Frequency Of Restless Leg Syndrome Research Articles

Evaluation of Restless Leg Syndrome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: To evaluate restless leg syndrome (RLS) in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Lahore.
 Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was recruited for this study. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select the patients in the study. The data was collected from the Pakistan Society for the Rehabilitation of Disabled (PSRD) Hospital and Hameed Latif Hospital Lahore. Patients diagnosed with T2DM with a maximum of 10 years, ages between 35 to 65 years, and patients who suffer from minor complications of diabetes mellitus were in cluded in the study. The RLS rating scale was used to assess the severity of restlessness in participants.
 Results: Out of 144 subjects, the frequency of the RLS was 71.5% and the majority was more in females as compared to male subjects. The female subjects have moderate severity of RLS while male subjects have mild severity of RLS.
 Conclusion: The frequency of RLS was high in patients with T2DM and females were more prone to RLS as compared to male subjects.

Frequency of Restless Leg Syndrome in Diabetic Patients and it's Impact on Quality of Life

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of RLS and its effect on quality of life in diabetic patients. Study Design: Cross-sectional/Comparative study Place and Duration: Department of Medicine, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar in the duration from June, 2022 to November, 2022. Methods: There were 114 diabetic and non diabetic patients were presented in this study. After obtaining informed written consent detailed demographics of enrolled cases were recorded. Patients were distributed in two groups, group I had 57 diabetic patients and groups II had 57 diabetic patients. Both groups were diagnosed with RLS using the International RLS Study Group's diagnostic criteria. SPSS 23.0 was used to analyze all data. Results: There were majority females 30 (52.6%) in group I and 33 (57.9%) in group II. Mean age of the patients in group I was 49.17±9.48 years and in group II mean age was 46.12±11.85 years. Frequency of HTN in group I was found in 22 (38.6%) cases and in group II its frequency was 13 (22.8%). RLS in group I was found in 19 (33.3%) cases and in group II found in 5 (8.8%) cases. Frequency of retinopathy, neuropathy and abnormal neck circumference was significantly higher in diabetic cases as compared to non-diabetic with p value <0.002. Conclusion: This study's findings suggest a strong link between RLS and diabetes, as well as a negative impact on the quality of life, health outcomes, sleep, daytime activity, cognitive function, and mental health of diabetic patients. Additionally, they suggest that doctors and other healthcare professionals should be more aware of RLS. Keywords: RLS, Diabetes, Retinopathy, Neuropathy, Quality of life

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) in end stage renal disease

Introduction: End stage Renal Disease refers to permanent, irreversible loss of renal functions due to variety of underlying disorders. The condition is quite prevalent in our part of the world. The occurrence of Restless legs syndrome (RLS) in such patients, especially those on hemodialysis, surpasses that in the general population. RLS significantly blemishes their quality of life. The syndrome has subtle and nonspecific symptoms which are commonly neglected in dialysis centers. The study aims to determine the frequency of restless leg syndrome in patients of advanced renal disease.
 Methodology: A Cross Sectional Study conducted at Department of Medicine, Mayo Hospital Lahore from Dec 2018 to June 2019 (6 months). Patients of 20-80 years of age and of both genders, diagnosed as ESRD for ≥3 months were enrolled and evaluated for RLS. The condition was diagnosed as per International RLS Study Group (IRLSSG) criteria. The demographic data (age, gender, BMI and duration of symptoms) was recorded. History of smoking, alcohol use and chronicity of disease was also noted. Mean and percentages were calculated. Chi-Square test was applied. p-value of ≤0.05 was taken as significant.
 Results: Total of 75 patients were enrolled. Males were 54 (72.0%) while 21 (28.0%) were females. Mean age was 47.3±13.1(22-73) years. RLS was observed in 29 (38.7%) cases. Age, gender, duration of illness, smoking and alcohol consumption had no significant association with RLS (p values 0.642, 0.669, 0.208, 0.245, 0.565, 0.745) respectively.
 Conclusion: Restless legs syndrome is frequently encountered condition in ESRD patients.

Obesity effects on sleep quality with anthropometric and metabolic changes.

Obesity is one of the etiological factors of sleep disorders (e.g., obstructive sleep apnea and restless leg syndrome). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of obesity on sleep quality by using the Pittsburgh Quality İndex and Berlin Question are and evaluate the association of sleep with anthropometric and metabolic parameters. A total of 76 patients (41 females and 35 males) between the ages of 18 and 70 years with a body mass index >30 kg/m2 were included in this study. Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, hemoglobin A1c, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were analyzed. Sleep quality was evaluated with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Berlin Questionnaire, and the Restless Leg Syndrome Questionnaire. A significant correlation was observed between Pittsburgh sleep quality index and body mass index, neck circumference, body fat index, muscle mass, hip and waist circumference, hemoglobin A1c, and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (ps<0.005). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index median (2.5-97.5 percentile) value was 8 (2-18.6) in the patient group and 3.5 (0.1-7.9) in the control group (p<0.0001). Body mass index was found to be the predictor on Pittsburgh sleep quality index (R2=0.162, F=3.726, analysis of variance p=0.008). Notably, 88% (67) and 95% (57) of the poor sleepers were found to be at high risk for obstructive sleep apnea according to Berlin Questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, respectively. Also, the frequency of restless leg syndrome was 45% in obese individuals. We observed a significant correlation between Pittsburgh sleep quality index and the anthropometric and metabolic parameters. Also, the frequency of obstructive sleep apnea and restless leg syndrome was 88% and 45%, respectively, in obese individuals.

Restless leg syndrome prevalence in epilepsy patients and its impact on quality of sleep.

This study aimed to determine the frequency of restless leg syndrome (RLS) and other sleep-related movement disorders and their effects on sleep quality in epilepsy patients. One hundred and twenty-seven epilepsy patients were compared with 115 age-and gender-matched healthy controls. RLS was determined from the clinical characteristics of the patients according to the International RLS Study Group's (IRLSSG) diagnostic criteria. Sleep bruxism was diagnosed based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Third Edition (ICSD-3) criteria. Subjective sleep quality was evaluated with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Poor sleep quality was more common in the epilepsy group than in the control group (42.5% versus 26.1%; p = 0.007). The epilepsy group had significantly higher PSQI total scores than the control group (p = 0.003). The frequency of RLS was higher in epileptic patients than in the control group (13.4% versus 5.2%; p = 0.024). There were no significant differences between the patient group and the control group regarding limb movement and bruxism frequency during sleep. The PSQI scores were high in epilepsy patients with RLS compared to those without RLS (p = 0.009). The frequency of habitual snoring, bruxism, and repetitive leg movement in sleep was also high in epilepsy patients with RLS compared to those without RLS (p < 0.05). The prevalence of poor sleep quality and RLS in epilepsy patients is higher than in healthy controls. Our results also show the negative impact of RLS on sleep quality in epilepsy patients. Further confirmatory studies using objective sleep tests are needed to identify the mechanisms underlying the current findings.

Restless Leg Syndrome in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis! Its Frequency, Severity, and Correlation.

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) has been recognized as a typical additional manifestation among patients with cirrhosis of the liver. RLS prevalence in liver cirrhosis further worsens the quality of life, which has already been compromised with the disease-related complications of cirrhosis itself. The study aimed to determine the frequency and severity of Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) among patients with cirrhosis of the liver and to correlate its severity with the severity of cirrhosis. This prospective cross-sectional study was carried out at Ruth K.M. Pfau Civil Hospital (Karachi, Pakistan) from December 2019 to February 2020. Three hundred and fifteen cirrhotic patients with any etiology were included in the study after informed written consent. Restless leg syndrome with its severity was determined in all cirrhotic patients. For continuous variables, means and medians with standard deviations were calculated, while percentages and proportions were used for discrete variables. Spearman correlation was used to find significance between RLS Severity Score (RSS) and Model of End-stage Liver Disease MELD Score. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant for all analyses. The frequency of RLS among cirrhotic patients was 38.4%. More than half (54.5%) of the patients had severe RLS. Viral related hepatitis C and hepatitis B were the most common cause of cirrhosis of the liver (57.8% and 30.8%). A significant difference was found between as patients both with or without RLS in terms of age (p=0.003), gender (p=0.005), hemoglobin (p=0.00), and serum albumin (p=0.01). No significant association was found between RLS severity score and MELD Score (p=0.693). Prevalence of RLS is very high among cirrhotic patients, but no correlation was found between the severity of RLS and cirrhosis. Further studies should be carried out to assess the quality of life in cirrhotic patients having RLS.

Restless Leg Syndrome Is Underdiagnosed in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia—Results of an Online Survey

Background: Recurrent bleeding in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) can lead to chronic iron deficiency anemia (CIDA). Existing research points to CIDA as a contributing factor in restless leg syndrome (RLS). The association between HHT-related symptoms and the prevalence of RLS was analyzed. Methods: An online survey was conducted whereby the standardized RLS-Diagnostic Index questionnaire (RLS-DI) was supplemented with 82 additional questions relating to HHT. Results: A total of 474 persons responded to the survey and completed responses for questions pertaining to RLS (mean age: 56 years, 68% females). Per RLS-DI criteria, 48 patients (48/322, 15%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 11–19%) self-identified as having RLS. An analysis of physician-diagnosed RLS and the RLS-DI revealed a relative frequency of RLS in HHT patients of 22% (95% CI: 18–27%). In fact, 8% (25/322; 95% CI: 5–11%) of the HHT patients had RLS which had not been diagnosed before. This equals 35% of the total amount of patients diagnosed with RLS (25/72; 95% CI: 25–46%). HHT patients with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding (prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.70, 95% CI: 1.53–4.77), blood transfusions (PR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.27–2.86), or iron intake (PR = 2.05, 95% CI: 0.99–4.26) had an increased prevalence of RLS. Conclusions: Our data suggest that RLS is underdiagnosed in HHT. In addition, physicians should assess CIDA parameters for possible iron supplementation.

Investigation of Biochemical Data in Pregnant Women Diagnosed with Restless Legs Syndrome

Objective: Restless legs syndrome is a disorder that negatively affects quality of life. Pregnancy increases the frequency of restless leg syndrome. Symptoms that occur during pregnancy can become permanent. This study aimed to investigate the possible relationship between restless legs syndrome and biochemical parameters. Method: Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University Education and Research Hospital was included in our randomly selected 100 pregnant women that applied to the Gynecology and Obstetrics outpatient clinic. The demographic characteristics and laboratory results of the patients were recorded. Patients were divided into two groups: one group with restless leg syndrome, and one group without. It was investigated whether there is a statistically significant difference between the demographic characteristics, blood biochemical levels, and hormonal levels between the two groups. Results: Age, height, weight, body mass index, ferritin with pregnancy week, magnesium, vitamin D, vitamin B12, thyroid stimulant hormone (TSH), hemoglobin, calcium, and aspartate aminotransferase / alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) levels were similar between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Restless legs syndrome is seen in about a third of the pregnancies. Pregnant patients do not come to the doctor with this complaint, because leg complaints are a normal condition caused by pregnancy. For this reason, they continue to live with symptoms of restless leg syndrome and endure this problem. However, this disease can be diagnosed with specific inquiries of physicians regarding restless leg syndrome. Although this study could establish no significant relationship between routine biochemical parameters and RLS, it is essential to examine the possible relationship in larger patient groups in terms of evidence-based medicine.

Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Clonazepam versus Nortriptyline in Restless Leg Syndrome among Forty Plus Women: A Prospective, Open-Label Randomized Study.

Aims and Objectives:The aim of this study is to compare the effect of clonazepam and nortriptyline on rate, frequency, and severity of restless leg syndrome (RLS) in above 40 years women suffering from RLS.Materials and Methods:A prospective, randomized, open-label comparative study was conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital for 1 year. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) diagnosis was based on four essential clinical criteria established by the International RLS Study Group in 2003. Patients were randomized into two groups. Group 1 received tablet clonazepam 0.5 mg bedtime orally daily. Group 2 received tablet nortriptyline 25 mg bedtime orally daily. The primary efficacy endpoints by the International Restless leg Syndrome Scale (IRLS) were evaluated at 0, 4, and 8 weeks. Adverse drug events and safety assessment for vital signs such as blood pressure, pulse, heart rate, waist circumference, and body mass index were compared between two groups.Results:Effect on mean IRLSS was statistically more in clonazepam group in comparison to nortriptyline group with comparable results at 8 weeks (P < 0.001), but at 4 weeks, nortriptyline showed less improvement (P < 0.01) versus P < 0.001 in nortriptyline group. Thus, nortriptyline reported relatively more improvement on IRLSS numerically in comparison to clonazepam. Nortriptyline proved to be statistically better in improving the frequency of RLS with comparison to clonazepam, whereas the results were comparable with regard to rate and the severity of RLS. Both the groups were relatively safe and did not produce any change in biochemical parameters and were free from any serious or severe adverse events and overall, both the treatments were well tolerated.Conclusion:Both the drugs provided clinically and statistical significant effect on RLS when compared with their respective baselines. However, nortriptyline proved to be statistically better in improving the frequency of RLS in comparison to clonazepam, whereas the results were comparable with regard to rate and the severity of RLS on intergroup comparison. Both the drugs were well tolerated.

Restless leg syndrome frequency in health workers.

Introduction - Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) is a disease, primarily composed of sensational symptoms, caused by the urge to move lower extremities especially at night, and characterized by undesired feelings of the legs. Decreasing of the dopaminergic effect at night is thought to be responsible from these symptoms. RLS patients suffer from low quality of sleep affecting their daily life activities even causing socio-economic loss. Although RLS is a common and treatable disease, it can not be diagnosed easily due to the variability of symptoms. Aim - The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of RLS among health workers and to define the disease causing factors. Method - A questionnaire was applied to 174 randomly selected health workers at Baskent University Medical Faculty (KA17/285). The demographic information, history of illnesses or usage of drugs, socioeconomic status, working hours and daytime sleepiness were questioned. Included in the questionnaire were diagnostic criteria for RLS, frequency assessment scale, and survey of sleep quality. We used "the diagnostic criteria of international RLS working group" for the diagnosis, and "Pittsburgh sleep quality index survey" to determine the quality of sleep. Reliability and validity studies were performed on both tests. Results - A significant relationship between socio-economic status and RLS was found (p<0.05) as an increase of RLS frequency in parallel with decreased socio-economic status. RLS was found to be common among health workers. We suggest that health workers should be checked regularly, and they should be informed about the disease in order to raise an awareness and hence increase their quality of life.

Restless legs syndrome, leg motor restlessness and their variants in patients with Parkinson's disease and related disorders

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of restless leg syndrome (RLS), leg motor restlessness (LMR) and RLS/LMR variants and their relationship with clinical factors in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and related disorders. MethodsSixty-three PD patients, 17 multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients and 11 progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) patients were included in this study. Through face-to-face interviews, the patients were diagnosed with RLS/LMR, or with RLS/LMR variants in which the symptoms occur predominantly in body parts other than the legs. ResultsThe frequency of RLS, LMR, RLS variants and LMR variants was as follows: PD (12.7%, 11.1%, 0% and 1.6%); MSA (5.9%, 11.8%, 0% and 0%); and PSP (0%, 9.1%, 0% and 0%). Restlessness without the urge to move was observed in 25.4% of the PD patients, 11.8% of the MSA patients and 0% of the PSP patients. The PD patients with restlessness exhibited higher Hoehn and Yahr stages and higher scores on the Scales for Outcomes in PD-Autonomic, PD sleep scale-2 and Beck Depression Inventory-II. The olfactory functioning, 123I-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy uptake and dopamine transporter single photon emission computed tomography findings did not differ between the PD patients with restlessness and those without. The severity of RLS was correlated with the autonomic symptoms among the PD patients with restlessness. ConclusionPD with restlessness was characterized by increased autonomic, sleep and depressive symptoms. Further studies including a large sample are warranted to characterize restlessness in PD and related disorders.

Frequency of restless leg syndrome (RLS) in Parkinson's disease – experience from an Indian teritary teaching hospital

Frequency of restless leg syndrome (RLS) in Parkinson's disease – experience from an Indian teritary teaching hospital

Restless Leg Syndrome in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and its Effect on Frequency of Daytime Sleepiness and Fatigue of the Patients

Background: Restless leg syndrome (RLS), fatigue and daytime sleepiness are three known co-morbidities in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of RLS in patients with MS and its effect on the frequency of fatigue and daytime sleepiness in these patients. Material and Methods: One hundred twenty patients who referred to the Inpatients Neurology Ward of Chamran hospital, affiliated with the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, from June 2014 to March 2015, were selected as the study participants. The patients with clinically definite MS, according to the 2010 Revised Mc-Donald criteria, and expanded disability status scale (EDSS) ≤5.5 were included. RLS, fatigue and daytime sleepiness were assessed by the criteria of the International RLS study group (IRLSSG), fatigue severity scale (FSS) and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) respectively and the related statistical analyzes were conducted. Results: Seventy eight patients (65%) met all the four IRLSSG criteria, 77 patients (64.1%) suffered from fatigue and only 36 patients (30%) had excessive daytime sleepiness. RLS was not significantly linked to mean age, sex, MS duration, and daytime sleepiness of the studied MS patients, but fatigue was more frequent in MS patients with RLS, which was statistically significant (P=0.018). Conclusion: The main result of this study is that RLS is a common comorbidity in MS and the patients with MS, who also suffer from RLS. They have frequently experienced higher fatigue symptoms than those without RLS. Therefore, the appropriate diagnosis and management of RLS may improve both RLS and fatigue in these patients. [GMJ. 2016;5(1):7-12]

Insomnia and Restless Leg Syndrome in Patients Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis in Rafsanjan Ali Ibn Abitaleb Hospital.

Background:Sleep is one of the most fundamental human needs; without any doubt sleep is even more essential for sick patients, especially for patients with chronic illnesses. Sleep disturbance may lead to anxiety and reduced quality of life. Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a sensory-motor disorder accompanied by a strong desire to move the legs or other parts of the body, which can cause sleep disturbance. Its etiology is unknown, but increased urea and creatinine levels before dialysis, iron deficiency due to kidney failure and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are mentioned as causes.Objectives:This study is designed to examine the prevalence of insomnia and restless leg syndrome in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis in Rafsanjan Ali Ibn Abitaleb Hospital.Patients and Methods:In this study we used two questionnaires to evaluate the presence of RLS and insomnia in ESRD patients who were undergoing hemodialysis treatment as kidney replacement therapy.Results:According to our results, 54.5% of patients were diagnosed with RLS, and of those 65.2% and 42.9% were women and men, respectively. RLS is seen more often among patients with blood group type A, but this result was not statistically significant. There was a statistically significant correlation between RLS and a positive family history of RLS, between RLS and the number of hemodialysis treatments per week and also between RLS and the Insomnia Severity Index. Unlike previous studies, in this study we did not find any statistically significant correlation between RLS and biochemical factors such as serum iron, TIBC, BUN, creatinine, potassium, calcium and phosphorous levels.Conclusions:The frequency of RLS among our patients was remarkable and we conclude that all patients who are undergoing hemodialysis should be screened for RLS, which can assist in providing proper attention and treatment.

Restless leg syndrome in patients with spinal cord injury

BackgroundThe presence of restless leg syndrome (RLS) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) is not well established. We studied the frequency and severity of RLS in a population of patients with SCI and the effect of treatment with dopaminergic drugs when clinically indicated. MethodsConsecutive patients with SCI admitted to an out-patient clinic of a neurorehabilitation hospital (n:195) were evaluated for the presence of RLS between February 2013 and May 2014. A diagnosis of RLS was made according to the criteria of the International RLS Study Group, and severity was assessed by the RLS rating scale. Information on gender, age, time since SCI, level and severity of SCI, was obtained. ResultThe mean age was 54.7 ± 15.6 years (range: 22–81 year); with time since SCI: 16.9 ± 11.4 years (range: 1–50 years). Thirty-five of 195 patients (17.9%) presented RLS. Twenty-two out of 154 (14.3%) patients with cervicothoracic SCI and 13 out of 41 (31.7%) patients with lumbosacral SCI presented RLS. Restless leg symptoms were mild in 2 patients, moderate in 10 patients, severe in 12 patients and very severe in 11. Ten patients received dopaminergic agonist treatment with a significant reduction in RLS severity scale from 29.1 ± 5.9 to 10.2 ± 7.9. DiscussionRLS occurs frequently in SCI patients and responds to dopaminergic treatment. Physicians have to be aware of this diagnosis to avoid unnecessary suffering in this patient population.

FRI0123 The Relationship between Ankylosing Spondylitis and Restless Leg Syndrome

ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence of restless leg syndrome (RLS) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to investigate factors potentially associated with RLS.Methods130 patients diagnosed with AS (95M, 35F, mean...

The relationship between dipping-non-dipping arterial blood pressure pattern and frequency of restless leg syndrome with related factors.

Objective:The lack of nocturnal decline in blood pressure (BP) is associated with an increase in cardiovascular events. Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is an uncomfortable feeling in which the patient wants to budge the legs with ache in the legs. RLS also increases the hypertension and cardiovascular risk. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between dipping and non-dipping blood pressure patterns with RLS and its severity.Methods:Two hundred patients who had 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) were enrolled into this cross-sectional study. They were classified by blood pressure pattern as dipping and non-dipping. Then, 100 patients with the dipper pattern and 100 patients with the non-dipper pattern were chosen. A questionnaire for RLS diagnosis that was prepared by the International RLS Study Group was given performed to the patients.Results:RLS symptom score was higher in patients with non-dipping blood pressure patterns (NDBPP), and patients with NDBPP had more severe RLS. Beside this, there were no differences in terms of RLS frequency in dipping and non-dipping blood pressure patterns.Conclusion:As a conclusion, dipping and non-dipping blood pressure patterns do not increase RLS risk. But, if patients with NDBPP have RLS, they have more severe RLS. So, we suggest that evaluating a patient with a non-dipping blood pressure pattern, considering RLS, would be helpful to ameliorate the quality of life of the patient

Increased frequency of restless leg syndrome in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

To assess the prevalence of restless leg syndrome (RLS) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to investigate factors potentially associated with RLS. One hundred and thirty patients diagnosed with AS according to modified New York criteria and 91 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were included in this study. The diagnosis of RLS was made according to the criteria of the International RLS Study Group. The factors associated with RLS were evaluated. Electrophysiological procedures were performed in a group of patients with RLS. RLS was significantly more common in patients with AS (30.8%) than in healthy controls (13.2%). When AS patients with RLS were compared with AS patients without RLS, it was seen that peripheral arthritis, uveitis, anemia, smoking and polyneuropathy were significantly higher in the former group. RLS is common in patients with AS and iron deficiency, smoking and small fiber neuropathy seem to be possible causes.

Restless leg syndrome in young children with orofacial cleft

Introduction Periodic limb movements (PLMs) and Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) are related conditions which are increasingly being recognized in children. The prevalence of PLMs is believed to be approximately 8–12% in childhood although it occurs in up to 25% of children with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Children with orofacial clefts are at increased risk of behavioral difficulties, including inattention and hyperactivity. However, no study has investigated the prevalence of PLMs or RLS in these children and the association with behavioral morbidity. The goal of the current study, therefore, was to investigate the frequency of PLMs and RLS in young children with orofacial cleft and to determine the relationship to inattentive and hyperactive behaviors. Materials and methods Families of children aged 2–6 years with orofacial clefts were invited to participate. All families completed the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) which included the following subscales: PLMS (6-items), snoring and sleepiness (4 items each). A total score ⩾ 0.33 on any subscale indicated a positive screen. Items about RLS and growing pains were also analyzed separately. In addition, families completed the Conners Early Childhood Assessment questionnaire which included several behavioral domains including hyperactivity/inattention. Results Thus far 36 children have been enrolled. Mean age was 5.0 ± 1.3 years, 53% were boys and 61% Caucasian. Overall 19% of children screened positive for PLMs and a positive response to the RLS and growing pains items was reported in 15% and 12% of children respectively. Children with PLMs had a higher sleepiness score than those without (0.32 vs. 0.06; p = 0.008). Those with RLS, compared to children without, tended towards a higher sleepiness score (0.25 vs. 0.09; p = 0.18), as did those with growing pains (0.25 vs. 0.07; p = 0.12). There were no associations between PLMs or RLS with snoring scores (0.25 vs. 0.21; p = 0.75 and 0.20 vs. 0.21; p = 0.97 respectively). Children with PLMs had higher inattention/hyperactivity scores than those without (66.7 ± 17.0 vs. 53.9 ± 13.5; p = 0.039), as did children with RLS (70.4 ± 19.1 vs. 54.1 ± 13.6; p = 0.026). Conclusion Daytime sleepiness and inattentive/behavioral problems are associated with symptoms of PLMs and RLS in young children with orofacial cleft. Screening for such sleep problems may be important in this pediatric population. Acknowledgements Dr. Moraleda-Cibrian is supported in part by Fundacio Universitaria Agusti Pedro i Pons.

Risk of restless legs syndrome in low socioeconomic rheumatoid arthritis patients

Objectives Our aim was to determine the frequency of restless leg syndrome (RLS) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients from a low socioeconomic area of Pakistan and compare results with a control group to evaluate the effect of variables on RLS patients.Methods A clinical observational study was carried out on 240 RA patients form low socioeconomic group. Controls (n = 210) were frequency-matched by age group to the RA patients. We evaluated the presence of RLS and collected information on characteristics believed to be correlated with RLS in the general population. Multiple logistic regression models were used to study the association between RLS and other risk factors such as age, smoking status, and obesity.Results Among all rheumatic patients seen at our rheumatology clinic, 70.8 % were women. Our study shows that 20 % of RA patients were suffering from RLS compared with 10 % of the control group with other rheumatic diseases. Multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age, obesity, and smoking also showed that women with RA were more likely to have RLS than control patients. RLS was also significantly associated with increasing age, high body mass index, and smoking status.Conclusions Approximately 20 % of RA patients were suffering from RLS. Hence, there is need of increase awareness of RLS among rheumatologists to enhance early RLS diagnosis and appropriate management of this treatable condition.