Frequency Of Dreams Research Articles

Mindfulness, Meditation, and Lucid Dreaming: A Narrow vs. Broad-Spectrum Mindfulness Study

Both lucid dreaming and mindfulness appear to involve metacognition and awareness, or “awareness of awareness” in which one is aware and consciously attends to present experiences. Despite evidence for the continuity hypothesis of dreaming (which posits dream content is connected and related to the concerns and thoughts in waking life), little research has explored a relationship between lucid dreaming and waking mindfulness. The present study explores the relationship among mindfulness experience, meditation practice history, and lucid dreaming. Undergraduate students and meditators completed questionnaires assessing trait mindfulness, lucid dreaming frequency, and meditation practices. Surprisingly, lucid dreaming was not associated with meditation practice frequency or narrow-spectrum mindfulness experiences like present-centered awareness and nonjudgmental acceptance. Lucid dreaming frequency was predicted only by dream recall and mindfulness-related experiences of Transcendence. Possible personality implications are discussed.

Longitudinal associations throughout adolescence: Suicidal ideation, disturbing dreams, and internalizing symptoms

Objective/BackgroundMany studies have reported associations between disturbing dream occurrence and internalizing symptoms in adults, but the extent to which such associations also characterize adolescents remains unknown. The main goal of the present longitudinal study was to evaluate the strength and stability of the associations between disturbing dream frequency, suicidal ideation, and internalizing symptoms from ages 13 to 18. MethodsParticipants (N = 434) drawn from two longitudinal birth cohort studies on child development in the province of Quebec, Canada, completed annual self-reports of disturbing dream frequency, suicidal ideation, and levels of depression and anxiety. ResultsTwo separate cross-lagged panel models for symptoms of depression and anxiety were conducted with both models showing similar results. In early adolescence, high levels of and higher change in disturbing dream frequency were associated with increased odds of reporting later suicidal ideation, whereas in mid to late adolescence, increased odds of reporting suicidal ideation at age 17 was associated with increased disturbing dream frequency at age 18. Across adolescence, increased levels of depression and anxiety were associated with increased odds of reporting later suicidal ideation and increased disturbing dream frequency. ConclusionsThese findings support previous literature suggesting that disturbing dream frequency, depression, and anxiety, are risk factors for suicidal ideation throughout adolescence. The present longitudinal study allows for a refinement of our conceptualization of disturbing dream and their relation to suicide and internalizing symptoms throughout adolescence and suggests that the collection of information on disturbing dream and internalizing symptoms during early adolescence may help screen adolescents for suicide risk.

Distressing dreams and risk of Parkinson's disease: A population-based cohort study

SummaryBackgroundParkinson's disease (PD) is associated with alterations to the phenomenology of dreaming - including an increased frequency of distressing dreams. Whether distressing dreams may precede the development of PD is unknown. This study investigated the association between frequent distressing dreams and the risk of incident PD.Methods3818 men aged 67 years or older from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS), a population-based cohort from the USA, who were free from PD at baseline (December 2003 – April 2011) and completed item 5h of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index - which probes the frequency of distressing dreams in the past month, were included in this analysis. Incident PD was based on doctor diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) for incident PD according to distressing dream frequency, with adjustment for potential confounders.FindingsDuring a mean follow-up of 7·3 years, 91 (2·4%) cases of incident PD were identified. Participants with frequent distressing dreams at baseline had a 2-fold risk for incident PD (OR, 2·01; 95% CI, 1·1-3·6, P = 0.02). When stratified by follow-up time, frequent distressing dreams were associated with a greater than 3-fold risk for incident PD during the first 5 years after baseline (OR, 3·38; 95% CI, 1·3-8·7; P = 0·01), however no effect was found during the subsequent 7 years (OR, 1·55; 95% CI, 0·7-3·3; P = 0·26).InterpretationIn this prospective cohort, frequent distressing dreams were associated with an increased risk for incident PD. The association was only significant within the 5 years prior to diagnosis, which suggests that frequent distressing dreams may be a prodromal symptom of PD.FundingThe study received no external funding.

Dream Recall Frequency, Lucid Dream Frequency, and Personality During the Covid-19 Pandemic.

Dream recall frequency and lucid dream frequency showed large inter-individual differences that are partly related to personality dimensions. However, as dream research is a small field, independent studies are necessary to build a solid empirical foundation. The present online survey included 1,537 participants (1150 women, 387 men) with a mean age of 35.1 ± 15.8 years. Whereas the relationship between openness to experience and dream recall frequency was in line with previous research – supporting the life-style hypothesis of dream recall, the associations between the Big Five personality factors and lucid dream frequency are less homogenous; for example, the negative relationship between neuroticism and lucid dream frequency. Even though the effect sizes of these associations are small, the findings can help in identifying links between waking and dreaming. Moreover, it was found that lucid dream frequency was related to Covid-19-related worries, whereas dream recall frequency was not.

0635 Validation of a clinical scale for defining RBD severity in participants of the North American Prodromal Synucleinopathy (NAPS) consortium

Abstract Introduction The objective of this study is to assess the validity of the REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) symptom severity scale (RBDSSS) and its correlation to the clinical global impression of severity (CGI-S) in a cohort of participants enrolled in the North American Prodromal Synucleinopathy (NAPS) study. RBD is a prodromal marker of α-synucleinopathies with no standardized tool for assessing severity in clinical or research practice. Development of a reliable scale is essential to understand risk of phenoconversion and to monitor response to treatments, particularly in future neuroprotective clinical trials. Methods Participants and their bedpartners enrolled in the NAPS cohort filled out an 8-item questionnaire, developed by the International RBD Study Group, assessing frequency and severity of dreams, vocalizations, movements, and injuries associated with RBD, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms. The CGI-S is a 7-point scale ranging from normal (1) to most severely ill (7) and was completed by a clinician based on an independent interview with the participant ± their bedpartners. Data was included when patient (RBDSSS-PT) and bedpartner (RBDSSS-BP) responses were both available. Total scores were derived by multiplying assigned point values for frequency and severity (for each question) and summing them for individual RBDSSS-PT scores (total possible=54) and RBDSSS-BP scores (total possible=38). Results This cohort (n=212) included in this analysis was predominantly male (n=175) with a mean ± SE age of 65.16 ± 1.46 years. The median (interquartile range) for RBDSSS-PT, RBDSSS-BP and CGI-S was 11 (4-17), 8 (4-14.3) and 3 (3-4), respectively. Non-parametric Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (rs) for each variable pair are as follows: RBDSSS-PT vs. RBDSSS-BP, rs=0.575; RBDSSS-PT vs. CGI-S, rs=0.641; RBDSSS-BP vs. CGI-S, rs=0.463 (P<0.0001). Conclusion A moderate correlation was observed between RBDSSS-PT and RBDSSS-BP suggesting good construct validity for the scale. CGI-S correlated moderately with RBDSSS-PT and weakly with RBDSSS-BP. Future, larger studies are needed to explore this as a possible universal and clinically applicable scale for designation of RBD disease burden and prognostication. Support (If Any)

Postural balance in frequent lucid dreamers: a replication attempt.

Early research suggests that the vestibular system is implicated in lucid dreaming, e.g. frequent lucid dreamers outperform others on static balance tasks. Furthermore, gravity-themed dreams, such as flying dreams, frequently accompany lucid dreaming. Nonetheless, studies are scarce. We attempted to: (1) replicate previous findings using more sensitive static balance measures and (2) extend these findings by examining relationships with dreamed gravity imagery more generally. 131 participants (80 F; Mage=24.1 ± 4.1 yrs) estimated lucid dreaming frequency then completed a 5-day home log with ratings for dream lucidity awareness, control, and gravity sensations (flying, falling). They then performed balance tasks on a sensitive force plate, i.e. standing on one or both feet, with eyes open or closed. Center of pressure (CoP) Displacement and CoP Velocity on each trial measured postural stability. Findings partially support the claim of a vestibular contribution to lucid dreaming. Frequent lucid dreamers displayed better balance (lower CoP Velocity) than did other participants on some trials and lucid dreaming frequency was globally correlated with better balance (lower CoP Velocity). Lower CoP Velocity was related to flying sensations in men's dreams and with more dream control in women's dreams. However, body height-possibly due to its relationship to sex-and levels of sleepiness confound some of these effects. While findings only provide a partial replication of previous work, they nonetheless support an emerging view that the vestibular system underlies basic attributes of bodily self-consciousness, such as feelings of self-agency and self-location, whether such consciousness occurs during wakefulness or dreaming.

Lucid Dreaming Frequency and Sensory-Processing Sensitivity

Previous research identified personality and neurophysiological traits that are associated with inter-individual differences in lucid dreaming frequency. The present study investigated the question as to whether sensory processing sensitivity is related to lucid dreaming. Overall, 1,807 persons (1,008 woman, 799 men) with a mean age of 47.75 ± 14.41 years completed the German High Sensitive Person Scale, a Big Five personality inventory, and the lucid dream frequency scale. As expected, Aesthetic Sensitivity and Low Sensory Threshold (two of the three sensory processing factors) were positively related to lucid dream frequency. Moreover, extraversion and low agreeableness were also related to lucid dreaming frequency. Although the effect sizes of these relationships are relatively small, this research can shed light on the mechanism underlying the inter-individual differences in lucid dream frequency.

Brief behavioral treatment for insomnia decreases trauma-related nightmare frequency in veterans.

Trauma-related nightmares are highly prevalent among veterans and are associated with higher-severity insomnia and posttraumatic stress disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (typically 6-8 sessions) has been shown to reduce trauma-related nightmares. Brief behavioral treatment for insomnia (BBTI, 4 sessions) has been found to be comparable to CBT-I in decreasing insomnia severity; however, the effects of BBTI on nightmares have not been investigated. The current study tested the effects of BBTI on both trauma-related nightmares and nontrauma-related bad dreams using an active control group treated using progressive muscle relaxation therapy. In addition, we tested whether baseline trauma-related nightmare frequency and baseline nontrauma-related bad dream frequency moderated changes in insomnia severity. Participants were 91 military veterans with insomnia disorder randomized to BBTI or progressive muscle relaxation therapy. Participants reported insomnia severity on the Insomnia Severity Index and reported trauma-related nightmare frequency and nontrauma-related bad dream frequency on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index-PTSD Addendum. We found that BBTI significantly reduced trauma-related nightmares from baseline to posttreatment, whereas progressive muscle relaxation therapy did not. However, reductions in trauma-related nightmares were not maintained at the 6-month follow up. Neither BBTI nor progressive muscle relaxation therapy reduced nontrauma-related bad dreams from baseline to posttreatment. We also found that neither baseline trauma-related nightmare frequency nor baseline nontrauma-related bad dream frequency moderated changes in insomnia symptom severity. Findings from the current study suggest that BBTI may help reduce trauma-related nightmares. Further research is needed to better understand the potential mechanisms underlying how improved sleep may reduce trauma-related nightmares. Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Name: Brief Behavioral Insomnia Treatment Study (BBTI); URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02571452; Identifier: NCT02571452. Ranney RM, Gloria R, Metzler TJ, Huggins J, Neylan TC, Maguen S. Brief behavioral treatment for insomnia decreases trauma-related nightmare frequency in veterans. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022:18(7):1831-1839.

The Oneiric Activity during and after the COVID-19 Total Lockdown in Italy: A Longitudinal Study.

A growing body of evidence highlights that the COVID-19 pandemic affected oneiric activity. However, only a few studies have assessed the longitudinal changes in dream phenomenology during different phases of the pandemic, often focused on a limited number of dream variables. The aim of the present study was to provide an exhaustive assessment of dream features during total lockdown (TL) and a post-lockdown (PL) period characterized by eased restrictive measures in Italy. We performed a longitudinal study using a web-based survey to collect demographic, COVID-19 related, clinical, sleep, and dream data at TL and PL. Our final sample included 108 participants. The high frequency of poor sleep quality, anxiety, and depressive symptoms observed during TL remained stable at PL, while sleep latency (t = −4.09; p < 0.001) and PTSD-related disruptive nocturnal behaviors (t = −5.68; p < 0.001) exhibited a reduction at PL. A PL decrease in time spent with digital media was observed (t = −2.77; p = 0.007). We found a strong PL reduction in dream frequency (t = −5.49; p < 0.001), emotional load (t = −2.71; p = 0.008), vividness (t = −4.90; p < 0.001), bizarreness (t = −4.05; p < 0.001), length (t = −4.67; p < 0.001), and lucid dream frequency (t = −2.40; p = 0.018). Fear was the most frequently reported emotion in dreams at TL (26.9%) and PL (22.2%). Only the frequency of specific lockdown-related dream contents exhibited a reduction at PL. These findings highlight that the end of the home confinement had a strong impact on the oneiric activity, in the direction of reduced dream frequency, intensity, and lockdown-related contents. The co-occurrence of such changes with a decline in nocturnal PTSD-related symptoms, sleep latency, and time with digital media suggests an influence of post-traumatic stress levels, lifestyle modifications, and sleep pattern on dream changes during different phases of the pandemic. The stable prevalence of fear in dreams and the large frequency of poor sleep quality, depressive symptoms, and anxiety are probably related to the persistence of many negative consequences of the pandemic. Overall, these results are consistent with the continuity hypothesis of dreams.

Sleep, Diet, Physical Activity, and Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Analysis.

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed routines and habits, raising stress and anxiety levels of individuals worldwide. The goal of this qualitative study was to advance the understanding of how pandemic-related changes affected sleep, diet, physical activity (PA), and stress among adults. We conducted semi-structured, qualitative interviews with 185 participants and selected 33 interviews from a represented sample based on age, race, and gender for coding and analysis of themes. After coding for thematic analysis, results demonstrated four primary themes: sleep, diet, PA, and stress. Sleep sub-themes such as poorer sleep quality were reported by 36% of our participants, and 12% reported increased an frequency of vivid dreams and nightmares. PA was decreased in 52% of our participants, while 33% experienced an increase and 15% experienced no change in PA. Participants also reported having an improved diet, mostly among women. Stress was elevated in 79% of our participants and was more likely to be discussed by women. Many participants reported how stress was involved in precipitating health behavior change, especially for sleep. Increased stress was also linked to elevated anxiety and depression among participants. The results of this qualitative study demonstrate how managing stress could have a beneficial effect on promoting health behaviors and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

Clocks in Dreams: Analysis of a Long Dream Series.

Many dream content analytic studies focus on dream characters, animals, social interactions and so on, but they rarely analyze the frequency of everyday objects in dreams. In the present paper, the frequency and phenomenology of clock dreams in a dream series of 12,476 dreams of a single male dreamer was analyzed. The clock dreams (0.74% of all dreams) show a variety of contexts not only related to the time management of the dreamer within the dream. Interestingly, clocks that belong to the dreamer in waking life occurred very rarely in his dreams. Given that keeping time schedules and appointments in waking life is of importance to almost everyone, the low frequency of clock dreams might be explained by novelty, that is, waking-life experiences that repeat themselves regularly do not show up in dreams that often. Thus, studying everyday objects such as clocks in dreams might help refine the current models describing the continuity between waking and dreaming.

Stuck in a lockdown: Dreams, bad dreams, nightmares, and their relationship to stress, depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic.

An upsurge in dream and nightmare frequency has been noted since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and research shows increases in levels of stress, depression and anxiety during this time. Growing evidence suggests that dream content has a bi-directional relationship with psychopathology, and that dreams react to new, personally significant and emotional experiences. The first lockdown experience was an acute event, characterized by a combination of several unprecedent factors (new pandemic, threat of disease, global uncertainty, the experience of social isolation and exposure to stressful information) that resulted in a large-scale disruption of life routines. This study aimed at investigating changes in dream, bad dream and nightmare recall; most prevalent dream themes; and the relationship between dreams, bad dreams, nightmares and symptoms of stress, depression and anxiety during the first COVID-19 lockdown (April-May 2020) through a national online survey. 968 participants completed an online survey. Dream themes were measured using the Typical Dreams Questionnaire; stress levels were measured by the Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale; symptoms of anxiety were assessed by Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale; and symptoms of depression were assessed using the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. 34% (328) of participants reported increased dream recall during the lockdown. The most common dream themes were centered around the topics of 1) inefficacy (e.g., trying again and again, arriving late), 2) human threat (e.g., being chased, attacked); 3) death; and 4) pandemic imagery (e.g., being separated from loved ones, being sick). Dream, bad dream and nightmare frequency was highest in individuals with moderate to severe stress levels. Frequency of bad dreams, nightmares, and dreams about the pandemic, inefficacy, and death were associated with higher levels of stress, as well as with greater symptoms of depression and anxiety. Results support theories of dream formation, environmental susceptibility and stress reactivity. Dream content during the lockdown broadly reflected existential concerns and was associated with increased symptoms of mental health indices.

Changes in sleep pattern and dream activity across and after the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy: A longitudinal observational study.

SummaryA large body of evidence has documented the impact of the global COVID‐19 outbreak – and especially the lockdown period – on sleep quality and quantity. Here, we present the first Italian longitudinal study on sleep and COVID‐19 considering four different time points collected during lockdown (from 29 March 2020 to 3 May 2020) and a subsequent follow‐up period (October 2020). We used an online survey to collect socio‐demographic and COVID‐19 related information. Subjects were also asked to complete a sleep diary at each time point of the study. Our longitudinal sample included 147 participants. Statistical comparison across time intervals showed remarkable changes in sleep patterns during and after the lockdown. In particular, during lockdown we observed longer sleep latency, less ease of falling asleep, a higher total bedtime, and a lower dream frequency. The week‐by‐week evaluation described relatively stable patterns in the observed measures during the lockdown period, except for dream frequency, affected by a rapid increase in the early phase of lockdown. Our findings are in line with the current literature. Furthermore, the prospective longitudinal investigation comprising several time points offered the possibility of (a) observing the temporal dynamics and the different entities of such changes over time, and (b) reducing the typical memory bias for these studies.

Editorial: “The stuff that dreams are made of”

Rafael Benoliel: Dentistry and specifically orofacial pain have been involved in the science of sleep and its interactions with pain and various other relevant disorders for decades. Yet we have not yet explored dreams; an amazing phenomenon occurring during sleep where brain activity can induce a virtual reality that includes visual, auditory, olfactory, taste, and emotional experiences as true as their waketime counterparts. Humans spend about 2 hours dreaming per night, and we have established that most, but not all, of our dreaming occurs during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. While neuroscientists routinely examine neural activity during sleep, capturing dreams so that they can be evaluated presents obvious challenges. There is general agreement about what dreams are, but ongoing debate remains over why we dream. We may dream to augment rest and repair for our mind and body. We may dream for psychologic reasons. In fact, there are several dream theories, from Sigmund Freud’s interpretations to hypotheses that claim dreams are just random. Many of the theories on the function of dreams are contradicted by the sparse, hallucinatory, and narrative nature of dreams, a nature that seems to lack any specific function; the answer to why we dream remains nebulous. The recent advent of deep neural networks (DNNs) has provided a novel conceptual framework within which to understand the evolved function of dreams¹ —fascinating, but beyond the scope of this editorial. Dreams, it seems, are not just “sleep-time” entertainment. Dreams can provide much information about our state of mind, problems, and wishes for our future. Answers to our problems may be found in our dreams, which may also try to offer solutions.² The “dream machine” works efficiently, with insights and “advice” occurring the night of and about a week after a triggering event. This would suggest that dreams serve social and emotional adaptive functions. Would this include pain-related disorders? A relevant question is: Does pain occur in dreams? It has been shown that realistic, localized painful sensations can be experienced in dreams, either through direct incorporation or from past memories. Nevertheless, the frequency of pain dreams in healthy subjects is low. In one study, dreams often reflected attempts to obtain pain relief.³ So although pain is rare in dreams, it is compatible with the representational code of dreaming.³ Patients suffering from burn pain dream more frequently of pain than controls.<sip>4</sup> Findings have indicated that dreaming about pain may be an added stress for pain patients and may contribute to both poor sleep and higher pain intensity, which could evolve into a cycle of pain–anxiety–sleeplessness.⁴ Researchers have found that during dreams in REM sleep, our stress responses shut down, and the neurochemicals responsible for stressful feelings stop being released.⁵ In addition to this, REM helps reduce the negative effects of difficult memories. Although not studied, this suggests to me that pain may be similarly modulated. Possibly, dreams could be harnessed and manipulated to manage some of the disorders we encounter. There is a definite relationship between bad dreams and chronic pain.⁶ Evidence demonstrates that nightmares sometimes accompany migraine, and this link has been proposed as the result of a number of factors that affect both migraine and nightmares; for example, various stressors.⁷ Clearly the directionality of the relationship and the involvement of comorbidities are not always clear and need further study. A lucid dream is a type of dream where the dreamer becomes aware that they are dreaming. A recent study instructed volunteers to enter a lucid dream and imagine themselves experiencing pain in their arms, following which they were required to wake up immediately. Of the participants, around three-quarters experienced pain during lucid dreaming, and one-fifth felt pain even after waking.⁸ These are thought-provoking findings: A dreamer consciously induced pain, without a nociceptive or other stimulus, and was able to subsequently project this into a conscious physical sensation! This is consistent with studies that establish the brain as the source of pain. It strengthens approaches that pain may be controlled through our consciousness. The psycho-physiologic connection found between dreams and wakefulness could lead to new treatments for pain relief.⁹ From the use of lucid dreams and “dream incubation” (“planting a seed” for a specific dream topic to occur) . . . this is “the stuff of dreams.” Rafael Benoliel Editor-in-Chief

Open Outcome Study of Prazosin in a Prison Female Population With Traumatic Dreams.

The objective of this study was to evaluate patient and clinician assessment of the efficacy of prazosin in the treatment of recurring traumatic dreams in a female prison population. Inmates with recurring traumatic dreams were queried regarding trauma dream frequency, dream intensity, return to sleep postdream, and the quality of their sleep. They were asked to rate this after prazosin treatment and retrospectively at the time they began treatment. Clinicians were asked to evaluate the severity of patient illness before and after prazosin treatment and global improvement after prazosin treatment. Modal ratings for dream frequency dropped during the course of prazosin treatment, modal intensity dropped, modal awake time after the trauma dreams dropped, and normal sleep increased. This study suggests that prazosin is a highly effective treatment for female inmates with recurring traumatic dreams.

The impact of the end of COVID confinement on pandemic dreams, as assessed by a weekly sleep diary: a longitudinal investigation in Italy

SummaryThe Coronavirus 2019 pandemic strongly affected our sleep and dream activity. Many cross‐sectional studies highlighted increased dream recall frequency, and revealed a great presence of pandemic‐related oneiric contents. Here, we present the first prospective study carried out on an Italian sample. One‐hundred subjects were requested to fill out a web‐survey including socio‐demographic information, and questionnaires collecting sleep and clinical measures during lockdown. A final sample of 90 subjects participated in the longitudinal protocol lasting 2 weeks: (a) the first week (April 28–May 4) of full lockdown; and (b) the second week (May 5–May 11) of easing of restrictions. Subjects were asked to record at home their dream experiences, and complete a sleep‐dream diary each morning. Statistical comparisons showed that participants had higher numbers of awakenings, lower ease of falling asleep, higher dream recall and lucid dream frequency during lockdown than post‐lockdown. Further, subjects reported more dreams, including “being in crowded places” during post‐lockdown than lockdown. The poorer sleep quality during lockdown is quite consistent with previous findings. The relationship between traumatic events and dream recall frequency confirmed the idea of pandemic as “collective trauma”. Also, we hypothesized that the greater presence of lucid dreams during confinement could reflect the attempt to cope with the waking pandemic‐experiences. Finally, the presence of crowded places into dream scenarios during the second week of our protocol appears consistent with the continuity‐hypothesis, as the possibility to access places frequented by other people could represent a relevant experience after a long period of confinement.

Changes in dream features across the first and second waves of the Covid‐19 pandemic

SummaryResearch during the Covid‐19 pandemic has highlighted its significant impact on dreaming. Here we address changes in dream features both during the first wave, when the Italian government imposed a total lockdown, and the second wave (autumn 2020), when a partial lockdown was effected. In April 2020 (total lockdown), 1,622 participants (Mage = 34.1 ± 13.6 years; 1171F) completed an online survey including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and a set of questions on dream features and their possible changes relative to the month preceding the lockdown (pre‐total lockdown). In November 2020 (partial lockdown), 214 participants (Mage = 36.78 ± 14.2 years; 159F) from the previous sample completed the same survey. Approximately half of the subjects reported increased or decreased dream frequency (30.5% and 21.8%), length (27.1% and 15.8%) and vividness (31.5% and 17.1%) during total lockdown as well as during partial lockdown (frequency: 30.3% and 13.5%; length: 23.3% and 12.6%; vividness: 31.6% and 24.1%). Dream affect became significantly more negative in total lockdown relative to pre‐total lockdown and in partial lockdown relative to pre‐partial lockdown (both p < .001). Both in total lockdown and partial lockdown, increased negative dream emotionality significantly predicted changes in dream frequency, length and vividness, and was significantly predicted, in turn, by worsened sleep quality. Our data confirm that dream features are significantly affected by major life changes such as those imposed by a pandemic. The fact that between lockdowns negative dream affect returned almost to baseline level suggests that dream emotionality is closely related to lifestyle and wake‐time emotional changes. Also, our findings point to a modulating role of sleep quality on dream emotionality.

Psychological Distress, Social Support, Coping Style, and Perceived Stress Among Medical Staff and Medical Students in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Epidemic in China.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had impact that may contribute to a rise in mental health problems. The present study was aimed to better understand psychological status among medical staff and medical students during the early epidemic and to explore the influence factors of psychological distress.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted online from February 2–14, 2020. We collected general information related to the COVID-19 outbreak. Respondents were assessed using the Kessler-6 Psychological Distress Scale (K6), Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ). Stepwise multiple linear regression was performed to identify factors influencing psychological distress.Results: Five hundred and twenty-eight respondents returned valid questionnaires. Medical staff and Medical students scored averages of 6.77 ± 5.04, 15.48 ± 8.66 on the K6, 37.22 ± 11.39, 22.62 ± 11.25 on the SSRS and 18.52 ± 7.54, 28.49 ± 11.17 on the PSS, respectively. Most medical staff (279, 91.77%) and 148 medical students (66.07%) showed a positive coping style. Social support, perceived stress, hours spent watching epidemic-related information per day and frequency of epidemic-related dreams were identified as factors influencing psychological distress among medical staff and medical students. Coping style emerged as a determinant of psychological distress among medical staff.Conclusions: In the early stages of the COVID-19 epidemic in China, medical staff and medical students were at moderate to high risk of psychological distress. Our results suggest that psychological interventions designed to strengthen social support, reduce perceived stress and adopt a positive coping style may be effective at improving the mental health of medical staff and medical students.

Dream Activity in Narcoleptic Patients During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy.

Some studies highlighted that patients with narcolepsy type-1 (NT1) experience high lucid dream frequency, and this phenomenon has been associated with a creative personality. Starting from the well-known “pandemic effect” on sleep and dreaming, we presented a picture of dream activity in pharmacologically treated NT1 patients during the Italian lockdown. Forty-three NT1 patients completed a web-survey during Spring 2021 and were compared with 86 matched-controls. Statistical comparisons revealed that: (a) NT1 patients showed greater sleepiness than controls; (b) controls showed higher sleep disturbances than NT1 patients, and this result disappeared when the medication effect in NT1 was controlled; (c) NT1 patients reported higher lucid dream frequency than controls. Focusing on dreaming in NT1 patients, we found that (a) nightmare frequency was correlated with female gender, longer sleep duration, higher intrasleep wakefulness; (b) dream recall, nightmare and lucid dream frequency were positively correlated with sleepiness. Comparisons between low and high NT1 lucid dreamers showed that patients more frequently experiencing lucid dreams reported a greater influence of dreaming during wakefulness, especially concerning problem-solving and creativity. Overall, our results are consistent with previous studies on pandemic dreaming carried out on healthy subjects. Moreover, we confirmed a link between lucidity and creativity in NT1 patients. Considering the small sample size and the cross-sectional design, our findings cannot provide a causal relationship between lucid dreams and the COVID-19 lockdown. Nevertheless, they represent a first contribution to address future studies on this issue, suggesting that some stable characteristics could interact with changes provoked by the pandemic.

Exploring the range of reported dream lucidity

Dream lucidity, or being aware that one is dreaming while dreaming, is not an all-or-none phenomenon. Often, subjects report being some variant of “a little lucid” as opposed to completely or not at all. As recent neuroimaging work begins to elucidate the neural underpinnings of lucid experience, understanding subtle phenomenological variation within lucid dreams is essential. Here, we focus on the variability of lucid experience by asking participants to report their awareness of the dream on a 5-point Likert scale (from not at all to very much). Participants implemented a combination of mnemonic training lucid dream induction methods at home for one week and provided detailed reports about their dream experiences each morning. Consistent with previous research, cognitive induction methods led to about half of participants reporting at least one lucid dream and about half of all dreams including some level of lucidity. However, we also show that induction success rate varies significantly depending on the minimum criteria for lucidity. Participants also reported how much they adhered to specific components of each induction method, and the amount of mnemonic rehearsal during a brief early awake period was predictive of lucidity level. Furthermore, lucidity levels were positively correlated with dream control, dream bizarreness, and next-morning positive affect. Lastly, we asked participants open-ended questions about why they chose particular levels of lucidity. We focus a qualitative discussion on responses to those “semi-lucid” dreams (rated just a little, moderately, or pretty much lucid) to explore why participants rate their dreams as having intermediate levels of awareness. Together, the present study explores the frequency of semi-lucid dreams, what they are, why they might arise, their correlates, and how they impact methodological concerns in lucid dreaming research.