 88 mg/dL (IQR 16-343); p = 0.03], and the frequency of dyslipidemia [58.3% vs 22.2%; p = 0.001), as well as the TC correction with TG (r = 0.35; p = 0.02) and LDL-C (r = 0.88; p = 0.01). Persistent dyslipidemia was associated with obesity (r = 0.27; p = 0.02), overweight (r = 0.58; p = 0.001), and pre-treatment dyslipidemia (r = 0.53; p = 0.001). There is an association between TSH, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C in hypothyroidism. When the thyroid profile was normalized, there was a reduction of TC, TG, LDL- C, and dyslipidemia frequency. Persistent dyslipidemia was associated with obesity, overweight, and pre-treatment dyslipidemia.

Risk factors for development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after pancreatoduodenectomy.

Considerable attention has been focused on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which occasionally develops after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). The present study aimed to clarify the prevalence, sequential change in properties and risk factors for NAFLD development after PD. We enrolled 196 patients who underwent PD and a computed tomography (CT) scan 1 month, 6 months and 1 year after surgery. NAFLD was defined as a liver‐to‐spleen attenuation ratio on plain CT of <0.9. We compared various clinical factors between the NAFLD group and the control group. Individual prevalence of NAFLD at 1 month, 6 months and 1 year after surgery was 12%, 21% and 15%. Significantly different factors by univariate analysis were as follows: 1 month: age, sex, total protein (TP), total cholesterol (TC) and copper (Cu); 6 months: sex, disease, surgical method, portal vein resection (PVR), frequency of defecation, TC and Cu; 1 year: age, sex, disease, surgical method, PVR, frequency of defecation, TP and Cu. Risk factors by multivariate analysis were as follows: 1 month: not elderly age, female sex and a decrease in Cu; 6 months: female sex and a decrease in Cu; 1 year: a decrease in Cu. NAFLD after PD frequently developed in women with a decrease in serum Cu and was influenced by various factors related to poor digestion and absorption associated with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.

Serum Lipid Abnormalities and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adult Males

BackgroundDyslipidemia is a risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of our study was to determine the associations of serum lipid indexes with NAFLD in adult males. Materials and MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 830 patients with NAFLD and 2,357 healthy individuals were assessed. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were compared between patients with NAFLD and controls. The associations of dyslipidemia indexes with NAFLD occurrence were assessed by univariate analysis, and multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent dyslipidemia factors predictive of NAFLD. ResultsOf the 3,187 study subjects, NAFLD occurred in 830 (26.04%), there were 504 (60.72%) patients with mild disease and 326 (39.28%) patients with moderate-to-severe disease. Although the frequency of normal TC, TG, LDL-C and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients with NAFLD was similar to the controls, the frequencies of patients with NAFLD with marginally high and high TC, TG and LDL-C levels were significantly different when compared with controls. Interestingly, the association of the number of abnormal serum lipid indexes and NAFLD was highly significant with 2 abnormalities (odds ratio = 1.977; 95% CI: 1.436-2.722; P < 0.001) and ≥3 abnormalities (odds ratio = 3.505; 95% CI: 2.466-4.982; P < 0.001). ConclusionsA significant positive association was found between dyslipidemia characteristics and NAFLD in adult males.

Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Children With Hypertension

Most information describing hypertension in the young comes from single-center reports. To better understand contemporary demographic and clinical characteristics of hypertensive children and adolescents, we examined baseline data on 351 children aged 1 to <17 years old who were enrolled in 2 multicenter trials of valsartan. Anthropometric, laboratory, and demographic information at randomization was extracted from the clinical trials databases. Summary variables were created and compared for 3 age groups: <6 years (n=90), 6 to <12 years (n=131), and 12 to <17 years (n=130). Comparisons were also made between different etiologies of hypertension and for different anthropometric categories. Children<6 years old were significantly more likely to have secondary hypertension and were significantly less likely to have weight or body mass index>95 percentile compared with older children. Estimated glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower in children<6 years old (90.9±31.8 mL/min per 1.73 m2) than in the other 2 age groups (6 to <12 years, 141.4±42.1 mL/min per 1.73 m2; 12 to <17 years, 138.3±46.0 mL/min per 1.73 m2). Frequency of total cholesterol>95 percentile was significantly lower in children aged<6 years. Diastolic blood pressure index (subject blood pressure÷95 percentile) was significantly higher in children<6 years old (1.1 versus 1.0 in both the 6 to <12 years and 12 to <17 years groups; both P<0.0001). We conclude that hypertensive children<6 years are more likely to have secondary hypertension and to have higher diastolic blood pressure and lower glomerular filtration rate and are less likely to be obese or to have elevated cholesterol than school-aged children or adolescents. These findings emphasize unique aspects of childhood hypertension that should be considered when evaluating children and adolescents with elevated blood pressure and in designing future clinical trials.

Relationship of Daily Activity and Biochemical Variables in the Elderly with Diabetes Mellitus

This study was done to identify correlates and variables predicting daily activity among elders with Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Seventy-six elders registered in the Department of Endocrine Medicine at C university hospital participated in data collection. Data on daily activity and biochemical variables were collected via actigraph accelerator (Actical) and blood tests between September 2009 and July 2010. Data analysis was done using SPSS WIN 15.0 program and included one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. This study showed a positive correlation between daily activity and High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) and a negative correlation among Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C). The variables predicting daily activity were frequency of exercise, HDL-C, and TC. These factors accounted for 40.0% of the variance of daily activity in elders with DM. The results indicate that it is necessary to improve daily activity to reduce Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), TC, and TG in elders with DM.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta +294T &gt; C polymorphism and serum lipid levels in the Guangxi Bai Ku Yao and Han populations

BackgroundThe association of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD) +294T > C polymorphism and serum lipid levels is inconsistent in several previous studies. Bai Ku Yao is an isolated subgroup of the Yao minority in China. The present study was undertaken to detect the association of PPARD +294T > C (rs2016520) polymorphism and several environmental factors with serum lipid levels in the Guangxi Bai Ku Yao and Han populations.MethodsA total of 609 subjects of Bai Ku Yao and 573 participants of Han Chinese were randomly selected from our previous stratified randomized cluster samples. Genotyping of the PPARD +294T > C polymorphism was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism combined with gel electrophoresis, and then confirmed by direct sequencing.ResultsThe levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein (Apo) AI and ApoB were lower in Bai Ku Yao than in Han (P < 0.001 for all). The frequency of T and C alleles was 77.50% and 22.50% in Bai Ku Yao, and 72.43% and 27.57% in Han (P < 0.01); respectively. The frequency of TT, TC and CC genotypes was 60.59%, 33.83% and 5.53% in Bai Ku Yao, and 52.18%, 40.50% and 7.32% in Han (P < 0.05); respectively. The subjects with CC genotype in Bai Ku Yao had higher serum LDL-C and ApoB levels and lower the ratio of ApoAI to ApoB than the subjects with TT and TC genotypes in females but not in males. The C allele carriers in Han had higher serum TC levels in males (P < 0.01) and ApoB levels in females (P < 0.05) than the C allele noncarriers. Serum TC and ApoB levels were correlated with genotypes in Han (P < 0.05 for each) but not in Bai Ku Yao. Serum lipid parameters were also correlated with sex, age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and blood pressure in both ethnic groups.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the association of PPARD +294T > C polymorphism and serum lipid levels is different between the Bai Ku Yao and Han populations. The discrepancy between the two ethnic groups might partly result from different PPARD +294T > C polymorphism or PPARD gene-enviromental interactions.

The Influence of Chronic Helicobacter Pylori Infection on some Serum Lipid Profile Parameters, Apolipoproteins A-I and B and Lp(a) Lipoprotein

The Influence of Chronic Helicobacter Pylori Infection on some Serum Lipid Profile Parameters, Apolipoproteins A-I and B and Lp(a) Lipoprotein Data on proatherogenic lipid profile alterations due to chronic Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection are contradictory. Aim of this study was to examine the differences in some lipid parameters between 55 subjects of both gender with a chronic HP infection (IgG&gt;50 U/mL and IgA &lt;20 U/mL) and 55 gender matched HP seronegative subjects (IgG and IgA &lt;20 U/mL). Total cholesterol (TC) (p&lt;0.001), triglycerides (TG) (p&lt;0.05), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) (p&lt;0.02), non-HDL-cholesterol (non-HDL-C), apolipoprotein (apo) B (p&lt;0.001), Lp(a) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) serum levels were higher in HP seropositive than in seronegative subjects, while there were almost no differences in apo A-I. In HP seropositive subjects, the frequency of pathological TC (p&lt;0.001), TG (p&lt;0.05), LDL-C (p&lt;0.01), non-HDL-C (p&lt;0.01), apo B (p&lt;0.02) and Lp(a) serum levels was higher compared to seronegative. Serum HP IgG titers correlated negatively with TC, LDL-C (p&lt;0.05), non-HDL-C, apo B and Lp(a) levels, and positively with TG, HDL-C and apo A-I levels. Results are similar for both genders. Our results confirm the hypothesis that a chronic HP infection could modify the lipid profile in a proatherogenic way.

A suggestion for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) heterozygosity clinical diagnosis based on epidemiological observations in a large Italian population

We selected 247 subjects from 29 large familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) kindreds from 550 probable FH subjects in Emilia Romagna (Italy) on the basis of LDL-cholesterol plasmatic levels and family trees, in order to define the best diagnostic criteria for heterozygous patients. Familial hypercholesterolemia is a monogenic disease of cholesterol metabolism inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterised by early cardiovascular disease. A low xanthomas and xanthelasmas prevalence was found (8.6%); coronary heart disease (CHD) death occurs very frequently in heterozygous males (72% of all deaths; mean age at death 52 years), while in females the primary cause of death was thrombotic stroke (55%; mean age 69 years). Total cholesterol (TC) mean values were 389.8 (m) and 373.3 mg/dl (f) for FH trait carriers, and 223.3 (m) and 228.8 (f) for healthy relatives. No age-related change in TC was found in heterozygotes, while unaffected relatives of FH families showed mean TC and LDL-C values, and a TC frequency distribution and a TC age-related increasing trend similar to the expected values for the Italian population. The TC frequency distribution curve appeared bimodal, with a mid-point between heterozygous and homozygous FH modal values of 280 mg/dl. To identify the FH patients, the final FH heterozygosity risk was evaluated in an unselected free-living population (from 0.07 to 0.8%, respectively, for TC between 265–274 and 295–304 mg/dl) and in hypercholesterolemic families (31 to 83%, and the same TC classes). Our conclusion is that the clinical picture is rarely pathognomonic, while the FH heterozygosity final risk evaluation and the 280 mg/dl cut-off point can be used to guide the practical clinical diagnosis and to select the patients destined for B-E receptor activity evaluation.