Driver Frequency Research Articles

Influence of impression of vehicle styling on loudness of acceleration sounds in cabin

The influence of participants' impressions of vehicle styling on the loudness of acceleration sounds was investigated. A series of images of luxury or sporty vehicles was presented to the participants as acceleration sounds were being replayed. The results indicated that participants who were frequent drivers felt that the sound associated with luxury vehicles was louder than that associated with sporty vehicles. However, participants who rarely drove perceived almost no difference between the loudness of the two vehicles types. Thus, the loudness was shown to depend on both the participants' impression of the vehicle and their driving frequency.

Why does the lumen maintenance of sodium–scandium metal halide lamps improve by VHF operation?

Lifetime experiments show that sodium–scandium metal halide lamps perform better on very high frequency (VHF) drivers than on low frequency (LF) constant wattage autotransformer (CWA) ballasts. The question why, will be addressed with focus on arc tube aspects. It is argued that at high frequency operation sodium loss is less, and that the absence of thermal fluctuations in the electrode tip causes less damage and cracking to this part of the electrode. Sudden lm W−1 drops, observed with CWA-operated lamps, most probably occur when the arc attaches on such a corroded and cracked surface.Thorium is effective as an emitter both in the CWA and the VHF operation mode, despite the absence of cataphoretic transport to the cathode in the VHF case.

Frequency Driver를 이용한 냉온수관의 스케일 방지억제효과

Frequency Driver를 이용한 냉온수관의 스케일 방지억제효과

Hands‐on demonstrations for Project Listen Up: Education outreach part II.

Midshipmen will be getting involved in an ASA education outreach effort by presenting or video taping a number of acoustical demonstrations geared to promote a hands‐on learning experience for middle‐ and high‐school age girl Scouts. This is an extension of the demonstration effort and outreach presented at the ASA Meeting held in Baltimore in 2009. The demos are designed to visualize certain wave effects that will be explained by the Midshipmen “live” or by video. The participants will be free to explore and then control the apparatus and make their own scientific discoveries. The hands‐on demonstrations will include (1) a ripple tank with an electronic wave height transducer for wave visualizations or making simple oscilloscope measurements, (2) a torsion wave machine for demonstrating reflection and interference effects, and (3) a forced damped harmonic oscillator apparatus that consists of a subwoofer driver connected to the bottom of a vertical spring that is attached at the top to a hanging mass on a string that is suspended over a pulley. Resonance effects can be easily observed watching the pulley oscillate around 1 Hz. The driver frequency is controlled by adjusting a single knob and looking at the digital display.

College students’ prevalence and perceptions of text messaging while driving

By analyzing self-reports from sample of 91 college students from the United States who are frequent drivers, the present study examined the prevalence of text messaging (or “texting”) while driving and the incidence of recklessness and consequences that accompany this behavior. Analyses revealed that 91% of participants reported having used text messaging while driving, with many reporting doing so with passengers, including children, riding in their vehicles. Further, a substantial number of participants reported driving dangerously above the speed limit and drifting into other traffic lanes while texting, and many reported “sexting” and arguing via text messages while driving. However, these young drivers agreed that texting while driving is dangerous and should be illegal. These results and the limitations to the present study are discussed.

Generation Y Consumers

Using a descriptive approach to identify critical attributes affecting positive and negative dining experiences, this study examined the impact of these attributes for Generation Y consumers. The findings not only support relationships in earlier studies using survey methodology but also identify important differences in drivers of positive and negative dining experiences for Generation Y consumers. Many of the same attributes were shown as frequent drivers of positive and negative experiences but varied in impact and order of importance. The top five attributes described as drivers of positive experiences were quality of food/drink, quality of service, friendliness of staff, atmosphere of restaurant, and speed of service. The top five attributes described as drivers of negative experiences were quality of service, speed of service, quality of food/drink, friendliness of staff, and cleanliness. Additional tests provide evidence of differences in the importance of these and other attributes across three segments: quick-service restaurant, casual dining, and fine dining.

A new transform for the analysis of complex fractionated atrial electrograms.

BackgroundRepresentation of independent biophysical sources using Fourier analysis can be inefficient because the basis is sinusoidal and general. When complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAE) are acquired during atrial fibrillation (AF), the electrogram morphology depends on the mix of distinct nonsinusoidal generators. Identification of these generators using efficient methods of representation and comparison would be useful for targeting catheter ablation sites to prevent arrhythmia reinduction.MethodA data-driven basis and transform is described which utilizes the ensemble average of signal segments to identify and distinguish CFAE morphologic components and frequencies. Calculation of the dominant frequency (DF) of actual CFAE, and identification of simulated independent generator frequencies and morphologies embedded in CFAE, is done using a total of 216 recordings from 10 paroxysmal and 10 persistent AF patients. The transform is tested versus Fourier analysis to detect spectral components in the presence of phase noise and interference. Correspondence is shown between ensemble basis vectors of highest power and corresponding synthetic drivers embedded in CFAE.ResultsThe ensemble basis is orthogonal, and efficient for representation of CFAE components as compared with Fourier analysis (p ≤ 0.002). When three synthetic drivers with additive phase noise and interference were decomposed, the top three peaks in the ensemble power spectrum corresponded to the driver frequencies more closely as compared with top Fourier power spectrum peaks (p ≤ 0.005). The synthesized drivers with phase noise and interference were extractable from their corresponding ensemble basis with a mean error of less than 10%.ConclusionsThe new transform is able to efficiently identify CFAE features using DF calculation and by discerning morphologic differences. Unlike the Fourier transform method, it does not distort CFAE signals prior to analysis, and is relatively robust to jitter in periodic events. Thus the ensemble method can provide a useful alternative for quantitative characterization of CFAE during clinical study.

Simultaneous High-density Epicardial Mapping: The Search for High Frequency Drivers Within the LA

Simultaneous High-density Epicardial Mapping: The Search for High Frequency Drivers Within the LA

To the Editor—Triggered Activity, Coronary Sinus, and Atrial Fibrillation

In the September 2010 issue of Heart Rhythm, Teh et al1 describe the presence of complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) in the coronary sinus (CS) of patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). Because CFAEs with similar dominant frequencies were also present during electrically induced AF in patients with no clinical history of spontaneous AF (controls), the authors concluded that CFAE “are unlikely to signify clinically important AF drivers in this setting.” Considering the fact that dominant frequency may not signify the driver's frequency,2 we would like to provide an alternative interpretation that attributes a greater role of the CS to the genesis of AF in patients with clinical AF.

Drivers of customers' service experiences: a study in the restaurant industry

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify, portray and analyse the frequent drivers of customer service experiences as described by customers in their own words – the voice of the customer.Design/methodology/approachA critical incident technique study was conducted, based on 122 interviews, including 195 favourable and unfavourable narratives, about customer experiences. The data were analysed in an inductive manner and the results are presented by means of extracts from the narratives.FindingsThe findings describe the dimensions of drivers of customers' favourable and unfavourable experiences and the frequent drivers, the social interaction, the core service and the physical context.Research limitations/implicationsCustomer experiences are processes and include dynamic interactions and the customer as a co‐producer. The study context is limited to the restaurant setting and Swedish customers.Practical implicationsFor managers the results suggest that great effort needs to be put into understanding the process of customer experiences and the various interactions involved, especially social interactions and the crucial roles of contact employees and customers involved in these interactions.Originality/valueThe paper provides a detailed description and analysis of the frequent and less frequent drivers of favourable, and unfavourable customer experiences – the constellation of drivers. The findings are illustrated by extracts from customer narratives and show how experiences occur and that experiences are processes occurring in a social and physical environment when people do things together. Furthermore, the paper introduces customer experience to service dominant logic by describing the dynamics of resource interactions in customer experience formation.

Hybrid simulation of mode conversion at the magnetopause

Two‐dimensional hybrid simulations are used to investigate how fast‐mode compressional waves incident on a magnetopause current layer mode convert both linearly and nonlinearly to short wavelength (k⊥ρi ∼ 1) kinetic Alfvén waves near the Alfvén resonance surface. The background magnetic fields on both sides of the current layer are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the magnetopause normal, corresponding to a northward interplanetary magnetic field. The simulations are performed in a 2‐D plane (xz), where x is normal to the magnetopause and z is tilted by an angle, θ, relative to the magnetic field. We examine how the mode conversion depends on wave frequency ω0, wave vector, Alfvén velocity profile (particularly the magnetopause width, D0), ion β in the magnetosheath, electron‐to‐ion temperature ratio, and incident wave amplitude. Kinetic effects resolve the resonance, and KAWs radiate back to the magnetosheath side of the current layer. The compressional wave absorption rate is estimated and compared with linear theory. Unlike the prediction from low‐frequency theory of the Alfvén resonance, KAWs are also generated in cases with θ = 0°, provided ω0 > 0.1Ω0, with Ω0 being the ion cyclotron frequency in the magnetosheath. As the incident wave amplitude is increased, several nonlinear wave properties are manifested in the mode conversion process. Harmonics of the driver frequency are generated. As a result of nonlinear wave interaction, the mode conversion region and its spectral width are broadened. The nonlinear waves provide a significant transport of momentum across the magnetopause and are associated with significant ion heating in the resonant region.

Circumferential pulmonary vein ablation for atrial fibrillation: back to the future?

antrum within the encircling lesions, elimination of anchor points of high frequency drivers, atrial debulking, and possibly ablation of ganglionated plexi within the targeted encircling lesions. As the role of PV antrum in AF is better understood, antral PV isolation has been widely performed as an effective ablation strategy to eliminate AF. It is within this context that we should evaluate the contribution by Arya et al. 7 in the current issue of the Journal. The authors report their experience in 674 consecutive patients, 85% of whom had paroxysmal AF, undergoing CPVA using a steerable sheath during 2005‐2007. An irrigated-tip ablation catheter was used with a maximum power of 25 W near the oesophagus and 40‐50 W elsewhere in the left atrium. The sole procedural endpoint was voltage attenuation along the circumferential lines around each set of PVs in patients with paroxysmal AF. Pulmonary vein isolation was not an endpoint of the procedure, but was achieved in 38% of patients. In a minority of patients with persistent AF, linear ablation along the roof and mitral isthmus was performed without confirmation of conduction block. Antiarrhythmic agents (flecainide or amiodarone) were used in 45% and 21% of patients for the first 3 and 6 months, respectively, and were discontinued after 6 months in all patients. Clinical outcome was based on symptoms or the presence of AF or AT on serial 7-day Holter recordings performed at 3, 6, and 12 months after the ablation procedure. The procedure and fluoroscopic times were approximately, 3 h, and 24 min, respectively. After a single-ablation procedure using a steerable sheath, 76% of patients were free from atrial arrhythmias during a 7-day monitoring period at 12 months. Approximately 50% of patients experienced early recurrence, which was due solely due to AT in about one-third of the patients. Early recurrence and a LA diameter .5 cm were associated with arrhythmia recurrence during follow-up. The clinical efficacy was similar among patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF. Six patients experienced pericardial tamponade, one of whom required surgery.

Study of a Ka-Band TE11 Mode Gyrotron Traveling-Wave Amplifier

A Ka-band gyrotron traveling wave (gyro-TWT) amplifier with high power and wide bandwidth operated in the fundamental TE11 circular mode is presented in detail. The stability of the gyro-TWT amplifier using linear and nonlinear theory is analyzed. The distributed loss technique is employed in the interaction circuit which guarantees the amplifier zero-drive stability. The effects of the parameters such as input power, driver frequency, magnetic field on the performance of the gyro-TWT is discussed. The simulation results show that the gain and the bandwidth of the designed Ka-band gyro-TWT are about 60.0 dB and 1.4 GHz at constant drive with an axial velocity spread \( {{\Delta {v_z}} \mathord{\left/{\vphantom {{\Delta {v_z}} {{v_z}}}} \right.} {{v_z}}} = 5\% \). The peak output power and the corresponding electronic efficiency are about 111 kW and 26.4% respectively for a 70 kV, 6A electron beam at 35 GHz. In addition, the design of the input coupler, a triode-type magnetron injection gun (MIG) and a triple output window are given.

Post-stroke functional limitations and changes in use of mode of transport

Purpose: To investigate the use of different modes of transport and long-term changes among stroke survivors with cognitive functional limitations (CFLs), and to study differences among sub-groups (decreased/ceased vs. unchanged and increased public transport use) regarding physical functional limitations (PFLs), CFLs, depression, and social activity outside home. Method: Survey of 79 individuals living in the community with CFLs post-stroke (mean 26 months). Well-established and study-specific instruments were used capturing the mode of transport use, CFLs (professionally assessed and self-reported), depression symptoms, and PFLs. Results: Over one third of the participants reported decreased/ceased use of bus and train, among whom more PFLs were found in comparison with those reporting unchanged use and more depression was found in comparison with those showing increased use. There were no sub-group differences concerning occurrence of CFLs and decrease in social activity. The use of own car or motorbike had largely ceased, most often replaced by Special Transportation Service or travelling by private car or taxi. Yet 27% were still frequent car drivers. Conclusion: The results indicate considerably affected use of modes of transport after stroke, and higher frequencies of PFLs and symptoms of depression among those with decreased/ceased public transport use.

Forekomst av alkohol og andre rusmidler i blodprøver fra førere involvert i trafikkulykker

SAMMENDRAGBilkjøring stiller store krav til førernes sansing, oppmerksomhet, informasjonsbearbeiding og evne til åreagere. Førere som er under innflytelse av sentralnervøst aktive stoffer, vil derfor være en potensiell fare itrafikken. I perioden 1.8–31.12. 1993 identifiserte Statens rettstoksikologiske institutt (SRI) 394 ulykkesføreresom politiet hadde rekvirert analyser av med hensyn på narkotiske stoff/sentralnervøst aktive medikamenter(andre rusmidler) og/eller alkohol. Blodprøver fra disse førerne ble analysert med hensyn på alkohol og etutvidet repertoar av andre rusmidler ved SRI. Da polititjenestemenn og medtrafikanter ofte ikke vil oppdagepåvirkning av andre rusmidler enn alkohol, dels pga. manglende alkohollukt, vil andre rusmidler som ulykkesårsakvære noe underrepresentert i dette materialet sammenliknet med alkohol. Hos 299 av ulykkesførerneble det påvist alkohol og/eller andre rusmidler. 44 førere hadde tatt inn både alkohol og andre rusmidler, mensalkohol og andre rusmidler ble påvist alene i henholdsvis 204 og 51 saker. Totalt ble benzodiazepiner,cannabis, opiater og amfetamin påvist i henholdsvis 54, 30, 17 og 16 saker. Av de 95 som hadde tatt inn andrerusmidler, hadde 34 tatt inn mer enn ett rusmiddel (alkohol ikke medregnet) og i 72 av tilfellene ble analysefunnenevurdert (AB og JM) til sannsynligvis å ha gitt sentralnervøs påvirkning. Risikoøkningen for trafikkulykkeved nylig bruk av cannabisstoffer og diazepam i høydose ble estimert til å kunne tilsvare en blodalkoholkonsentrasjonpå 1-1,5 promille. Alkohol er det rusmiddel som oftest påvises hos ulykkesførere, menforekomsten av benzodiazepiner, cannabis og amfetamin er såvidt høy blant ulykkesførere at disse stoffenemå anses å være et alvorlig trafikksikkerhetsproblem.Bjørneboe A, Beylich K-M, Christophersen AS, Fosser S, Glad A, Mørland J.Prevalence of alcohol and other intoxicants in blood samples from drivers involved in road trafficaccidents. ENGLISH SUMMARYIllegal and some legal drugs affect the central nervous system and drivers who use such drugs may represent ahazard in the road traffic. The prevalence of such drugs among drivers involved in accidents depends on theincrease of the accident risk due to the drug and on the prevalence of the drugs among drivers on the road. Inthis study we have examined blood samples from 394 drivers involved in road traffic accidents during theperiod August–December 1993, to determine the prevalence of alcohol and drugs among drivers involved inaccidents. Most of the drivers enrolled in the study were suspected by the police of driving under the influenceof alcohol or drugs. The data are, however, probably somewhat biased, because drivers influenced by alcoholor drugs will, if possible, avoid contact with the police. Furthermore, the police's ability to detect driversinfluenced by drugs is limited. Accordingly, the proportion of influenced drivers and especially drivers influencedby drugs could be too low compared with the proportion among all drivers involved in traffic accidents.In about 2/3 of the blood samples examined, alcohol was found either alone or together with other drugs,and in 1/4 of the cases drugs were found either alone or together with alcohol. The most prevalent drugs werebenzodiazepines (13.7%), cannabis (7.5%), opiates (4.3%) and amphetamine (4.1%). In about 3/4 of the drugpositive cases the drug concentration was so high that it was considered likely or very likely that the driverwas influenced by the drug(s). The bias due to the police's inability to detect all drivers influenced by drugs50A. BJØRNEBOE OG MEDARBEIDEREwas estimated. After correction for this bias it was estimated that at least 2.7% of drivers involved in injuryaccidents will have significant concentrations of drugs in the blood and at least 4.4% will have significantblood alcohol concentrations.Based on various sources of drug use in Norway we arrived at rough estimates of increase in risk of beinginvolved in road traffic accidents after different drug intakes. Driving a car the first few hours after cannabisintake may increase the risk for an accident comparable to the risk involved when driving with a bloodalcohol concentration in the range 1.0 - 1.5 per mill. High doses of diazepam intake will most likely increasethe risk of an accident in the same order of magnitude.We conclude that drunken drivers still constitute the main problem with regard to influenced driving onNorwegian roads. Nevertheless, the relatively high frequency of drivers influenced by drugs among thoseinvolved in accidents, demonstrates that these drivers are a serious safety problem.Nor J Epidemiol 1996; 6 (1): 49-56.

Design and Simulation of a Ka-Band TE11 Mode Gyro-Traveling-Wave Amplifier

The design of a Ka-band gyrotron traveling wave amplifier with high power and wide bandwidth is presented in detail. The amplifier operates in the TE11 circular mode at the fundamental cyclotron harmonic. The distributed loss technique is adopted in the interaction circuit which guarantees the amplifier zero-drive stability. The effects of the parameters such as input power, driver frequency and magnetic field on the performance of the gyro-TWT are discussed. The simulation results show that the gain and the 3dB bandwidth of the designed Ka-band gyro-TWT are about 56.0dB and 1.8 GHz ,respectively. The peak output power and the corresponding electronic efficiency are about 100 kW and 23.8% respectively with the voltage 70 kV and the current 6A at the velocity ratio 1.0.

Stimulated Brillouin scattering of the beat wave of two lasers in a plasma

Stimulated Brillouin scattering of two collinear lasers in a plasma is investigated. Lasers exert a longitudinal ponderomotive force on electrons, imparting them oscillatory axial velocity at the beat frequency. This velocity acts as a driver for parametric excitation of an ion acoustic wave (ω,k⃗) and a noncollinear sideband electromagnetic wave (ω′,k⃗′). The driver velocity v⃗0− couples to the sideband wave to exert a ponderomotive force at (ω,k⃗) on the electrons, driving the ion acoustic wave. The density perturbation of ion acoustic wave beats with v⃗0− to produce a nonlinear current at (ω′,k⃗′), driving the sideband. In the case of finite spot size Gaussian laser beams, the beat wave has a Gaussian profile and excites an ion acoustic wave (ω,k⃗) and a backscattered TM mode (ω′,k⃗z′). The growth rate scales as the product of amplitudes of the lasers and maximizes at optimum values of scattering angles. The parametric instability of difference frequency driver is stronger than the sum frequency driver.

Digit ratio (2D:4D) is associated with traffic violations for male frequent car drivers

Digit ratio (2D:4D) is a putative marker of prenatal hormone exposure. A lower digit ratio has been suggested as an index of higher testosterone relative to estrogen exposure during prenatal development. Digit ratio has been associated with a variety of psychological sex-dimorphic variables, including spatial orientation, aggression, or risk-taking behavior. The present study aimed to relate digit ratio to traffic violations for a male sample ( N = 77) of frequent car drivers. Digit ratio was assessed via printout scans of the hand, and traffic offense behavior was assessed via self-reported penalty points as registered by the Central Register of Traffic Offenders in Germany. In addition, social desirability and sensation seeking were recorded. Results showed that digit ratio was inversely related to penalty point entries, suggesting more traffic violations for individuals with higher prenatal testosterone exposure. Sensation seeking was positively associated with traffic violations, but there was no relationship between sensation seeking and digit ratio, proposing additive effects of both variables. The results suggest that prenatal androgen exposure might be related to traffic violations for frequent car drivers.

Patterns of traveling intrinsic localized modes in a driven electrical lattice

The emergence of very stable traveling intrinsic localized modes (ILMs) locked to a uniform driver is demonstrated in a discrete electrical transmission line. The speed of these traveling ILMs is tunable by the driver amplitude and frequency. It is found to be quite sensitive to the ratio of intersite to on-site nonlinearity. The number of traveling ILMs can also be selected via the driving conditions and appears to be the result of a spatiotemporal pattern selection process.

Prediction of Cancer Driver Mutations in Protein Kinases

A large number of somatic mutations accumulate during the process of tumorigenesis. A subset of these mutations contribute to tumor progression (known as "driver" mutations) whereas the majority of these mutations are effectively neutral (known as "passenger" mutations). The ability to differentiate between drivers and passengers will be critical to the success of upcoming large-scale cancer DNA resequencing projects. Here we show a method capable of discriminating between drivers and passengers in the most frequently cancer-associated protein family, protein kinases. We apply this method to multiple cancer data sets, validating its accuracy by showing that it is capable of identifying known drivers, has excellent agreement with previous statistical estimates of the frequency of drivers, and provides strong evidence that predicted drivers are under positive selection by various sequence and structural analyses. Furthermore, we identify particular positions in protein kinases that seem to play a role in oncogenesis. Finally, we provide a ranked list of candidate driver mutations.