Spray Frequency Research Articles

Development of a fungicide-based management strategy of inflorescence rot disease caused by Mauginiella scaettae Cavar on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Morocco

Inflorescence rot is a serious constraint to date palm cultivation in Morocco. However, studies on the management of this fungal disease are limited. We compared seven fungicides (Thiram, Thiophanate-methyl, Copper oxychloride, Mancozeb, Fosetyl-aluminum, Chlorothalonil and Maneb) based on their antifungal activity against the causal agent, M. scaettae, in vitro . Data on the effects of these fungicides on the pathogen mycelial growth, spore germination and sporulation indicate that Thiram, Thiophanate-methyl, and Copper oxychloride had significantly the strongest inhibitory activities. The three fungicide were then tested in an experiment for their abilities to control inflorescence rot on date palm cultivar “Majhoul” under field conditions. The study was conducted following a factorial design with 3 factors; the factor “fungicide” with 3 levels (3 fungicides), the factor “fungicide concentration” having 2 levels (60%, 0.6X and 80%, 0.8X, of the concentration recommended by the manufacturer against other fungal pathogens), and the factor “frequency of sprays” including 3 levels (1, 2, or 3 pulverizations). Results showed that the three fungicides varied significantly in controlling the disease in a dose- and frequency of treatment-dependent manner. When applied three times at the dose of 0.8X, all fungicides completely eliminate the disease. However, with one or two applications, Copper oxychloride had significantly the greatest percentages of disease control, 69% and 96.8% respectively. Therefore, two application of Copper oxychloride at the dose of 0.8X can be recommended for preventive control against inflorescence rot on date palm.

Experimental study and application of an artificial neural network (ANN) model on pulsed spray cooling heat transfer on a vertical surface

An experimental study is conducted on pulsed spray cooling heat transfer on a vertical surface under controlled nozzle pressure. Nozzle flow rate is found to be directly proportional to the duty cycle when the nozzle pressure is maintained constant and hence fixed at 2 bar throughout the investigation. The temperature fluctuates on the heated surface due to the interaction of the injection/non-injection spray cycles. The temperature fluctuation amplitude decreases with an increase in the distance from the heated surface. However, the temperature fluctuations along three measuring locations from the heated surface disappear when the spray frequency is equal to or larger than 5 Hz. It is found that the heat flux decreases as the spray frequency decreases at a fixed duty cycle. The influence of the spray frequency on the heat flux is more significant at a relatively small duty cycle. The heat flux decreases with a decrease in the duty cycle in both the single-phase and the nucleate boiling regimes. This is mainly due to the decrease in the spray mass flow rate as the duty cycle decreases. The decrease in the heat flux as the duty cycle decreases is more significant in the nucleate boiling regime than that in the single-phase regime. The specific heat flux is used to evaluate the efficiency of pulsed spray cooling heat transfer. It is found that the pulsed spray cooling has a larger specific heat flux than the continuous spray cooling. The pulsed spray cooling is therefore more efficient in fluid usage than continuous spray cooling. Experimental results in this study compare reasonably well with previous correlation in the single-phase regime. However, the comparison is poorer in the nucleate boiling regime. Therefore, a new correlation is developed for pulsed spray cooling on a vertical surface in the nucleate boiling regime. The new correlation predicted experimental data in this study with an accuracy of 10% in the nucleate boiling regime. Finally, an ANN model has been successfully developed for pulsed spray cooling heat transfer on a vertical surface. The ANN model is in excellent comparison with the experimental results. Compared with the empirical correlations, the ANN model shows much higher accuracy in predicting the pulsed spray cooling heat transfer. It is thus concluded that ANN is a promising method which can be integrated in an active spray control system for superior control accuracy.

Pesticide Toxicity Hazard of Agriculture: Regional and Commodity Hotspots in Australia.

While the need to reduce the impacts of pesticide use on the environment is increasingly acknowledged, the existing data on the use of agricultural chemicals are hardly adequate to support this goal. This study presents a novel, spatially explicit, national-scale baseline analysis of pesticide toxicity hazard (the potential for chemicals to do harm). The results show an uneven contribution of land uses and growing regions toward the national aggregate toxicity hazard. A hectare of horticultural crops generates on average ten times more aquatic ecotoxicity hazard and five times more human toxicity hazard than a hectare of broadacre crops, but the higher yields and incomes in horticulture mean that both sectors are similar in terms of environmental efficiency. Livestock is the sector with the least contribution to overall hazard, even when the indirect hazard associated with feed is considered. Metrics such as pesticide use (kg/ha) or spray frequency (sprays/ha), commonly reported in highly aggregated forms, are not linearly related to toxicity hazard and are therefore less informative in driving reductions in impact. We propose toxicity hazard as a more suitable indicator for real-world risk than quantity of pesticide used, especially because actual risk can often be difficult to quantify. Our results will help broaden the discussion around pathways toward sustainability in the land-use sector and identify targeted priorities for action.

Analyzing the use of pesticides on health complaints of farmers in Waihatu Village, Indonesia

ObjectiveThe study aimed to find the factors that contributed greatly to health complaints due to use of pesticides. MethodThe research using the cross-sectional research design. The sample was determined using a total sampling technique. Data analysis was performed by path analysis using Smart PLS. ResultsThe result of the study found that the use of pesticides affected the working time t-statistic 3.467. The use of pesticides affects health complaints t-statistic 2.586. Types of pesticides affect working time t-statistic 2. Improper timing of spraying and the frequency of spraying has a bigger impact on farmers’ health complaints. ConclusionsSpraying time has the greatest influence on health complaints. It is recommended that farmers reduce the frequency of spraying more than 2 times a day, spraying time in the morning, and pay attention to the wind direction to reduce exposure and health hazards due to pesticides.

Management of Common Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye.) of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Using Resistant Varieties and Bactericidal Chemicals in Southern Ethiopia

Common bacterial blight (CBB) caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli is a major disease of common bean affecting its production in southern Ethiopia. This study was conducted to determine the effect of variety, seed treatment and foliar spraying frequencies of bactericide on disease severity, yield and yield components of common bean. Field research was conducted at Hawassa agricultural research center during 2017/18 main cropping season using Hawassa dumme and Mexican-142 varieties. Streptomycin seed treatment was integrated with Kocide-101 foliar spraying frequency at the rate of 2.31 kg ha-1 at two, three and four week’s intervals. The design was randomized complete block design arranged in factorial with three replications. Due to the effect of variety, severity was reduced by 17.2% and the mean seed yield was increased by 18% over Mexican 142. Seed treatment reduced disease severity by 10.7% and increased yield by 24.2% as compared with other untreated control. Two week interval spraying reduced severity upto 31.8% and increased yield upto 42.3% over untreated control. Integration of variety and seed treatment with two week interval foliar sprays gave higher marginal benefit and higher marginal rate of return.

Experimental investigations of spray flow rate and angle in enhancing the performance of PV panels by steady and pulsating water spray system

In this study, a spray cooling system is experimentally investigated to increase the photovoltaic panel efficiency. Cooling of photovoltaic panels is one of the important parameters that affects the PV panel performance. In this experiment the effects of spray angle, nozzles to PV panel distance, number of nozzles, and pulsating water spray on the PV panel performance are investigated. For this purpose, an experimental setup was made. The spray angles varied from 15° to 50°. The comparison between the spray angles shows that by decreasing the spray angle to 15° increases the electrical efficiency of PV panel to 19.78% and simultaneously the average PV panel temperature decreases from 64 (for non-cooled PV) to 24 °C. Also, nozzle to PV panel distance was changed from 10 to 50 cm. The best result was obtained for the lowest distance by 25.86% increase in power output. Study of various frequency also show that due to the surface evaporation and the intensity of the radiation, increasing the water spraying frequency can increase or decrease the electrical efficiency. The On–Off water spray system results show that the maximum increase in efficiency was obtained with frequency of 0.2 Hz which it was 16.84%. Water consumption also decreased to half.

오디 재배양식 및 지역에 따른 균핵병 방제 효과와 농약 잔류 특성

Background: As the Positive List System (PLS) is implemented in broad application to agricultural products, attention to the correct use of pesticides is also needed in the production of mulberry leaves and fruit. In this regard, three types of pesticides against mulberry popcorn disease were applied 2 - 3 times both in the field and greenhouses to prepare safety standards. Residual pesticide analysis was conducted on mulberry fruits and leaves.BRMethods and results: Three pesticieds, thiophanate-methyl, thiophanate-methyl·triflumizole and fluopyram registered as PLS pesticides for mulberry popcorn disease, were sprayed in the Wanju and in Buan regions, after which residual pesticide analysis was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As three pesticieds were either undetected or below the permissible level in mulberry fruit, demonstrating that they were suitable for safe spraying. However, 5.6 ㎎/㎏ of thiophanate-methyl was detected in the greenhouse after three application, which was slightly above maximum residue limit (MRL). Furthermore the level of thiophanate-methyl· triflumizole was higher than 0.2 ㎎/㎏ (“Gwasang No. 2” variety, spraying twice) or similar to 0.09 ㎎/㎏ (“Daesim” variety, spraying thrice) the permissible level (0.1SUPT/SUP ㎎/㎏) as the thiophanate-methyl was detected in mulberry leaves in the greenhouse.BRConclusions: The spraying frequency for controlling mulberry popcorn disease in greenhouses should be limited to two times or less, especially when mulberry leaves are treated with thiophanate-methyl·triflumizole careful consideration is required if the leaves are to be used as food materials.

The Effect of Bintaro (Cerbera manghas) Leaf Extract on Transmission of Aphids (Homoptera) in Chili (Capsicum annuum) Plants

One of the threats in the cultivation of chili is the presence of aphids attack.The study aims to determine the effect of bintaro / (Cerbera manghas)leaf extract spraying as a bio-pesticide on the transmission patterns of aphids in chili plants.The experimental method refers to the Painter resistance test(Painter, 1951). Factorial experiment with factor I treatment was the concentration of bintaro leaf extract with six levels namely 0.0% concentration; 2.5%concentration; 5.0%concentration; 7.5%concentration; 10.0%concentration; and 12.5%concentration. Factor II treatment was the frequency of spraying namely F1 sprayed once a week (sunday), and F2 is sprayed twice a week (Sunday and Wednesday). Overall there are 12 treatment combinations. The experimental unit is a polybag planted by one stem of chili per polybag so that it requires 60 plant polybags, carried out in a controlled field from the presence of other animals by covering it with a mosquito net. In the inside of the lid of mosquito net is infested with chili plants which are attacked by aphids. Source of inoculum of one plant stem attacked by aphids for each containment/lid (each experimental group).The number of insects that transmitted to the treatment plants was observed every two days or before spraying, while the damage to plants at the end of the experiment. The results showed that there were two types of aphids that attacked the inoculum source plant namely Bemesia tabaci (whitefly) and Aphis gossypii (Aphid) and there were symbionts in the form of black ants (Dolichoderus thoracicus Smith). Transmission occurs since one day after infestation. Population density of the three insect species in each treatment was significantly different, there was an interaction between treatment concentrations with the frequency of bintaro leaf extract spraying, but the density was not consistent from one observation to the next. Plant damage occurs in all plants and the frequency of spraying can reduce damage to the chili plants.

Ants reduce fruit damage caused by psyllids in Mediterranean pear orchards

AbstractBACKGROUNDPsyllids are principal pests of pear orchards. Pest control based on the intensive use of chemicals is facing difficulties and strategies with a low impact on natural enemies are considered as the most suitable for psyllid control. Ants have been reported as the main predators of Cacopsylla pyri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in the southern Mediterranean area. The aim of this work was to determine the contribution of ants to the reduction of the fruit damage caused by psyllids at different intensities of spraying. Five levels of spraying intensity and ant exclusion were tested in a pear orchard with three blocks of five plots each.RESULTSThe incidence of russet on fruits increased with the abundance of psyllids and with ant exclusion. In the absence of ants, the impact of russet increased progressively from the highest to lowest intensity of spraying. By contrast, when ants were present no significant differences were found between the lowest (two application of paraffinic oil) and the highest (six applications of abamectin plus paraffinic oil) spraying levels. In the presence of ants, the incidence of russet in the plots with three applications of paraffinic oil was similar to those with three or six applications of paraffinic oil plus abamectin).CONCLUSIONSThe importance of ants for the control of psyllids and the reduction of fruit damage is shown. Reduction in the frequency of spraying and the use of low toxic insecticides for natural enemies is presented as the most sustainable strategy for psyllid control in pear orchards. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

A Theoretical Model for Ship–Wave Impact Generated Sea Spray

AbstractSpray generated by ships traveling in cold oceans often leads to topside icing, which can be dangerous to vessels. Estimation of the spray flux is a first step in predicting icing accumulation. The amount of spray water, the duration of exposure to the spray, and the frequency at which the spray is generated are all important parameters in estimating the spray flux. Most existing spray flux formulae are based on field observations from small fishing vessels. They consider meteorological and oceanographic parameters but neglect the vessel behavior. Ship heave and pitch motions, together with ship speed, determine the frequency of spray events. Thus, the existing formulae are not generally applicable to different sizes and types of vessels. This paper develops simple methods to quantify spray properties in terms that can be applied to vessels of any size or type. Formulae to estimate water content and spray duration are derived based on principles of energy conservation and dimensional analysis. To estimate spray frequency considering ship motions, a theoretical model is proposed. The model inputs are restricted to ship’s principal particulars, operating conditions, and environmental conditions. Wave-induced motions are estimated using semi-empirical analytical expressions. A novel spray threshold is developed to separate deck wetness frequency from spray frequency. Spray flux estimates are validated against full-scale field measurements available in the open literature with reasonable agreement.

Spray volumes and frequencies of insecticide applications for suppressing Diaphorina citri populations in orchards

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, is the most important and widespread vector of the Asiatic form of huanglongbing (HLB), the most serious citrus tree disease. In orchards, psyllids are commonly controlled with insecticides. The aims of this study were to assess the residual efficacy and coverage of insecticides applied at different spray volumes, the appropriate spray volumes for different application frequencies, and the cost/benefits. Three field experiments, based on the tree row volume (TRV) concept, were undertaken in Valencia sweet orange [Citrus × aurantium L. synonym of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] orchards. In the first experiment, we determined the mortality of a set of adult D. citri confined to branches with dry residues of dimethoate sprayed at 25 mL, 40 mL, and 70 mL/m3 of tree canopy. The mortality of adults confined with residues from days 0–7 exceeded 80% in all spray volumes tested. The spray coverage on water-sensitive papers ranged from 32 to 53%. Overall, the 25 mL and 40 mL of spray/m3 showed potential to reduce the water required for spraying and insecticide rates per hectare by up to 64% and management costs by 40%. In the second and third experiments, spray volumes evaluated in the first experiment were applied at three application frequencies at 7- (four sprayings: dimethoate, imidacloprid, bifenthrin, and dimethoate), 14- (two sprayings: dimethoate and imidacloprid), and 28-day (one spraying of dimethoate) intervals. The spray applications at 7-day intervals resulted in high D. citri mortality (≥75%), irrespective of the spray volume. The 40 mL/m3 and 70 mL/m3 spray volumes resulted in high psyllid mortality in 50% of the assessments when applied at 14-day spray intervals, and low psyllid mortality (<40%) in 75% of the assessments at 28-day spray intervals. These results suggested that the 28-day spray program is not suitable for limiting the primary and, quite possibly, the secondary spread of HLB. Overall, the results of the present study could form the basis of decision-making by citrus growers in Brazil, and elsewhere, regarding seasonal spray volumes and frequencies suitable for suppressing D. citri populations.

Agrochemical Health Risks Exposure and Its Determinants: Empirical Evidence among Cassava Farmers in Nigeria

ABSTRACT Background: Over the years there has been a change in the dimensions of agricultural health risk exposure among crop farmers in Nigeria due to innovation adoption. This study assessed agrochemical health risk exposures and its determinants among cassava farmers in Nigeria. Method: The study engaged the baseline of a longitudinal study conducted using a standardized questionnaire. Randomly selected and interviewed for the study were 480 small-scale cassava farmers across 24 farming communities in Kogi and Kwara States, Nigeria. Descriptive statistics, binary regression model, and Likert scale were used for analysis. Results: Most of the farmers were exposed to agrochemical health risks in cassava operations. The frequently used chemicals belong to WHO class II and III. There was poor knowledge of safe farm practices among cassava farmers. About 77% of farmers reported not using complete protective equipment while handling farm chemicals. Several risk factors were associated with farm chemical health risks exposure, including inappropriate time of spray (Odd ratio [OR] = 1.21), frequency of spray (OR = 1.06), long hours of daily chemical spray (OR = 1.10), and non-usage of chemical labels (OR = 2.31). Conclusion:The study concluded cassava farmers in some selected communities in Kogi and Kwara States, North-Central Nigeria engage in unsafe farm practices via the use of farm chemicals that expose them to health risks. There is, therefore, a need for efficiently delivered agricultural health education as an intervention tool to alleviate Nigerian crop farmers from being exposed to such health risks.

Conditions of use of boom sprayers in the micro-region of Pato Branco, PR, Brazil

The technical inspection of agricultural sprayers is responsible for generating important subsidies to inform and guide their users. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate the working conditions of boom sprayers regarding their conservation status in order to identify the problems that interfere with quality sprayings. Sixty-three agricultural sprayers from rural properties were evaluated in the micro-region of Pato Branco, PR. Less than half of applicators (42.9%) performed some type of training and 58.7% of the operators had knowledge about the working pressure indicated by the spray tip manufacturer, but 24.3% of them were working with the pressure out of the recommended or with a damaged manometer. The manometer was present and operative in only 71.4% of the sprayers. Only 54% of the collected flows were in accordance with that informed by the operator. Most of the interviewed producers still do not have adequate criteria for choosing spray tips nor frequency of their replacement.

FAKTOR RISIKO KERACUNAN PESTISIDA PADA PETANI HORTIKULTURA DI KABUPATEN LAMPUNG BARAT

Pesticide poisoning is still an important health problem in agricultural areas, especially horticultural agriculture. Various chronic health effects can be caused by long-term exposure to pesticides. This study aims to determine the risk factor of pesticide poisoning in horticultural farmers in West Lampung Regency. The study used a cross sectional design which was conducted in four different areas as the center of horticulture agriculture, West Lampung Regency, Lampung Province. The study involved 289 participants by interviewing, observing and examining blood samples to measure cholinesterase levels as an indicator of pesticide poisoning. In this section, we have applied research ethical procedures. The obtained data were analyzed using Chi squre test, Odds Ratio test and Logistic Regression. The results showed that the risk factors for pesticide poisoning were incomplete use of personal protected equipment (PPE), spraying with the wrong dose and spraying frequency. Unwearing a complete PPE had a 4.54 times (OR = 4.54; 95% CI 2.09-9.83) higher risk of experiencing pesticide poisoning, and statistically suggested, a very significant relationship (p = 0.0001). While the use of excessive dosage has a risk of 4.39 times (OR = 4.39; 95% CI 1.87-10.33; p = 0.001); and the frequency of spraying more than twice a week had a 2.33 times higher risk of experiencing pesticide poisoning (OR = 2.33; 95% CI 1.24-4.40; p = 0.009). Excessive use of pesticide dosage and the frequency of spraying with the cover blanked method are the main factors of pesticide exposure to farmers. On the other hand, the use of PPE is a method of protection from exposure. It needs joint efforts through increasing knowledge about the dangers of pesticides, pesticide management, how to work safely, and the use of PPE.

Analysis of Factors Related to Pesticide Poisoning in Rice Farmers in Teweh Selatan Subdistrict, Barito Utara District

The results of monitoring and examination of farmers in Barito Utara District by examining the cholinesterase enzyme by the Regional Health Laboratory and the District Health Office of Barito Utara in the blood of farmers found 71.19% experienced organopathic pesticide poisoning. This study aims to analyze the risk factors associated with the level of pesticide poisoning in rice farmers in Teweh Selatan Subdistrict, Barito Utara District, namely mixing dosage, spraying time, spraying frequency, spraying duration, working period, wind direction, and use of personal protective equipment. The research design used was observational with cross sectional approach. The number of samples is 55 people taken by simple random sampling. Rice farmers who experienced pesticide poisoning by 56.4%. Chi-Square Test showed four variables had a significant relationship with the incidence of pesticide poisoning and were a risk factor for the occurrence of pesticide poisoning namely mixing dose (p=0.003 OR=6.909; 95% CI=2.020-23.627), frequency of spraying (p=0.004; OR=6,300; 95% CI=1.913-20.749), working period (p=0.020; OR=4.416; 95% CI=1.402-13.906) and wind direction (p=0.007; OR=5.714; 95% CI=1.756-18.591). Multiple logistic regression test showed that the most dominant factor related to the incidence of pesticide poisoning was the frequency of spraying. Risk factors associated with the incidence of pesticide poisoning are mixing dosage, frequency of spraying, working period and wind direction.

The potential for wildflower interventions to enhance natural enemies and pollinators in commercial apple orchards is limited by other management practices

Modern fruit production has successfully increased yields and fruit quality to meet market demands mainly through intensification and the use of Plant Protection Products (PPPs). Due to the associated environmental impacts and consumers increasingly demanding food produced more sustainably, the tree fruit sector is seeking to reduce its reliance on PPPs. Despite intensification, apple production is still highly dependent on ecosystem services, including pest regulation and pollination. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of natural enemies and pollinators in commercial apple orchards to the provision of a wildflower habitat. It was hypothesised that the abundance and diversity of beneficial invertebrate species would be enhanced leading to an increased control of apple pests and enhanced pollination of apple blossom. We also investigated the effect of orchard pesticide toxicity on natural enemies and pest regulation services and how responses varied between apple cultivars (Jazz and Braeburn). The study was carried out in five orchards of each apple variety across Kent (UK), using a split-plot experimental design. At each site, a one-hectare orchard plot was established with wildflower strips in alleyways between rows of trees and compared with a one-hectare control plot where alleyways were managed conventionally with regular cutting. Responses of natural enemies and pollinators were recorded over a period of three and four years, respectively. The presence of wildflower strips did not contribute significantly towards the delivery of natural pest regulation or pollination services. However, hoverfly diversity and species richness were greater in orchards with wildflower strips, and whilst this was not associated with increased rates of pest regulation, such a response could potentially provide more resilient pest regulation and pollination services. Braeburn orchards had higher bee abundance, and pest predation rates, which were associated with a greater abundance of earwigs, compared to Jazz orchards. Of key significance for growers is that high values of cumulative pesticide toxicity negatively affected natural enemy populations, especially earwigs. If growers want to support natural enemies and wild pollinators in modern apple orchards following the principles of ecological intensification, they need to consider both the types and frequency of pesticide sprays used, in conjunction with interventions aimed at promoting beneficial invertebrates.

STUDY OF PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE AMONG VEGETABLE FARMERS USING PESTICIDES IN BOYOLALI DISTRICT, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA

Pesticides exposure affects respiratory system. The study of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) as a parameter of lung function changes due to limited pesticide among farmers. This cross-sectional study aims to analyze factors affecting PEFR and formulate a model for predicting PEFR among 76 vegetable farmers using pesticides in Tlogolele Village, Boyolali Regency. Data were collected through questionnaire-based interview and clinical examination. PEFR test was conducted using a peak flow meter while cholinesterase level was investigated using Deutsche Gessellschaftfur Klinische Chemie method. The data were analyzed using unpaired T-test and Pearson test continued by multivariate regression models. The examination showed 75% of subjects had abnormal PEFR. Cholinesterase, body mass index, smoking habits, personal protective equipment usage, pesticide dosage, length of work per day, and last time of spraying did not show a significant correlation with PEFR. On the other hand, age, height, weight, frequency of spraying, and spraying duration showed a significant correlation with PEFR and a prediction equation for PEFR model was obtained as R 2 =0.268 (p<0.001). The developed model will be useful for early detection of abnormal lung function.

THE USE OF DIAMOND-LIKE FILMS TO INCREASE THE DURABILITY OF END MILLS

Modern engineering is focused on high-tech reliable automated equipment, the use of which is effective in the presence of high-quality wear-resistant tools. The article discusses the results of the study DLC-films end mills resistance in structural carbon and alloy steels processing. Coatings were obtained by cathodic pulse sputtering of graphite in a vacuum chamber. There are presented results of the study of the influence of diamond-like (DLC) films on the end mills wear resistance. It is shown that the application of diamond-like films on the end mills uniquely increases the resistance of the mills, but differences in this issue for mills of different diameters are revealed. The results of the study of the influence of the pulse frequency of spraying in the formation of the coating on the cutting properties of end mills are also presented. It is established that the increase in the pulse frequency during cathode sputtering of graphite in vacuum when applying a diamond-like film leads to an increase in the resistance of end mills. The results of this work can be useful in Metalworking of structural steels with end mills.

Optimizing Cercospora Leaf Spot Control in Table Beet Using Action Thresholds and Disease Forecasting.

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola, is the dominant foliar disease affecting table-beet production in New York. CLS epidemics occur annually and, if uncontrolled, will rapidly lead to defoliation. In broad-acre production, season-long maintenance of healthy leaves is important to facilitate harvest by top-pulling. Fungicides are the dominant means of CLS control and applications are initiated at an action threshold of 1 CLS lesion/leaf. Regular fungicide application occurs thereafter without regard for scheduling based on weather-based risk. The current action threshold was evaluated with selected fungicides in two replicated field trials. Copper oxychloride + copper hydroxide and propiconazole significantly improved CLS control if initiated prior to infection. Pydiflumetofen + difenoconazole significantly reduced area under the disease progress stairs compared with other fungicides tested and was most efficacious when applications began at 1 CLS lesion/leaf. Six replicated field trials also evaluated the utility of scheduling fungicides on weather-based risk rather than a calendar approach. Two risk thresholds (moderate and high) integrating the accumulation of daily infection values based on temperature and relative humidity from a forecaster for CLS in sugar beet were evaluated. Applications of pydiflumetofen + difenoconazole were reduced from three to two by using the forecaster at either risk threshold compared with calendar applications without affecting CLS control. For propiconazole, the moderate risk threshold provided CLS control equivalent to calendar applications and saved one spray per season. Thus, there was substantial scope to reduce spray frequency by scheduling based on weather-based risk rather than calendar applications. The optimal risk thresholds for pydiflumetofen + difenoconazole and propiconazole were high and moderate, respectively. In these trials, periods of high risk occurred less frequently than moderate risk, increasing the reapplication intervals and, hence, represented a less conservative approach to disease management.

Determination of Priority Elements of Vigilance in the Use of Pesticides based on Difficulty and Usefulness (A Supporting Study for Law and Policy in Health)

The use of pesticides is still a problem for public health, therefore we need a regulation by the authorities, which can lead to the behavior of using pesticides correctly. This is part of the area of law and health policy. Pesticide poisoning can cause breathing difficulties, headaches, neurological or psychological effects, and skin irritation and mucous membranes. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of some elements of vigilance in the use of chemical pesticides for farmers. The variables studied were difficulty and usefulness with eight elements, namely the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), pesticide storage, pesticide use procedures, use of pesticide doses, duration and frequency of pesticide spraying, maintaining equipment cleanliness, pesticide spraying according to wind direction and time of pesticide spraying. The sample size of this study was 100 respondents from the community who knew about the use of pesticides throughout Indonesia. The research instrument used was a Google form questionnaire sent to respondents via Whatsapp social media. The data that has been collected is analyzed descriptively to get an idea of which elements are the priorities for improvement. Referring data analysis result, the elements with high difficulty and usefulness together were use of pesticide doses and procedures for using pesticides. Thus, the two elements selected as priority elements will be fixed first. It is suggested that the pesticide control policy makers can develop regulations by prioritizing the two main elements, without ignoring the other six elements. In addition, it is also recommended that other control efforts be made that can be recommended to related parties in the area of law and health policy, related to the prevention of health problems caused by the use of pesticides.