Frequency Of Past Behavior Research Articles

Iowa wetlands outdoor recreation visitors’ decision-making process: An extended model of goal-directed behavior

While wetlands are recognized to be a potential nature-based tourism destination, little information has been known regarding wetlands visitors for outdoor recreation activities. This study developed an extended model of goal-directed behavior to examine the impact of perceived benefits of wetlands on the decision-making process and to identify differences between residents and non-residents. An online survey was conducted to outdoor recreationists in Iowa and 462 responses were used for data analysis. The structural equation modeling revealed that perceived benefits of wetlands were significant in the decision-making process. Desire was an important key element, conceptually different from behavioral intention, to link attitude, anticipated emotions, and frequency of past behavior to behavioral intention. Compared to non-residents, residents showed that positive attitude and past experience were significant in forming desire and intention to visit wetlands. The research contributes to highlighting the importance of wetlands benefit and group differences, extending the literature on decision-making process in the outdoor recreation context. This study suggests wetland operators develop differentiated marketing promotions by recognizing complicated decision-making processes and group differences by residential status. Management implications1.This study shows that the perceived benefits of wetlands play a vital role in strengthening the decision-making process to visit wetlands. Wetlands management are suggested to recognize the essential values of wetlands and develop promotional programs based on the environmental, educational, and recreational resources in wetlands.2.Furthermore, this study suggests marketing managers should consider differences between residents and non-residents in the decision-making process for planning effective advertisements or promotions.3.Residents showed that a positive attitude toward wetlands played a significant role in forming a strong desire to visit wetlands. And they were more likely to revisit wetlands if they were frequent visitors in the past, compared to non-residents. Therefore, tourism organizers are suggested to recognize frequent visitors as an important market among residents and to develop an appropriate marketing program, meeting the corresponding needs and demands of the consumers.

Социально-психологические детерминанты использования велосипеда как основного вида транспорта в российском контексте: проверка модели целенаправленного поведения

This paper reports on the outcomes of verification of Perugini and Bagozzi’s model of goal-directed behavior, according to which determinants of bicycle commuting include one’s intention to behave this way, perceived behavioral control and frequency of past behavior, and the individual’s intention is, in turn, influenced by attitudes, perceived social approval and emotions associated with this behavior. The model was tested on a sample of 814 subjects living in several regions of Russia (av- erage age 31 years, 70.6% males) using a survey. The scales of social psychological determinants were translated and adapted from the surveys used in previous studies. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling confirmed the initial hypotheses only partially. It was proved that positive attitudes, perceived social ap- proval, expected positive emotions and frequency of past behavior result in greater desire to commute by bicycle; and that this desire and frequency of past behavior positively affect the subjects’ intention, whereas perceived behavioral control (i.e. perceived difficulties with behaving this way) affects their intention negatively. In contrast to our expectations negative emotions and perceived behavioral control don’t seem to predict desire to commute by bicycle. The paper puts forward and ex- plores some new hypotheses on possible reasons for the absence of such correlations in the Russian context.

Can Multimodal Real-Time Information Systems Induce a More Sustainable Mobility?

Interest in advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) is increasing in modern cities, and more attention is given to real-time multimodal information. Through those systems, decision makers hope to achieve a shift from the car to alternative, environmentally friendly modes of travel. Few comprehensive assessments have been undertaken to verify the actual contribution of ATIS to such modal shift. In this paper, the effects on travel behavior of Optimod’Lyon, a multimodal real-time information navigator for the smartphone developed in Lyon, France, in 2013 and launched in May 2015, are assessed. To this end, a mixed method was adopted. A questionnaire was administered and focus groups were organized before and after the test of the application. A stratified sample of 50 people living in the metropolitan area of Lyon was also involved. The theory of planned behavior was used as the framework for the questionnaire design, which investigated attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. To evaluate behavioral change, data were analyzed through the use of parametric and nonparametric tests, factor analysis, and binary logistic regression. Survey participants were initially interested in Optimod’Lyon and showed a positive attitude toward its use. Before the test, they evaluated the travel planner positively but this lessened over time. After the test, use of the various travel modes remained stable. Consistency with regard to the most used mode and to behavioral patterns and attitudes was shown, strongly related to habits and to the frequency of past behavior.

확장된 목표지향적 행동모형을 통한 관광객의 명품구매 의사결정과정의 이해

The present study investigated the formation of tourists' intentions to purchase luxury fashion goods during overseas trips. An extended model of goal-directed behavior(EMGB) was developed by examining prior knowledge of overseas shopping. The study sample included tourists who had experienced purchasing luxury fashion goods during their international traveling. The data were collected using a web-based survey. An online research firm's system for survey was utilized. After excluding extreme outliers and eliminating responses not associated with luxury goods, 372 cases were selected for further analysis. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the measurement structure of our model was evaluated. Subsequently, the goodness- of-fit of the EMGB model was evaluated by using the structural equation modeling(SEM). Lastly, the hypothesized relationships were assessed. Our results indicated that the EMGB model contained a satisfactory fit to the data, and the desire among research constructs had the strongest effect on tourists' intention to purchase luxury goods while traveling abroad. Desire to purchase was found to be a significant function of subjective norm, positive anticipated emotion, perceived behavioral control, frequency of past behavior, and prior knowledge. The findings of the current study contribute to clearly understanding international shopping travelers' decision- making process and can be effectively utilized for inventing marketing strategy in the luxury- goods industry.

Seemingly irrational driving behavior model: The effect of habit strength and anticipated affective reactions

An increasing amount of evidence suggests that aberrant driving behaviors are not entirely rational. On the basis of the dual-process theory, this study postulates that drivers may learn to perform irrational aberrant driving behaviors, and these behaviors could be derived either from a deliberate or an intuitive decision-making approach. Accordingly, a seemingly irrational driving behavior model is proposed; in this model, the theory of planned behavior (TPB) was adopted to represent the deliberate decision-making mechanism, and habit strength was incorporated to reflect the intuitive decision process. A multiple trivariate mediation structure was designed to reflect the process through which driving behaviors are learned. Anticipated affective reactions (AARs) were further included to examine the effect of affect on aberrant driving behaviors. Considering the example of speeding behaviors, this study developed scales and conducted a two-wave survey of students in two departments at a university in Northern Taiwan. The analysis results show that habit strength consists of multiple aspects, and frequency of past behavior cannot be a complete repository for accumulating habit strength. Habit strength appeared to be a crucial mediator between intention antecedents (e.g., attitude) and the intention itself. Including habit strength in the TPB model enhanced the explained variance of speeding intention by 26.7%. In addition, AARs were different from attitudes; particularly, young drivers tended to perform speeding behaviors to reduce negative feelings such as regret. The proposed model provides an effective alternative approach for investigating aberrant driving behaviors; corresponding countermeasures are discussed.

Experiential and involvement effects on the Korean wine tourist's decision-making process

This study's core purpose is to understand the behavioural intention (BI) of wine tourists using the Extended Model of Goal-directed Behaviour (EMGB). Specifically, the Model of Goal-directed Behaviour (MGB), an advanced version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), is extended to EMGB by incorporating experience and involvement towards wine tourism to better understand wine tourists' intention to participate in a tour. The sample was 211 Korean wine tourists. Results revealed that two constructs related to wine tourism, namely, experience of a wine tour and wine tourism involvement, formed positive and significant relationships with attitude towards participating in such a tour. Attitude, subjective norm, and positive anticipated emotion influenced tourists' desire to participate in a wine tour, which, in turn, influenced their BI. Contrary to expectations, the frequency of past behaviour does not have a significant effect on desire and BI, and perceived behavioural control has no significant effects on BI.

Design Framework of Household Appliance for Users’ Sustainable Behaviors

Residential sectors consume one-fifth of global energy that all sectors have actively invested in the enhancement of residential energy efficiency. User behaviors could affect residential energy efficiency that it is regarded as a foresighted research to change unsustainable behaviors with product design. This study aims to discuss the psycho-social determinants in individual energy-saving behaviors and ensure the product design strategies and methods of the mapping determinants to reduce the difference between sustainable design intention and real product operation. With the mode for goal-directed behaviors to study the determinants in household appliance energy-saving behaviors, personal desire could directly affect energy-saving Behavioral Intention and individual Perceived Behavioral Control, Positive Anticipated Emotion, Attitude, and Frequency of Past Behavior would indirectly affect energy-saving behavioral intention through personal desire. The design strategies of ego-information, ego-feedback, and ego-selectivity are the best household appliance intervention design strategies in energy-saving behaviors. Based on the research results, a product designer could establish the mapping relation matrix between product design intervention strategy as the tactic, and psycho-social determinants in energy-saving behaviors as the objective to design the more practicable household appliance for sustainable behaviors.

Gamblers' habit

The theories used to understand and predict regular non-problem gambling are almost exclusively affective or cognitive-oriented. These include motives, self-esteem, image enhancement and illusions of control over random events. However, gambling is one of the most frequently purchased consumer products, and the frequency of past behavior has traditionally been viewed as “habit” by psychologists and marketers. While habit as the frequency of past behavior has been shown to be a strong predictor of future behavior in gambling, habit offers little additional insight into gambling behavior in that form.The frequency of past purchasing behavior is an important input to NBD-Dirichlet models that provide an enhanced ability to understand and predict future purchases of frequently purchased consumer package goods. NBD-Dirichlet models have been shown to provide an excellent fit to data for a broad range of frequently purchased goods and services for countries across the world. Applications of the NBD-Dirichlet models to data concerning gambling behavior show that these models consistently provide an even closer fit to the data than with other consumer models tested.The interpretation of NBD-Dirichlet output can provide more accurate benchmarks than cognitive or affective output to test changes to the gambling environment (e.g., more games, new games, warnings) and to gamblers (e.g., problem gambling). The implications and use of the NBD-Dirichlet statistics for gambling providers and public policy is discussed.

Explaining Unit Nonresponse in Online Panel Surveys: An Application of the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior1

Unit nonresponse is a critical issue in survey methodology. The purpose of this paper is to understand better the mechanisms that underlie unit nonresponse; i.e., the individual's decision to participate in online panel surveys. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the determinants of unit nonresponse are one's attitude toward participating in online panel surveys, the subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Using a student sample at the University of Berne (N = 308), our results show only a marginal effect of the intention to predict participation behavior, and no effect was found for perceived behavioral control. Instead, additional explanatory variables (e.g., moral obligation, frequency of past behavior) led to a better explanatory power of the TPB.

English

The study herein describes the use of the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB), together with the additional variable of past behavior, to investigate the intentions of individuals to visit green hotels in Taiwan. The aims of the present study were threefold: i) to use the extended TPB to identify the factors that affect customers’ intentions to visit a green hotel; ii) to investigate the effect of past behavior on customers’ visiting intentions; and iii) to examine the mediating role of the variables of the TPB on the relationship between past behavior and the intention to visit a green hotel. Data collected from 250 face-to-face surveys confirmed the hypotheses of the present study and the findings of the current literature on this wider topic. The findings reveal that attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and frequency of past behavior, all positively affect the intention of a customer to visit a green hotel. In addition, the influence of the frequency of past behavior on the intention to visit a green hotel, was partially mediated by the variables of the TPB. The findings show that the modified TPB may be used to understand behavioral intention in the context of visiting a green hotel. Some wider implications were also derived, both from a theoretical point of view and from a practical one, for managers in the hospitality industry. Key words: Green hotels, theory of planned behavior, attitude, subjective norms, behavioral intention, past behavior.

The theory of planned behaviour and breast self-examination: Assessing the impact of past behaviour, context stability and habit strength

This study applied the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to the prediction of breast self-examination (BSE) intentions and behaviour, and tested whether the frequency of past behaviour and context stability moderates intention–behaviour and habit–behaviour relations. Seventy-seven females completed measures of the TPB, frequency of past behaviour, context stability and habit strength (Self-Report Habit Index). BSE behaviour was assessed at 1-month follow-up (n = 66). The TPB explained 33% of the variance in BSE intentions and 11% of the variance in time 2 BSE. The frequency of past behaviour moderated the intention–behaviour relationship such that the intention was only positively related to time 2 BSE behaviour when the frequency of past behaviour was low. Context stability and the combination of the frequency of past behaviour × context stability moderated the habit–behaviour relationship such that habit strength was only positively related to time 2 BSE behaviour when context stability and the combination of frequency of past behaviour × context stability were high. The results are consistent with the proposal that behaviours that are performed frequently in stable contexts are predominantly under the control of habitual processes, whereas behaviours that are performed infrequently in unstable contexts are predominantly under the control of intentional processes.

The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions for 2009 H1N1 influenza on travel intentions: A model of goal-directed behavior

Theoretically, in the tourism context this study introduced a new concept of non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) for influenza, and tested the impact of NPI on the behavioral intention of potential international tourists. This study also extended the model of goal-directed behavior (MGB) by incorporating the new concepts of NPI, and the perception of 2009 H1N1. The model found that desire, perceived behavioral control, frequency of past behavior, and non-pharmaceutical interventions predicted tourists’ intention but perceptions of 2009 H1N1 had nil effect on desire and intention. Personal non-pharmaceutical interventions were theorized as adaptive behavior of tourists intending to travel during a pandemic which should be supported by tourism operators on a system-wide basis. Practically, this study dealt with the issue of influenza 2009 H1N1 with the study findings and implications providing government agencies, tourism marketers, policy-makers, transport systems, and hospitality services with important suggestions for NPI and international tourism during pandemics.

Understanding the role of intrinsic motivations in information technology usage habit: evidence from instant messenger and search engine

Drawing upon insights from the habit/automaticity perspective, the current study attempts to incorporate the intrinsic motivators of information technology usage habit and propose a research schema for understanding the antecedents of online service usage habits. The proposed model was empirically tested using 504 cross-sectional responses from actual users of instant messenger and search engine. The results suggest that individual satisfaction, perceived enjoyment and frequency of past behaviour positively influence the strength of usage habit. In addition, information technology type is found to moderate the effects of individual satisfaction and perceived enjoyment on usage habit: perceived enjoyment has a stronger effect on usage habit building for instant messenger users, while satisfaction has a stronger effect for search engine users. This research not only contributes to the important, yet relatively under explored subject of IS usage habits, but also shed light on the marketing promotion strategies for information technology in electronic markets.

An investigation of green hotel customers’ decision formation: Developing an extended model of the theory of planned behavior

The current study sought to extend the theory of planned behavior (TPB), which is rooted in the theory of reasoned action (TRA), to more comprehensively explain the formation of customers’ intention to revisit a green hotel. In particular, the extended TPB incorporates the critical constructs in the consumer behavior and marketing literature (i.e., service quality, customer satisfaction, overall image, and frequency of past behavior) into the original TPB model. Results of a structural analysis revealed that the new model provides a better fit with the data, and explains significantly greater amounts of variance in revisit intention in comparison to the TRA and TPB. Added constructs in the new model considerably contribute to improve our understanding of the complicated process of green hotel customers’ decision-making. In this study, all relationships appeared to be significant as conceptualized according to the theory. In addition, a mediating effect of satisfaction and attitude was found. The article includes discussions on theoretical and managerial implications.

How Habit Limits the Predictive Power of Intention: The Case of Information Systems Continuance

Past research in the area of information systems acceptance has primarily focused on initial adoption under the implicit assumption that IS usage is mainly determined by intention. While plausible in the case of initial IS adoption, this assumption may not be as readily applicable to continued IS usage behavior since it ignores that frequently performed behaviors tend to become habitual and thus automatic over time. This paper is a step forward in defining and incorporating the construct into IS research. Specifically, the purpose of this study is to explore the role of habit and its antecedents in the context of continued IS usage. Building on previous work in other disciplines, we define habit in the context of IS usage as the extent to which people tend to perform behaviors (use IS) automatically because of learning. Using recent work on the continued usage of IS (IS continuance), we have developed a model suggesting that continued IS usage is not only a consequence of intention, but also of habit. In particular, in our research model, we propose IS habit to moderate the influence of intention such that its importance in determining behavior decreases as the behavior in question takes on a more habitual nature. Integrating past research on habit and IS continuance further, we suggest how antecedents of behavior/behavioral intention as identified by IS continuance research relate to drivers of habitualization. We empirically tested the model in the context of voluntary continued WWW usage. Our results support the argument that habit acts as a moderating variable of the relationship between intentions and IS continuance behavior, which may put a boundary condition on the explanatory power of intentions in the context of continued IS usage. The data also support that satisfaction, frequency of past behavior, and comprehensiveness of usage are key to habit formation and thus relevant in the context of IS continuance behavior. Implications of these findings are discussed and managerial guidelines presented.

The theory of planned behaviour and binge drinking: Assessing the moderating role of past behaviour within the theory of planned behaviour

A sample of 398 undergraduate students completed questionnaires assessing the main constructs of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in relation to binge drinking, as well as past binge drinking behaviour. Of these, 273 were followed up at 1 week. Regression analyses revealed attitude, self-efficacy, and perceived control (negative relationship) to be predictive of binge drinking intentions. Intention and self-efficacy were, in turn, predictive of binge drinking at 1-week follow-up. Past behaviour was found to explain additional variance in intention and behaviour. In addition, past behaviour was found to moderate the attitude-intention and intention-behaviour relationships, such that weaker relationships were observed with increasing frequency of past behaviour. The results are discussed in relation to the need to develop and test alternative measures of habit. The implications of the findings for interventions to encourage more appropriate drinking behaviour are outlined.

Conscientiousness, emotional stability, perceived control and the frequency, recency, rate and years of blood donor behaviour.

Personality factors were used to explore aspects of blood donor behaviour (a form of prosocial volunteer behaviour). Based on the Big 5 model of personality, a number of mediation (via perceived control) and moderation hypotheses linking personality to aspects of blood donor behaviour (frequency, recency, rate and years of past behaviour) were explored. A cross-section quasi-experimental survey of 630 blood donors. Prior to donation, 630 donors completed measures of the Big 5 personality domains and donor history (frequency, recency, rate and years of past behaviour); after donation, they indicated levels of perceived procedural and emotional control. There was no evidence that perceived control mediates the relationship between personality and behaviour. However, donors were able to express control in a low control context. For males, the relationship between years as a donor and both the frequency and the rate of donation were stronger for those higher in conscientiousness (C), whereas for females, emotional stability (ES) acted as the moderator. Recency and frequency of past behaviour were orthogonal. The results extend previous work by showing that C (for males) and ES (for females) help to sustain behaviour over time. The recency and frequency of past behaviour assess qualitatively different aspects of past behaviour and this should be explored in future studies. These results have important practical implications for designing donor recruitment and retention interventions.

Predicting Intended and Self-perceived Sugar Restriction among Tanzanian Students using the Theory of Planned Behavior

This study examines the applicability and sufficiency of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in predicting intention and self-perceived behavior with respect to avoiding between-meal intake of sugared snacks and drinks. One thousand one hundred and twenty-three Tanzanian students (mean age 26.4 years) completed self-administered questionnaires designed to measure the components of the TPB during May-July, 1999. Self-perceived sugar consumption was obtained in a subsample of respondents (n = 228) four weeks later. The TPB provided a significant prediction of intention (R(2)= 0.44), with attitude (= 0.25), subjective norms (= 0.28) and perceived behavioral control (= 0.35) significant, and subsequent behavior (R(2) = 0.15, with intention (= 0.25) and perceived behavioral control (= 0.18) significant. Frequency of past behavior explained a significant, albeit small, amount of additional variance in intention (1 percent) and behavior (4 percent). The results indicate that the TPB is applicable to the prediction of food choice-related intention and behavior among young adult students living in a non-occidental setting.

The Theory of Planned Behaviour and exercise: Evidence for the moderating role of past behaviour

Objectives. This study reports an application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to the prediction of exercise intentions and behaviour over a 6‐month period. The study also considers the moderating effect of past behaviour on the intention‐behaviour and perceived behavioural control‐behaviour relationships. Design and methods. A sample of 87 patients attending health promotions clinics in a primary care setting completed questionnaires on the TPB and exercise behaviour after their clinic appointment and were followed‐up at 6 months. Results. The TPB was found to be predictive of initial exercise intentions and future exercise behaviour at 6‐month follow‐up, with the perceived behavioural control construct emerging as the sole independent predictor in both cases. Past behaviour was found to have a direct effect on future exercise behaviour over and above the influence of the TPB. In addition, past behaviour moderated the perceived behavioural control‐behaviour relationship which was found to be significant when the frequency of past behaviour was moderate or high, but non‐significant when the frequency of past behaviour was low. Conclusion. The results highlight (1) the importance of the perceived behavioural control construct of the TPB in the prediction of exercise intentions and behaviour, and (2) the need to consider the moderating effect of past behaviour on TPB‐behaviour relations.

Barriers to change in regulated channel environments: Pharmacists' prescribing

Based on attitude-behavior theory and its extensions, the authors develop and test a model of pharmacists' intentions to prescribe medication under the Florida Pharmacists Self-Care Consultant Law. Data from a random sample of 490 Florida retail pharmacists, one of the few states where independent prescribing is currently allowed, revealed that frequency of past prescribing directly affects behavioral intentions. Also revealed are the underlying attitudinal and normative effects on frequency of past behavior. Post-behavioral reactions reinforce negative attitudes and the pharmacist's perception of the law's intent operates through perceived subjective norms. Suggestions for increasing pharmacists' prescribing, implications for service delivery channels, and future research directions are drawn from the findings.