Frequency Of Snack Consumption Research Articles

Comparison of oral health care practices among the tobacco chewers and nonchewers

Background: Tobacco is chewed, smoked, sucked, sniffed and is the one product which is detrimental to the population when it is used entirely as intended. The present study was conducted to compare the oral health care practices among the tobacco chewers and nonchewers. Materials & Methods: 80 subjects of both genders were divided into 2 groups. Group I comprised of tobacco chewer and group II non- chewer. A closed-ended questionnaire namely, the National Youth Tobacco Survey Questionnaire and the WHO Oral Health Questionnaire for Adults was recorded which consisted of demographic information, oral health care practices, and information regarding smokeless tobacco habit. Results: Out of 80 subjects, males were 65 and females were 15. Tooth brush material used was tooth brush in 5 and 32, finger in 15 and 6 and neem stick in 20 and 2. Tooth cleaning material was tooth paste in 12 and 35, tooth powder in 28 and 5, frequency of brushing was once in 11 and 10, twice in 4 and 27 and occasionally in 25 and 3. Frequency of snack consumption was sometimes in 17 and 33 and mostly in 23 and 7.

The Effect of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Changes the Eating Habits of the Community in Bogor

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on changes in eating habits is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design conducted in Bogor with 110 respondents. Changes in eating habits observed include changes in eating frequency, meal portions, frequency of fruit consumption, frequency of vegetable consumption, frequency of snack consumption, frequency of consumption of fast food/frozen food, and consumption of supplements. Respondents were more women (83,6%), adult age group (89,1%), higher education (79,1%), work (61,8%), income > IDR 4,000,000 (75,5%). The results of the univariate analysis related to changes in eating habits consist of: changes in eating frequency (69,1%), changes in food portions (56,4%), changes in fruit consumption frequency (61,8% more often), changes in vegetable consumption frequency (63,6% more often), changes in the frequency of snack consumption (more often 74,5%), changes in the frequency of consumption of fast food/frozen food (more often 70%) and consumption of supplements (90,9%). The results of the bivariate analysis are showed that changes in eating frequency were significantly related to income; changes in meal portions were significantly related to education and expenditure; changes in the frequency of vegetable consumption are significantly related to income; changes in snack consumption frequency were significantly related to age, gender, occupation; changes in the frequency of consumption of fast food are significantly related to gender and consumption of supplements was significantly related to age. Suggestions for the research are needed to consistently educate about good and correct food habits so that more people understand and apply them to increase immunity and data collection will be better with direct interviews and fill out the FFQ of the food consumed.

Cross‐national differences in consumer responses to savoury crackers containing blackcurrant pomace

AbstractJuice‐pressing residues, among them blackcurrant pomace, are valuable materials for being upgraded in food products. Their excellent nutritional profiles in line with their functional properties allow a wide range of applications. The current study was performed to evaluate the overall liking of a pomace‐enriched thin crispy‐baked bread product in five European countries, and to obtain suggestions for improvements. Moreover, data on the frequency of snack consumption, openness to new foods and an opinion on residues in food applications were acquired. Four hundred and sixty‐six consumers from United Kingdom, Spain, Sweden, Italy and Germany were involved. On a 9‐point hedonic scale, the pomace cracker was rated towards the direction of liking with 5.94 ± 1.90 on average. Contingency tables showed that the overall‐liking correlated highly significant (p < 0.01) with the country of origin and sex of the respondents and their openness to new products. Significantly higher liking scores were provided by British and Spanish consumers and, among these respondents, savoury snacks were stated to be consumed most frequently. Therefore, the snack consumption frequency also appeared to be a driver for cross‐national differences in hedonic responses. The consent for using pomace in food products was remarkably high (>90%) in all countries and stresses consumer awareness in terms of healthy longevity and sustainability.

A study of diabetic subjects: Common symptoms, treatment, artificial sweeteners and snack consumption

A total random sample size of 351 diabetic subjects in the age group of ≥20 years representing rural and urban area of Ludhiana district were selected to determine the symptoms experienced by them, treatment undertaken to manage diabetes, artificial sweetener and frequency of snack consumption by them. It was found that significantly (p≤ 0.01) higher number of rural diabetic subjects were suffering from symptoms of diabetes. Significantly (p≤ 0.01) higher percentage of rural diabetic subjects were not taking medicine for managing diabetes. It was also observed that use of artificial sweeteners was significantly (p≤ 0.01) higher among urban women. Frequency of snack consumption was found higher among urban diabetic subjects. It was observed that majority of the subjects rural (59 per cent men, 67 per cent women) as well as urban (68 per cent men, 78 per cent women) did not have any kind of diet restriction of sweet, sugary products or refined flour products in everyday life so they were eating everything without any restriction.

Time, location and frequency of snack consumption in different age groups of Canadians

BackgroundThe location and time of snack consumption may influence the composition, nutrient content and portion sizes of snacks. In this study, we aimed to determine and compare the time, location and frequency of snack consumption among different age groups of Canadians.MethodsNationally representative dietary data from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) were used (19,677 participants aged ≥2 years). Dietary data were obtained using 24-h dietary recalls. Participants were categorized according to the frequency of snack consumption (1 time, 2–3 times, ≥4 times). The snack consumption over 24 h was divided into four time periods: before 10 am, 10 am to 3 pm, 3 pm to 8 pm and 8 pm to 12 am. Meal and snack location was categorized as at home; someone else’s home; restaurants; and other.ResultsSnacking 2–3 times per day was the most common reported frequency (53.0%). Snacking at home (73.0%) was more prevalent than snacking away from home (27.0%). The most frequently reported time for snacking among Canadians was 3 pm to 8 pm (36.3%), and the least frequently reported time was before 10 am (8.1%). Snacking contributed to a high proportion of Milk and Alternatives (23.7%) and Vegetables and Fruit (23.4%) food groups and lesser proportions of Grain Products (15.4%) and Meat & Alternatives (9.4%) food groups among Canadians.ConclusionsHome is the main location, 3 pm to 8 pm is the main time, and 2–3 times per day is the most common reported frequency for snacking. A full understanding of snacking behaviors is needed in order to develop targeted strategies to improve the quality of snack food choices.

Unhealthy snack intake modifies the association between screen-based sedentary time and metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adolescents

BackgroundExcessive screen time has been associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) among adolescents; however, snack intake in front of screens may play a role in this association. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the association between screen-based sedentary time with MetS and whether this association is modified by unhealthy snack intake in front of screens.MethodsThis study was a nationwide, cross-sectional, school-based survey in Brazil including adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. The frequency of snack consumption in front of screen and screen-based sedentary time (TV view, computers and videogames use) were self-reported. Thereafter, screen time was categorized (≤2, 3–5 and ≥ 6 h/day); snack consumption in front of screens was dichotomized. Metabolic syndrome diagnosis was defined based on the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Associations between screen time and MetS were investigated using logistic regression in overall sample and after stratification by snack intake in front of screens.ResultsA total of 33,900 adolescents were included in the analysis. The final adjusted model, which included sociodemographic data, physical activity, and energy intake, showed that adolescents who spent ≥6 h/day in front of screens had an increased odds ratio for MetS (OR = 1.68, 95%CI: 1.03–2.74). However, after stratifying the sample according to reported snack intake, the association between higher screen-based sedentary time and MetS remained significant only for adolescents who reported consumption of snacks in front of screens.ConclusionLonger screen-based sedentary times were directly associated with MetS. However, this association seems to be modified by reported snack intake in front of screens.

Assessment of behavioral factors associated with dental caries in pre-school children of high socioeconomic status families

Background: Many Iraqi children of high socioeconomic status (SES) families attend dental clinics presenting predominantly cavitated and painful multiple carious lesions. The factors responsible for dental caries within this sector of society need to be identified. Purpose: The aim of this study is to assess the dental care behavior of mothers and its relationship with the prevalence of dental caries in pre-school age children drawn from high SES families in northern Iraq. Methods: A study was conducted to assess the prevalence of dental caries and its relationship to oral hygiene habits in 440 pre-schoolers living in Erbil, northern Iraq. An oral hygiene questionnaire was distributed among the families. Dental examination of the children was performed to calculate the dependent factor of decayed, missing and filled teeth due to caries (dmf). All data was analyzed by means of the SPSS Microsoft statistical system using descriptive tables to identify the relationship between the dependent and independent variable dmf indexes. In order to find the significances, a Chi-square test, a Fisher’s exact test and a likelihood ratio test were used at level of p<0.05. Results: 67% of the children in the sample had dental caries (mean dmf=3.25±3.77) with 5-year-olds being more affected by dental caries (74%) than 4-year-olds (60%). A strong correlation was found in this study between the dependent factor, dmf, and the following independent factors: frequency of snack consumption, the need to assist the child during brushing, maternal caries and the mother’s education. Conclusion: Despite being members of high SES families, the children examined were significantly subject to dental caries, a fact directly correlated with inappropriate behavior on the part of their caregivers in relation to the essential aspects of oral health care.

Frequency of snack consumption in preschool children

Frequency of snack consumption in preschool children

English

Poor maternal nutrition in pregnancy leads to increased morbidity and negative pregnancy outcomes including low birth weight and peri-natal mortality. Pregnancy places extra demands on the body systems of pregnant women, necessitating optimal intake of essential nutrients. Rural and urban disparities in nutritional status have been documented in literature. A cross-sectional comparative assessment of the dietary intake of 720 pregnant women accessing antenatal care at selected rural and urban primary health centers, in Ogun State, was carried out using multi-stage sampling technique. Data was collected using semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaires and 24 h dietary recall forms. Data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 15.00 and total intake assessment software. Relevant inferential statistics were calculated. The mean intake of most nutrients was significantly higher (p < 0.05) among the rural women than their urban counterparts, except for Vitamin A, Zinc and Iron. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the types of vegetables consumed by rural and urban respondents. The types of snacks consumed were significantly different (p = 0.032), but there was no difference (p = 0.652) in frequency of snack consumption between both groups. The rural women had higher nutrient consumption compared to their urban counterparts. Continuous nutrition education will go a long way in ensuring adequate nutrient intake among pregnant women.   Key words: Diet, intake, pregnant, Ogun.

A Study on Dietary Habits, Body Satisfaction and Nutritional Knowledge by Body Image of Middle School Girl Students in Chungbuk Area

s This study was performed to investigate the dietary habits, body satisfaction and nutritional knowledge according to body image of middle school girl students (n = 284). The subjects were classified as lean, normal and fat groups according to body image. The weight, body mass index (BMI) and the score of body image were significantly higher in the students who recognized their body image as 'fat'. The satisfaction of present body image was significantly lower in students who recognized their body image as 'lean'. The interest in weight control and experience of weight control were significantly higher in students who recognized their body image as 'fat'. The necessity of nutrition education was higher in all groups (lean 67.2%, normal 59.0% and fat 52.8%). The products used to feel sweetened were sweetened ice (68.7%), processed milk (68.3%), confectionery (62.3%), carbonated beverage (55.3%), fermented milk (38.0%) and none (6.0%). The frequency of consumption of fruit juices and fried food was significantly higher in 'normal' compared to 'fat'. There was no significant difference in the frequency of consumption of snack and nutritional knowledge among the three groups. In the multiple regression analysis, the score of body image was negatively associated with the frequency of snack consumption in the 'lean'. The score of body image was positively associated with identification of nutrition labels and an interest in weight control but was negatively associated with satisfaction of present body image in the 'fat'. Based on these results, we conclude that, the middle school girl students need correct recognition of body image and continuous and practical nutrition education in order to maintain healthy dietary habits. (Korean J Community Nutr 18(5) : 442~456, 2013)

대구 지역 일부 중학생의 식습관 및 식품 기호도

본 연구는 대구 지역 일부 중학생들의 식습관 및 식품 기호도를 파악함으로써 바람직한 식생활 확립을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 대구 지역 일부 중학교 남녀 중학생 270명을 대상으로 조사한 식습관 및 식품 기호도에 관한 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 부모의 맞벌이 여부에 따른 식습관은 맞벌이를 하지 않는 가정에서 식사가 규칙적으로 나타났으며, 맞벌이 가정에서의 식사는 불규칙적으로 나타났다. 아버지의 학력이 높을수록 인스턴트 식품의 섭취 빈도가 높게 나타났으며, 어머니의 학력이 높을수록 간식 섭취 빈도가 높게 나타났다. 성별에 따른 식품 기호도는 동물성 식품에서 남학생의 기호도가 여학생보다 전반적으로 더 높은 경향을 보였다. 가족 형태에 따른 식품 기호도는 대가족에서 식물성 식품에 대한 기호도가 높게 나타났다. 반면, 간식류는 핵가족의 기호도가 더 높게 나타났다. 부모의 맞벌이 여부에 따른 식품 기호도는 간식류가 맞벌이 가정의 학생들에게서 더 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 살펴 볼 때 부모의 맞벌이 여부와 학력이 중학생들의 식습관 및 식품 기호도에 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다. We investigated the eating habits and food preferences of middle school students to provide material for establishing dietary and nutritional education at the elementary level. We questioned 270 male and female students attending certain middle schools in the Daegu area about their eating habits and food preferences. Eating habits were found to be most regular for students in families where only one parent worked and irregular for students in families where both parents worked. There was a positive correlation between a higher level of academic education of the father and the frequency of consumption of instant foods. There was also a positive correlation between a higher level of academic education of the mother and the frequency of snack consumption. Male students had a higher preference for consuming animal foods than did female students. Students that lived in extended families tented to have a higher preference for vegetable foods. On the other hand, students that lived in nuclear families and students that lived in families where both parents worked preferred snacks more. Based on these results, parental employment and academic education level influences the eating habits and food preferences of middle school students.

Snacking is associated with reduced risk of overweight and reduced abdominal obesity in adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004

Snacking is common in adolescents; however, it is unclear if there is an association between snacking and overweight or obesity within the context of the overall diet. This study examined the associations of snacking with weight status and abdominal obesity in adolescents 12-18 y of age (n = 5811). We conducted secondary analyses of 24-h diet recalls and anthropometric data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004. We classified adolescents by frequency of snack consumption (0, 1, 2, 3, and > or =4 snacks/d) and by the percentage of energy intake from snacks (0%, <10%, 10-19%, 20-29%, 30-39%, and > or =40%). We classified adolescents who had a body mass index (BMI) > or =85th percentile of BMI-for-age as overweight or obese. We defined abdominal obesity as a waist circumference > or =90th percentile. We determined covariate-adjusted prevalences of overweight or obesity and abdominal obesity and odds ratios with SUDAAN software (release 9.0.1; Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC). Mean values of all obesity indicators studied were inversely associated with snacking frequency and percentage of energy from snacks. The prevalence of overweight or obesity and of abdominal obesity decreased with increased snacking frequency and with increased percentage of energy from snacks. Odds ratios (95% CIs) for overweight or obesity and for abdominal obesity ranged from 0.63 (0.48, 0.85) to 0.40 (0.29, 0.57) and from 0.61 (0.43, 0.86) to 0.36 (0.21, 0.63) for 2 to > or =4 snacks/d, respectively. Reduced risks of overweight or obesity and abdominal obesity were associated with snacking. Snackers, compared with nonsnackers, were less likely to be overweight or obese and less likely to have abdominal obesity.

Snacking is associated with improved Healthy Eating Index (HEI‐2005) scores in adolescents aged 12‐18 years: NHANES, 1999‐2004

The aim of this study was to examine the association of snacking with diet quality in adolescents aged 12‐18 years (n = 5,811). Snacks/drinks were combined when eating occasions were named in the 24‐h recall, but analysis separated snacks from snacks/drinks that were only drinks. Adolescents were classified by frequency of snack consumption (0, 1, 2, 3, 4+ snacks per day), and by % of daily energy intake obtained from snacks (0, &lt;10, 10‐19, 20‐29, 30‐39, 40% or more). Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI‐2005) with component scores determined by dietary intakes of macronutrients, sodium, and MyPyramid food groups per 1,000 calories. Energy intake increased, but energy‐adjusted intakes of total fat did not differ, carbohydrate was positively associated, and sodium was inversely associated with snacking frequency and percentage of energy from snacks. HEI‐2005 components improved with snacking included total and whole fruit, total and whole grain, healthy oils, and sodium; the solid fat, alcohol, added sugars score did not differ, but the meat &amp; beans score was decreased with snacking frequency and with intake of calories from snacks. Snackers eating 2+ snacks per day, and snackers having &lt;40% energy from snacks had higher total HEI‐2005 scores than non‐snackers. Snacking in moderation is associated with improved diet quality among adolescents in the U.S. Supported by Frito Lay and USDA

Snacking is associated with reduced risk for overweight and reduced abdominal obesity in adolescents aged 12‐18 years: NHANES, 1999‐2004

The aim of this study was to examine associations of snacking with weight status and abdominal obesity in adolescents aged 12‐18 years (n = 5,811). Snacks/drinks were combined when eating occasions were named in the 24‐h recall, but analysis separated snacks from snacks/drinks that were only drinks. Adolescents were classified by frequency of snack consumption (0, 1, 2, 3, 4+ snacks per day), and by % of daily energy intake obtained from snacks (0, &lt;10, 10‐19, 20‐29, 30‐39, 40% or more). CDC Growth Charts were used to define overweight (BMI =85th percentile), and abdominal obesity was waist circumference =90th percentile for age and gender. Covariate‐adjusted prevalence of overweight and abdominal obesity, and odds ratios were determined using PROC REGRESS and PROC LOGISTIC of SUDAAN. Compared to non‐snackers, prevalence of overweight and abdominal obesity was 22‐35% and 45‐49% lower, respectively, for those who ate 3‐4+ snacks per day, and 31‐32% and 49‐50% lower, respectively, for those who obtained 30‐40% or more calories from snacks. Odds ratios for overweight and abdominal obesity ranged from 0.70 (0.52, 0.94) to 0.50 (0.37, 0.69), and from 0.66 (0.47, 0.94) to 0.42 (0.24, 0.74), respectively, for 2‐4+ snacks per day; and from 0.54 (0.40, 0.75) to 0.56 (0.41, 0.76), and from 0.43 (0.27, 0.68) to 0.44 (0.28, 0.68), respectively, for 30‐40%+ calories from snacks. Adolescents who eat snacks are less likely than non‐snackers to be overweight or obese. Supported by Frito Lay and USDA

Consumption patterns of snacks according to gender and obesity status in Korean adolescent

In this study, consumption patterns of snacks were analyzed according to gender and obesity status. The subjects of this study were 607 adolescents (men 316 women 291) aged 14 ~ 16 years, living Seoul area, Korea. The subjects were surveyed by a self‐administered questionnaire about anthropometrics, general characteristics, and snack consumption. Mean height and body weight of subjects increased significantly with increasing age. 81% of subjects consumed at least one snack per day, and 66.1% of subjects ate snack between lunch and dinner. The frequency of snack consumption was different with gender and obesity status; men adolescents showed significantly higher consumption than women adolescents in 'Instant noodles' (P&lt;0.05), 'Milk and milk products' (P&lt;0.01), or 'Cereal' (P&lt;0.01). In the other hand, women adolescents showed significantly higher consumption than men adolescents in 'Biscuits' (P&lt;0.05) and Candies and chocolates' (P&lt;0.05). Subjects in underweight group showed higher frequency in the consumption of 'Candies and chocolates' (P&lt;0.001) or 'Biscuits' (P&lt;0.01) compared with subjects in other groups. The expense of snack consumed was higher in underweight group than other groups (P&lt;0.01). These results suggest that gender and obesity status may be one of the important factors contributing consumption pattern of snacks in Korean adolescents.

Asian Students Change their Eating Patterns After Living in the United States

Objective To collect information on changes in dietary patterns among Asian students before and after immigration to the United States. Design A questionnaire designed to collect information about background, changes in food habits, and frequency of food consumption from a 72-item food list was mailed to subjects. Subjects/setting Potential participants were students of local universities and junior colleges who were born in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, or Korea and were aged 18 years or older. All subjects were required to have been residing in the United States for at least 3 months before the start of the study. Questionnaires were mailed to 120 potential participants. Statistical analysis Paired t tests were used to determine differences in eating patterns and frequency of food consumption of subjects before and after immigrating to the United States. Results Seventy-one questionnaires were returned. Because of missing information on 8 of these questionnaires, only 63 were used in the analysis, which gave a response rate of 53%. The number of students consuming only 2 meals per day increased significantly; 29 (46%) respondents skipped breakfast because of their school schedules. Despite no significant change in the frequency of snack consumption, a majority (n=46; 73%) of the respondents were consuming more salty and sweet snack items. Subjects were eating out less often, but they were selecting more American-style fast foods when they did eat out. Significant increases were noted in consumption of fats/sweets, dairy products, and fruits, and significant decreases were noted in the consumption of meat/meat alternatives and vegetables after immigration to the United States. Applications/conclusions Results of this study could be useful to dietetics practitioners as they observe changes in dietary patterns of Asian immigrants. These health professionals can use this information to plan nutrition education programs for Asian groups so that they can make informed decisions in adapting to new eating patterns and make wise food choices in their new environment. It is important to help Asian immigrants retain healthful food habits from their original country and to encourage them to choose eating patterns of the new culture that are nutritionally sound. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:54-57.