New Particle Formation Frequency Research Articles

Explosive growth characteristics of 5.6–560 nm particles and deposition in human respiratory during spring in Yangtze River Delta region, China

Studying the contribution of regional transport to ultrafine particles (UFPs) and the deposition effect of nanoscale particles in human respiratory system is conducive to exploring the impact of atmospheric particles on the environment and human health. Based on the data set of number concentration spectrum in the particle size range of 5.6–560 nm in the spring of Hefei, the Yangtze River Delta region obtained by a fast mobility particle sizer, the explosive growth characteristics, potential source identification and deposition flux analysis of UFPs were systematically studied. The results showed that the frequency of new particle formation (NPF) events during spring was 31.5 %. SO2 and O3 contribute to NPF events. Daytime, higher temperature, stronger solar radiation and lower humidity were more conducive to the explosive growth of UFPs. In addition, regional transport of pollutants from the cities around Hefei played an important role in the accumulation mode particles, which were mainly affected by the land-source air mass from northwest Jiangsu (23.64 %) and the sea-source air mass from the Yellow Sea (23.99 %). It was worth noting that approximately 10,406 ng of UFPs enters the human respiratory system every day. The main deposition area of 5.6–560 nm nanoscale particles was alveolar, 5.6–400 nm is more likely to be deposited on alveolar, while nanoscale particles with particle size between 400 and 560 nm is more likely to be deposited on head airways. This study identified the deposition risk of nanoscale particles in the respiratory system under different particle sizes.

Significant spatial gradients in new particle formation frequency in Greece during summer

Abstract. Extensive continuous particle number size distribution measurements took place during two summers (2020 and 2021) at 11 sites in Greece for the investigation of the frequency and the spatial extent of new particle formation (NPF). The study area is characterized by high solar intensity and fast photochemistry and has moderate to low fine particulate matter levels during the summer. The average PM2.5 levels were relatively uniform across the examined sites. The NPF frequency during summer varied from close to zero in the southwestern parts of Greece to more than 60 % in the northern, central, and eastern regions. The mean particle growth rate for each station varied between 3.4 and 8 nm h−1, with an average rate of 5.7 nm h−1. At most of the sites there was no statistical difference in the condensation sink between NPF event and non-event days, while lower relative humidity was observed during the events. The high-NPF-frequency sites in the north and northeast were in close proximity to both coal-fired power plants (high emissions of SO2) and agricultural areas with some of the highest ammonia emissions in the country. The southern and western parts of Greece, where NPF was infrequent, were characterized by low ammonia emissions, while moderate levels of sulfuric acid were estimated (107 molec. cm−3) in the west. Although the emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds were higher in western and southern sectors, they did not appear to lead to enhanced frequency of NPF. The infrequent events at these sites occurred when the air masses had spent a few hours over areas with agricultural activities and thus elevated ammonia emissions. Air masses arriving at the sites directly from the sea were not connected with atmospheric NPF. These results support the hypothesis that ammonia and/or amines limit new particle formation in the study area.

New particle formation in the tropical free troposphere during CAMP2Ex: statistics and impact of emission sources, convective activity, and synoptic conditions

Abstract. Nucleation in the free troposphere (FT) and subsequent growth of new particles represent a globally important source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Whereas new particle formation (NPF) has been shown to occur frequently in the upper troposphere over tropical oceans, there have been few studies of NPF at lower altitudes. In addition, the impact of urban emissions and biomass burning on the NPF in tropical marine FT remains poorly understood. In this study, we examine NPF in the lower and mid-troposphere (3–8.5 km) over the tropical ocean and coastal region using airborne measurements during the recent Cloud, Aerosol and Monsoon Processes Philippines Experiment (CAMP2Ex). NPF was mostly observed above 5.5 km and coincided with elevated relative humidity (RH) and reduced condensation sink (CS), suggesting that NPF occurs in convective cloud outflow. The frequency of NPF increases with altitude, reaching ∼ 50 % above 8 km. An abrupt decrease in NPF frequency coincides with early monsoon transition and is attributed to increased CS resulting from reduced convective activity and more frequent transport of aged urban plumes. Surprisingly, a large fraction of NPF events in background air were observed in the early morning, and the NPF is likely made possible by very low CS despite low actinic flux. Convectively detrained biomass-burning plumes and fresh urban emissions enhance NPF as a result of elevated precursor concentrations and scavenging of pre-existing particles. In contrast, NPF is suppressed in aged urban plumes where the reactive precursors are mostly consumed, while CS remains relatively high. This study shows a strong impact of urban and biomass-burning emissions on the NPF in tropical marine FT. The results also illustrate the competing influences of different variables and interactions among anthropogenic emissions, convective clouds, and meteorology, which lead to NPF under a variety of conditions in tropical marine environments.

The impact of particulate pollution control on aerosol hygroscopicity and CCN activity in North China

Air quality has greatly improved in China owing to the strict control policy enforced during the last decade. This study investigated the impact of particulate pollution control on aerosol hygroscopicity and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity in North China based on several data sources. The mass concentration of particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) decreased by one third from the summer of 2014 to the summer of 2020 in Xinzhou (XZ). The mass fractions of aerosol chemical components in PM2.5 also clearly changed, showing an increase in hydrophilic inorganics and a decrease in hydrophobic organics and black carbon from 2014 to 2020. Measurements of the particle number size distribution in XZ indicate that the occurrence frequency of new particle formation (NPF) events decreased significantly from 2014 to 2020, leading to a reduction in the generation of daytime ultrafine particles. The weakened NPF and increasing influence of morning and evening peak emissions modified the diurnal variations of the number concentration of condensation nuclei (N CN) and CCN (N CCN). The aerosol activation ratio was always higher in the summer of 2014 than in the summer of 2020. These results demonstrate that particulate pollution control can decrease N CN and N CCN but enhance aerosol hygroscopicity and activation ability.

Rapid growth of Aitken-mode particles during Arctic summer by fog chemical processing and its implication.

In the Arctic, new particle formation (NPF) and subsequent growth processes are the keys to produce Aitken-mode particles, which under certain conditions can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCNs). The activation of Aitken-mode particles increases the CCN budget of Arctic low-level clouds and, accordingly, affects Arctic climate forcing. However, the growth mechanism of Aitken-mode particles from NPF into CCN range in the summertime Arctic boundary layer remains a subject of current research. In this combined Arctic cruise field and modeling study, we investigated Aitken-mode particle growth to sizes above 80 nm. A mechanism is suggested that explains how Aitken-mode particles can become CCN without requiring high water vapor supersaturation. Model simulations suggest the formation of semivolatile compounds, such as methanesulfonic acid (MSA) in fog droplets. When the fog droplets evaporate, these compounds repartition from CCNs into the gas phase and into the condensed phase of nonactivated Aitken-mode particles. For MSA, a mass increase factor of 18 is modeled. The postfog redistribution mechanism of semivolatile acidic and basic compounds could explain the observed growth of >20 nm h-1 for 60-nm particles to sizes above 100 nm. Overall, this study implies that the increasing frequency of NPF and fog-related particle processing can affect Arctic cloud properties in the summertime boundary layer.

Collective geographical ecoregions and precursor sources driving Arctic new particle formation

Abstract. The Arctic is a rapidly changing ecosystem, with complex ice–ocean–atmosphere feedbacks. An important process is new particle formation (NPF), from gas-phase precursors, which provides a climate forcing effect. NPF has been studied comprehensively at different sites in the Arctic, ranging from those in the High Arctic and those at Svalbard to those in the continental Arctic, but no harmonised analysis has been performed on all sites simultaneously, with no calculations of key NPF parameters available for some sites. Here, we analyse the formation and growth of new particles from six long-term ground-based stations in the Arctic (Alert, Villum, Tiksi, Zeppelin Mountain, Gruvebadet, and Utqiaġvik). Our analysis of particle formation and growth rates in addition to back-trajectory analysis shows a summertime maxima in the frequency of NPF and particle formation rate at all sites, although the mean frequency and particle formation rates themselves vary greatly between sites, with the highest at Svalbard and lowest in the High Arctic. The summertime growth rate, condensational sinks, and vapour source rates show a slight bias towards the southernmost sites, with vapour source rates varying by around an order of magnitude between the northernmost and southernmost sites. Air masses back-trajectories during NPF at these northernmost sites are associated with large areas of sea ice and snow, whereas events at Svalbard are associated with more sea ice and ocean regions. Events at the southernmost sites are associated with large areas of land and sea ice. These results emphasise how understanding the geographical variation in surface type across the Arctic is key to understanding secondary aerosol sources and providing a harmonised analysis of NPF across the Arctic.

Measurement report: Atmospheric new particle formation at a peri-urban site in Lille, northern France

Abstract. Formation of ultrafine particles (UFPs) in the urban atmosphere is expected to be less favored than in the rural atmosphere due to the high existing particle surface area acting as a sink for newly formed particles. Despite large condensation sink (CS) values, previous comparative studies between rural and urban sites reported higher frequency of new particle formation (NPF) events over urban sites in comparison to background sites as well as higher particle formation and growth rates attributed to the higher concentration of condensable species. The present study aims at a better understanding the environmental factors favoring, or disfavoring, atmospheric NPF over Lille, a large city in the north of France, and to analyze their impact on particle number concentration using a 4-year long-term dataset. The results highlight a strong seasonal variation of NPF occurrences with a maximum frequency observed during spring (27 events) and summer (53 events). It was found that high temperature (T>295 K), low relative humidity (RH <45 %), and high solar radiation are ideal to observe NPF events over Lille. Relatively high CS values (i.e., ∼2×10-2 s−1) are reported during event days suggesting that high CS does not inhibit the occurrence of NPF over the ATmospheric Observations in LiLLE (ATOLL) station. Moreover, the particle growth rate was positively correlated with temperatures most probably due to higher emission of precursors. Finally, the nucleation strength factor (NSF) was calculated to highlight the impact of those NPF events on particle number concentrations. NSF reached a maximum of four in summer, evidencing a huge contribution of NPF events to particle number concentration at this time of the year.

Impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown in China on new particle formation and particle number size distribution in three regional background sites in Asian continental outflow

Despite the curtailment of atmospheric condensing precursor gases during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown (LD) period, unexpected haze events via the formation of new particles and their subsequent growth have been identified. This study investigated the impact of emission reduction during the Chinese LD period on the new particle formation (NPF) frequency and corresponding particle number size distribution (PNSD) at three regional background atmospheric monitoring sites in the western coastal areas of the Korean Peninsula. During this duration, the number concentrations of the nucleation- (<25 nm) and accumulation-mode (>90 nm) particles significantly decreased in Baengryeong (BRY), showing decreases of 34% and 29%, respectively. Unlike BRY, the PNSD in Anmyeon (AMY), which is influenced by nearby industrial emissions, remained nearly unchanged during the LD period, possibly because the reduction in industrial emissions was not significant during the social distancing period enforced by Korea. Bongseong (BOS) showed a similar variation to that of BRY; however, the magnitude of the reduction was weaker because of its higher altitude compared to other sites. The cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function technique was applied to the measured PNSDs at the three sites to objectively classify NPF events. Because mode 1 of cyclostationary loading vectors commonly represented the typical diurnal variation of PNSD during regional NPF events at three sites, mode 1 of the corresponding principal component time series was used for NPF classification. The NPF frequency decreased by 7%, 1%, and 7% in BRY, AMY, and BOS, respectively, despite favorable meteorological conditions, such as increased temperature and insolation during the LD period. The diurnal variation in the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) proxy implied that the H2SO4 proxy acted as a determining factor for NPF events during the NPF occurrence time (8–12 local hours) in AMY and BOS; however, NPF occurrence in BRY was not connected to the H2SO4 proxy level. This suggests that BRY was more likely to be influenced by the reduction in organic species in the continental upwind regions, while the occurrence of NPF events in AMY and BOS can be suppressed in association with the distinct reduction in inorganic compounds represented by the H2SO4 proxy during the LD period.

Deposition potential of 0.003–10 µm ambient particles in the humidified human respiratory tract: Contribution of new particle formation events in Beijing

Ultrafine particles (UFPs) usually explosive growth during new particle formation (NPF) events. However, the risk of exposure to UFPs on NPF days has been ignored due to the prevalence of mass-based air quality standards. In this study, the daily deposited doses, i.e., the daily deposited particle number dose (DPNd), mass dose (DPMd), and surface area dose (DPSd), of ambient particles in the human respiratory tract in Beijing were evaluated based on the particle number size distribution (3 nm-10 µm) from June 2018 to May 2019 utilizing a Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry Model (MPPD) after the hygroscopic growth of particles in the respiratory tract had been accounted for. Our observations showed a high frequency (72.6%) of NPF on excellent air quality days, with daily mean PM2.5 concentrations less than 35 μg m−3. The daily DPNd on excellent air quality days was comparable with that on polluted days, although the DPMd on excellent air quality days was as low as 15.6% of that on polluted days. The DPNd on NPF days was ~1.3 times that on non-NPF days. The DPNd in respiratory tract regions decreased in the order: tracheobronchial (TB) > pulmonary (PUL) > extrathoracic (ET) on NPF days, while it was PUL > TB > ET on non-NPF days. The number of deposited nucleation mode particles, which were deposited mainly in the TB region (45%), was 2 times higher on NPF days than that on non-NPF days. Our results demonstrated that the deposition potential due to UFPs in terms of particle number concentrations is high in Beijing regardless of the aerosol mass concentration. More toxicological studies related to UFPs on NPF days, especially those targeting tracheobronchial and pulmonary impairment, are required in the future.

Observations of particle number size distributions and new particle formation in six Indian locations

Abstract. Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) is a crucial process driving aerosol number concentrations in the atmosphere; it can significantly impact the evolution of atmospheric aerosol and cloud processes. This study analyses at least 1 year of asynchronous particle number size distributions from six different locations in India. We also analyze the frequency of NPF and its contribution to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations. We found that the NPF frequency has a considerable seasonal variability. At the measurement sites analyzed in this study, NPF frequently occurs in March–May (pre-monsoon, about 21 % of the days) and is the least common in October–November (post-monsoon, about 7 % of the days). Considering the NPF events in all locations, the particle formation rate (JSDS) varied by more than 2 orders of magnitude (0.001–0.6 cm−3 s−1) and the growth rate between the smallest detectable size and 25 nm (GRSDS-25 nm) by about 3 orders of magnitude (0.2–17.2 nm h−1). We found that JSDS was higher by nearly 1 order of magnitude during NPF events in urban areas than mountain sites. GRSDS did not show a systematic difference. Our results showed that NPF events could significantly modulate the shape of particle number size distributions and CCN concentrations in India. The contribution of a given NPF event to CCN concentrations was the highest in urban locations (4.3 × 103 cm−3 per event and 1.2 × 103 cm−3 per event for 50 and 100 nm, respectively) as compared to mountain background sites (2.7 × 103 cm−3 per event and 1.0 × 103 cm−3 per event, respectively). We emphasize that the physical and chemical pathways responsible for NPF and factors that control its contribution to CCN production require in situ field observations using recent advances in aerosol and its precursor gaseous measurement techniques.

Frequent new particle formation at remote sites in the subboreal forest of North America

Abstract. The frequency and intensity of new particle formation (NPF) over remote forest regions in the temperate and boreal zones, and thus the importance of NPF for the aerosol budget and life cycle in the pristine atmosphere, remains controversial. Whereas NPF has been shown to occur relatively frequently at several sites in Scandinavia, it was found to be nearly absent at a mid-continental site in Siberia. To explore this issue further, we made measurements of aerosol size distributions between 10 and 420 nm diameter at two remote sites in the transition region between temperate and boreal forest in British Columbia, Canada. The measurements covered 23 d during the month of June 2019, at the time when NPF typically reaches its seasonal maximum in remote midlatitude regions. These are the first such measurements in a near-pristine region on the North American continent. Although the sites were only 150 km apart, there were clear differences in NPF frequency and intensity between them. At the Eagle Lake site, NPF occurred daily, and nucleation-mode particle concentrations reached above 5000 cm−3. In contrast, at the Nazko River site, there were only six NPF events in 11 d, and the nucleation-mode particle concentrations only reached about 800 cm−3. The reasons for this difference could not be conclusively resolved with the available data; they may include air mass origins, preexisting aerosols, and the density and type of forest cover in the surrounding regions. In contrast to observations in other temperate and boreal environments, we found that NPF at our sites occurred at nighttime just as frequently as during daytime. Together with the lack of identifiable sources of sulfuric acid precursor species in the fetch region of our sites, this suggests that nucleation of extremely low volatility organics was the predominant NPF mechanism. Our results indicate that extended measurement campaigns with a more comprehensive set of instrumentation to investigate the role of NPF in the remote forest regions of North America are essential for a deeper scientific understanding of this important process and its role in the global aerosol budget.

Atmospheric particle number size distribution and size-dependent formation rate and growth rate of neutral and charged new particles at a coastal site of eastern China

Coastal new particle formation (NPF) may be complicated due to the influence of both continental and marine air masses. Here we presented the result of particle number size distribution and NPF event measurements at a coastal industrial park of eastern China from 2018 to 2019. The highest nucleation-mode particle number concentration (daytime maximum: 4.9 × 103 cm−3) and NPF frequency (8% of the observation days) were observed in the continental-marine air masses that originated from North China Plain and traveled along the coastline before arriving at the coastal site. The formation rates of 2 nm particles (J2) at this coastal site are similar to those reported in the urban environments around the world, probably due to the influence of local industrial emission. Ion to total particle number concentration ratios in 2–7 nm and 7–20 nm were 1.5% and 12%, respectively, during the NPF periods. Neutral new particle formation pathway thus dominated over ion-mediated pathway at this coastal site. Our observation also showed that number concentration and formation rate of neutral new particles decreased monotonically with particle size, while those of charged new particles increased with particle size. Such difference points to additional formation and loss mechanisms of charged particles, such as ion-aerosol attachment and ion-ion recombination in the atmosphere. The behavior of appearance time-based growth rates, however, are similar for neutral and charged particles.

Characteristics of Aerosol Size Distributions and New Particle Formation Events at Delhi: An Urban Location in the Indo-Gangetic Plains

Accurate information about aerosol particle size distribution and its variation under different meteorological conditions are essential for reducing uncertainties related to aerosol-cloud-climate interaction processes. New particle formation (NPF) and the coagulation significantly affect the aerosol size distribution. Here we study the monthly and seasonal variability of aerosol particle size distribution at Delhi from December 2011 to January 2013. Analysis of aerosol particle size distribution using WRAS-GRIMM reveals that aerosol particle number concentration is highest during the post monsoon season owing to the effect of transported crop residue and biomass burning aerosols. Diurnal variations in number concentration show a bimodal pattern with two Aitken mode peaks in all the seasons. Monthly volume size distribution also shows bi-modal distribution with distinct coarse and fine modes. NPF events are observed less frequently in Delhi. Out of 222 days of WRAS data, only 17 NPF events have been observed, with higher NPF frequency during summer season. Growth rate of the nucleation mode of NPF events vary in the range 1.88–21.66 nm/h with a mean value of ∼8.45 ± 5.73 nm/h. It is found that during NPF events the Aitken and nucleation mode particles contribute more to the number concentration. Simultaneous measurement of UV flux and particulate matter (PM10and PM2.5) have also been done along with particle number size distribution measurement to understand the possible mechanisms for NPF events over the study location.

Investigation of Particle Number Concentrations and New Particle Formation With Largely Reduced Air Pollutant Emissions at a Coastal Semi‐Urban Site in Northern China

AbstractTo better understand the responses of particle number concentrations (PNCs) and new particle formation (NPF) to the largely reduced air pollutant emissions in urban atmospheres, we investigated the particle number size distributions in Qingdao, a coastal megacity in northern China, during two separate periods, 2010–2012 and 2016–2018. The results show only an average of 5% decrease in the total PNCs in 2016–2018 relative to 2010–2012, although the PM2.5 mass concentration decreased by over 40%. Nucleation‐mode PNCs decreased by 20%, which is attributable to reductions in primary emissions from on‐road vehicles and secondary sources. Unexpectedly, the accumulation‐mode PNCs increased by 11% in 2016–2018 relative to 2010–2012. The SO2 concentrations strongly decreased by ∼60%, and the NPF frequencies slightly decreased from 34% in 2010–2012 to 25% in 2016–2018. However, there were no significant changes in the apparent new particle formation rate (FR) or net maximum increase in nucleation‐mode PNCs (NMINP). The increased concentrations of other precursors may substantially negate the effect of SO2 reduction, leading to the invariant FR and NMINP. The maximum sizes of grown new particles decreased by 50%; combined with the decreased NPF frequency, the contribution of grown new particles to accumulation‐mode PNCs expectedly decreased in 2016–2018 relative to 2010–2012. Alternatively, the increased accumulation‐mode PNCs in 2016–2018 mainly attribute to the enhanced primary combustion emissions excluding on‐road vehicle emissions. The increase in accumulation‐mode PNCs in 2016–2018 provides insights on the inter‐annual variation in satellite‐based cloud properties, which appeared insensitive to the large decrease in satellite‐based aerosol optical depth.

In situ observation of new particle formation (NPF) in the tropical tropopause layer of the 2017 Asian monsoon anticyclone – Part 1: Summary of StratoClim results

Abstract. During the monsoon season of the year 2017 the airborne StratoClim mission took place in Kathmandu, Nepal, with eight mission flights of the M-55 Geophysica in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) of the Asian monsoon anticyclone (AMA) over northern India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. More than 100 events of new particle formation (NPF) were observed. In total, more than 2 h of flight time was spent under NPF conditions as indicated by the abundant presence of nucleation-mode aerosols, i.e. with particle diameters dp smaller than 15 nm, which were detected in situ by means of condensation nuclei counting techniques. Mixing ratios of nucleation-mode particles (nnm) of up to ∼ 50 000 mg−1 were measured at heights of 15–16 km (θ ≈ 370 K). NPF was most frequently observed at ∼ 12–16 km altitude (θ ≈ 355–380 K) and mainly below the tropopause. Resulting nnm remained elevated (∼ 300–2000 mg−1) up to altitudes of ∼ 17.5 km (θ ≈ 400 K), while under NPF conditions the fraction (f) of sub-micrometre-sized non-volatile residues (dp &gt; 10 nm) remained below 50 %. At ∼ 12–14 km (θ ≈ 355–365 K) the minimum of f (&lt; 15 %) was found, and underneath, the median f generally remains below 25 %. The persistence of particles at nucleation-mode sizes is limited to a few hours, mainly due to coagulation, as demonstrated by a numerical simulation. The frequency of NPF events observed during StratoClim 2017 underlines the importance of the AMA as a source region for UTLS aerosols and for the formation and maintenance of the Asian tropopause aerosol layer (ATAL). The observed abundance of NPF-produced nucleation-mode particles within the AMA is not unambiguously attributable to (a) specific source regions in the boundary layer (according to backward trajectory analyses), or (b) the direct supply with precursor material by convective updraught (from correlations of NPF with carbon monoxide), or (c) the recent release of NPF-capable material from the convective outflow (according to air mass transport times in the tropical tropopause layer, TTL). Temperature anomalies with ΔT of 2 K (peak-to-peak amplitude), as observed at a horizontal wavelength of ∼ 70–100 km during a level flight of several hours, match with NPF detections and represent an additional mechanism for local increases in supersaturation of the NPF precursors. Effective precursor supply and widely distributed temperature anomalies within the AMA can explain the higher frequency of intense NPF observed during StratoClim 2017 than all previous NPF detections with COPAS (COndensation PArticle counting System) at TTL levels over Brazil, northern Australia, or West Africa.

Contrasting Response of Ultrafine Particle Number and PM2.5 Mass Concentrations to Clean Air Action in China

AbstractThe strictest ever Clean Air Action has been implemented since 2013 at nationwide scale in China. Nevertheless, PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm) mass and number of ultrafine particles (UFPs, the particles with diameters smaller than 100 nm) exhibited contrasting response to the emission mitigation policies. Unlike reduction of PM2.5 and number of accumulation mode particles, UFPs number decreased from 2012 to 2015, and then has begun to increase sharply since 2016, and annual change of number in nucleation mode particles can reach 40% at noontime during 2017–2019. We examined inter‐annual trends of mode diameter, frequency of new particle formation (NPF) events, formation and growth rates, and particles were found to be much finer and NPF events have been more frequent since 2017. The much higher temperature and stronger solar radiation induced by PM2.5 reduction could promote the formation of secondary aerosol particles at noon.

Towards understanding the characteristics of new particle formation in the Eastern Mediterranean

Abstract. To quantify the contribution of new particle formation (NPF) to ultrafine particle number and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) budgets, one has to understand the mechanisms that govern NPF in different environments and its temporal extent. Here, we study NPF in Cyprus, an Eastern Mediterranean country located at the crossroads of three continents and affected by diverse air masses originating from continental, maritime, and desert-dust source areas. We performed 1-year continuous measurements of aerosol particles down to ∼ 1 nm in diameter for the first time in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME) region. These measurements were complemented with trace gas data, meteorological variables, and retroplume analysis. We show that NPF is a very frequent phenomenon at this site and has higher frequencies of occurrence during spring and autumn. NPF events were both of local and regional origin, and the local events occurred frequently during the month with the lowest NPF frequency. Some NPF events exhibited multiple onsets, while others exhibited apparent particle shrinkage in size. Additionally, NPF events were observed during the nighttime and during episodes of high desert-dust loadings. Particle formation rates and growth rates were comparable to those in urban environments, although our site is a rural one. Meteorological variables and trace gases played a role in explaining the intra-monthly variability of NPF events, but they did not explain why summer months had the least NPF frequency. Similarly, pre-existing aerosol loading did not explain the observed seasonality. The months with the least NPF frequency were associated with higher H2SO4 concentrations but lower NO2 concentrations, which is an indicator of anthropogenic influence. Air masses arriving from the Middle East were not observed during these months, which could suggest that precursor vapors important for nucleation and growth are transported to our site from the Middle East. Further comprehensive measurements of precursor vapors are required to prove this hypothesis.

Chemistry of new particle formation and growth events during wintertime in suburban area of Beijing: Insights from highly polluted atmosphere

The high frequency of new particle formation (NPF) events observed under polluted atmospheric conditions is still poorly understood. To improve our understanding of NPF and its effects, the particle number size distribution (3–1000 nm) and submicron particle chemical composition were measured from 4 November 2017 to 17 January 2018 in suburban Beijing. During this intense campaign, 22 NPF events were identified with a frequency of 29%, including 11 cases that occurred under “clean” conditions (C-NPF) and 11 cases that occurred under “polluted” conditions (P-NPF). The observed formation rate (J3) and condensation sink were 4.6–148.9 cm−3·s−1 and 0.01–0.07 s−1, and the majority of NPF events occurred when the condensation sink (CS) values below 0.03 s−1, indicating that condensation vapor likely constitutes the critical limiting factor for NPF events. The correlations between log J3 and [H2SO4] that close to previous CLOUD experimental results in the majority of NPF events (68%) suggest the high nucleation rates (up to 100 cm−3·s−1) would be attributed by the amines that enhancing sulfuric acid nucleation, while the reminding cases (32%) possibly attributed to the H2SO4-NH3 clustering mechanism, which is supported by the theoretical expectations for H2SO4 nucleation with NH3 simulated by the MALTE_BOX model. The observed growth rate varied from 4.9 to 37.0 nm·h−1, with the dominant contribution (>60%) from sulfuric acid during the early phases of growth (~4 nm), which was also sufficient to explain the observed QGR for <10 nm particles in high QSO4 cases. While for the low sulfate production (QSO4 < 0.1 μg·m−3·h−1) cases, QSO4 systematically underestimated QGR, and the QSO4/QGR ratio drops from 0.5 to 0.3 as particles grow from a 5–10 nm size range to a 15–20 nm size range, suggesting the condensation of organic compounds strengthened as the particles grew larger and dominated the growth from 4 nm up to climatically relevant sizes (>50 nm)

Increased new particle yields with largely decreased probability of survival to CCN size at the summit of Mt. Tai under reduced SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; emissions

Abstract. Because anthropogenic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions have decreased considerably in the last decade, PM2.5 pollution in China has been alleviated to some extent. However, the effects of reduced SO2 on the particle number concentrations and subsequent contributions of grown new particles to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) populations, particularly at high altitudes with low aerosol number loadings, are poorly understood. In contrast, the increase in provincial forest areas in China with rapid afforestation over the last few decades expectedly increases the biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds and their oxidized products as nucleating precursors therein. In this study, we evaluated the campaign-based measurements made at the summit of Mt. Tai (1534 m a.s.l.) from 2007 to 2018. With the decrease in SO2 mixing ratios from 15 ± 13 ppb in 2007 to 1.6 ± 1.6 ppb in 2018, the apparent formation rate (FR) of new particles and the net maximum increase in the nucleation-mode particle number concentration (NMINP) in the spring campaign of 2018 was 2- to 3-fold higher than those in the spring campaign of 2007 with almost the same occurrence frequency of new particle formation (NPF) events. In contrast, the campaign-based comparison showed that the occurrence frequency, in which the maximum geometric median diameter of the grown new particles (Dpgmax) was &gt; 50 nm, decreased considerably from 43 %–78 % of the NPF events before 2015 to &lt; 12 % in 2017–2018. Assuming &gt; 50 nm as a CCN threshold size at high supersaturations, the observed net CCN production decreased from 3.7 × 103 cm−3 (on average) in the five campaigns before 2015 to 1.0 × 103 cm−3 (on average) in the two campaigns in 2017–2018. We argue that the increases in the apparent FR and NMINP are mainly determined by the availability of organic precursors that participate in nucleation and initial growth, whereas the decrease in the growth probability is caused by the reduced emissions of anthropogenic precursors. However, large uncertainties still exist because of a lack of data on the chemical composition of these smaller particles.

Atmospheric new particle formation characteristics in the Arctic as measured at Mount Zeppelin, Svalbard, from 2016 to 2018

Abstract. We conducted continuous measurements of nanoparticles down to 3 nm size in the Arctic at Mount Zeppelin, Ny Ålesund, Svalbard, from October 2016 to December 2018, providing a size distribution of nanoparticles (3–60 nm). A significant number of nanoparticles as small as 3 nm were often observed during new particle formation (NPF), particularly in summer, suggesting that these were likely produced near the site rather than being transported from other regions after growth. The average NPF frequency per year was 23 %, having the highest percentage in August (63 %). The average formation rate (J) and growth rate (GR) for 3–7 nm particles were 0.04 cm−3 s−1 and 2.07 nm h−1, respectively. Although NPF frequency in the Arctic was comparable to that in continental areas, the J and GR were much lower. The number of nanoparticles increased more frequently when air mass originated over the south and southwest ocean regions; this pattern overlapped with regions having strong chlorophyll a concentration and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) production capacity (southwest ocean) and was also associated with increased NH3 and H2SO4 concentration, suggesting that marine biogenic sources were responsible for gaseous precursors to NPF. Our results show that previously developed NPF occurrence criteria (low loss rate and high cluster growth rate favor NPF) are also applicable to NPF in the Arctic.