Frequency Index Research Articles

Identification of Landslide-prone Areas on the Road Connecting Kaur Regency, Bengkulu Province to South Oku Regency, South Sumatra Province Using the Microtremor Method

Muara Sahung District, Kaur Regency, is an area with a high level of landslide disasters. These incidents often cut off the connecting transportation route between Kaur Regency, Bengkulu Province, and South Oku Regency, South Sumatra Province. This research aims to analyze the potential for landslide disasters in this area. We used the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) technique to analyze microtremors and identify landslide-prone areas in this research. A total of 13 measurement points with a distance of 1–3 km between points are located in Serdang Indah Village, Luas District, Ulak Bandung Village, Bukit Makmur and Sumber Makmur, Muara Sahung District, Kaur Regency, Bengkulu Province. This was carried out using the PASI Gemini-2 portable seismometer device in the Kaur Regency area with hilly contours on the left and right of the road. The analysis results include the amplification factor (A0), dominant frequency (f0), and soil vulnerability index (Kg). The results of the analysis and calculations show that the highest landslide risk value among all points is at point (KR-4, KR-5) in Ulak Village, Bandung (KR-7). Bukit Makmur Village and (KR-9) Serdang Indah Village, where this location is on a road with steep hilly contours that often cause landslides.

Nonlinear flutter response and reliability of supersonic smart hybrid nanocomposite rupture trapezoidal plates subjected to yawed flow using DQHFEM

In the realm of aerospace engineering, the analysis of flutter under supersonic flight conditions is of paramount importance. Hybrid nanocomposite materials, known for their lightweight and high-strength properties, are increasingly being employed in aerospace engineering. This article examines the supersonic flutter behavior and reliability of smart hybrid nanocomposite trapezoidal plates, considering various practical factors. The structure is subjected to yawed flow conditions, a scenario often encountered during supersonic flight. The importance of the hybrid nanocomposite in various applications such as aerospace, public security tools, and so on, therefore the hybrid nanocomposite core layer reinforced by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon fibers incorporates real-world material complexities such as agglomeration, waviness, and random orientation of fibers into the analysis. The complexities and the accurate characterization of the hybrid nanocomposite properties are determined by using the Halpin-Tsai model. Going beyond the current field of application, the core layer is integrated with actuators and sensors, respectively at the top and bottom layers. The structure is controlled by a Proportional-Derivative (PD) controller, simulating real-world control mechanisms used in aerospace systems for flight safety. The structure is modeled by the nonlinear Refined Zigzag Plate (RZP) theory. The advanced numerical technique of the Differential Quadrature Hierarchical Finite Element Method (DQHFEM) for the solution of the motion equations provides a robust framework for studying the intricate flutter and aerodynamic behavior of the smart hybrid nanocomposite trapezoidal plates. The examination of the reliability of the structure employs the three-term conjugate finite-step length (TCFS) method. This technique is constructed through the utilization of the conjugate gradient method, incorporating a controlled scalar parameter to ensure numerical stability. The results of this article have been validated against existing experimental and numerical studies, demonstrating the validity of the presented model and the numerical technique used. The effects of various parameters, such as the smart controller, applied output voltage to the actuator layer, volume percentage of CNTs, agglomeration, and waviness of carbon fibers, geometric parameters, the skew angle of the plate, rupture, and yawed angle flow are examined on the flutter behavior, critical aerodynamic pressure, nonlinear frequency, and reliability index. The results indicate that the controlled system exhibits an approximately 18% increase in the flutter critical aerodynamic pressure compared to the uncontrolled system, along with a significant 50% rise in flutter frequency. Additionally, the structure with rupture displays approximately 20% lower flutter aerodynamic pressure and a 25% lower flutter frequency compared to a healthy plate. In the absence of carbon nanotubes and under positive external voltage, a damage parameter exceeding 0.35 leads to a reliability index below 0.931, indicating a risk of structural failure. Two solutions involve switching to negative voltage or increasing the volumetric percentage of carbon nanotubes, resulting in a 43% or 118% increase in reliability, respectively.

Assessing exposure to climate extremes over the Arabian Peninsula using ERA5 reanalysis data: Spatial distribution and temporal trends

Understanding climate extremes and indices is crucial for addressing climate change impacts, including the increased variability in local weather patterns and extreme events. Previous studies on the Arabian Peninsula (AP) have been limited by sparse station data and restricted spatial coverage. To overcome this limitation, this paper aims to assess the spatial distribution and temporal trends of temperature and precipitation indices suggested by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) using ERA5 reanalysis data from 1951 to 2020 for the AP. Additionally, this study investigated the changes relative to the reference period (1951–1980). The modified Mann-Kendall test and Sen's Slope estimator are utilized to detect significant trends and estimate their magnitude. Results revealed that ERA5 was consistent with previous studies that utilized in-situ station data, which offers a more detailed picture of the affected areas. The findings indicated a significant warming trend in temperature indices, with an increase of over 1 °C per decade observed across several areas, including the northern AP, and certain regions experiencing a discrepant change of 3 °C increase compared to the reference period. Changes in rainfall indices indicate a shift in rainfall patterns from the AP's fertile southwest regions towards more intense patterns in specific eastern regions, including Oman, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. However, the precipitation temporal trends are weak in magnitude and variable spatially, with dominant decreases in both intensity (-10 mm per decade) and frequency indices (-5 days per decade). Some locations are subject to the combined effects of most heatwave indicators simultaneously, while flood indicators and yet others by drought indicators influence others. All these locations have been accurately identified in this study. The findings provide valuable information regarding the region's climate change vulnerability and adaptation needs.

Heart Rate Variability Measured from Wearable Devices as a Marker of Disease Severity in Tetanus.

Tetanus is a disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Heart rate variability (HRV) is an objective clinical marker with potential value in tetanus. This study aimed to investigate the use of wearable devices to collect HRV data and the relationship between HRV and tetanus severity. Data were collected from 110 patients admitted to the intensive care unit in a tertiary hospital in Vietnam. HRV indices were calculated from 5-minute segments of 24-hour electrocardiogram recordings collected using wearable devices. HRV was found to be inversely related to disease severity. The standard deviation of NN intervals and interquartile range of RR intervals (IRRR) were significantly associated with the presence of muscle spasms; low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) indices were significantly associated with severe respiratory compromise; and the standard deviation of differences between adjacent NN intervals, root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats, LF to HF ratio, total frequency power, and IRRR, were significantly associated with autonomic nervous system dysfunction. The findings support the potential value of HRV as a marker for tetanus severity, identifying specific indices associated with clinical severity thresholds. Data were recorded using wearable devices, demonstrating this approach in resource-limited settings where most tetanus occurs.

Consequences of precipitation variability and socio-economic activity on surface water in the Vranso water basin (Burkina Faso)

The aim of this study is to analyse rainfall variability and its impact on surface water in the Vranso catchment. To achieve this, the methodology consisted of collecting primary and secondary data. The primary data was acquired using a survey technique, while the secondary data was based on meteorological data (rainfall) and a literature review. Data processing was based on the standardised rainfall index (SPI), the Martonne aridity index and the standardised flow index. (SFI), and the frequency index (FI). The study shows that rainfall variability is significant over the period 1985-2014. This variability is reflected in alternating dry and wet periods. The study also shows that rainfall variability has an impact on flows in the Vranso catchment. Agricultural activities, gold panning and livestock farming contribute to the drying up of water bodies in the catchment. It would be useful for the regional authorities to tackle this problem by formulating conservation policies for these areas.

The Challenges of Sustainable Affordable Housing Construction During the Sri Lankan Economic Crisis

The present Sri Lankan economic crisis has severely impacted various sectors including the industry of construction. Hence, the construction of affordable housing has become an extremely significant factor in response to the circumstances of the economic downfall. Although affordable housing projects are one of the best resolutions for the need for shelter during economic breakdowns, sustainably commencing, implementing, and maintaining such projects are also highly challenging in the present. Therefore, the present study examines the challenges of commencing, implementing, and maintaining sustainable affordable housing projects in Sri Lanka under the impacts of the contemporary economic crisis. The methodology of this research is a combination of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. It has cooperated the primary data gathered from the study sample; construction professionals of Sri Lankan affordable housing projects via semi-structured interviews and questionnaire surveys and also the secondary data sources such as research paper publications, periodicals, journals, and books. The data received from the questionnaire survey was analyzed by a Frequency Index after forming them on a ‘Likert Scale’ to examine the degree of application of each respondent. The data gathered by interviews were evaluated in reference to a content analysis. The overall study findings reveal various limitations of affordable housing projects in Sri Lanka during the current economic crisis. It also suggests adopting new strategies and measures to enforce the defined field of study by prioritizing the degree of impact of each factor.

Floristic Composition, Diversity, and Regeneration of Woody Plant Species of Dabal Forest in Southeastern Ethiopia: Implication for Conservation.

Floristic composition, population structure, and regeneration status of woody species of Dabal forest found in East Hararghe zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, were studied. Vegetation data were obtained from 52 main plots of 20 × 20 m for mature woody species and 5 subplots of 5 × 5 m for seedlings and saplings. Density and dbh of each live woody plant species found in each sample plot were recorded. Frequency, basal area, importance value, and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices were also computed. Totally 59 woody plant species distributed in 33 families were documented. Of these, 45.80, 44.10, and 5.08% were shrubs, trees, and lianas, respectively. Species diversity and evenness indices were 3.56 and 0.87, respectively. Stem count of all woody species was 3379 stems ha-1. Out of this, 44.6, 30.8, and 24.59% were seedlings (dbh <3.5 cm), saplings (dbh between 3.5 and 10 cm), and mature (dbh >10 cm) individuals, respectively. Total basal area of all individuals with dbh ≥3.5 cm was 29.88 m2 ha-1. Juniperus procera, Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus globulus, Afrocarpus falcatus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Myrsine africana, Maytenus undata, Hagenia abyssinica, Ekebergia capensis, and Cordia africana were species with top ten IVI. Most of these species were top densest, dominant, and frequent. Analysis of population structure based on pooled densities of all species in each dbh class showed that density of seedling > sapling > mature individuals, signifying healthy population structure with good natural regeneration potential. On individual basis, however, 35.6 and 8.5% of species showed fair and poor regeneration statuses, respectively, that deserve attention for conservation.

Construction Project Delay Risk Assessment Based on 4M1E Framework and Afghanistan Situation

In the realm of construction project management, delays present a significant impediment, particularly within complex socio-political contexts such as Afghanistan. This study endeavors to elucidate the multifaceted nature of construction project delays in Afghanistan, employing the 4M1E (Man, Machine, Material, Method, and Environment) framework to conduct a comprehensive risk assessment. The research methodology entailed the development of a structured questionnaire grounded in an extensive review of pertinent literature, targeting 30 recognized causes of project delays. This instrument was administered to a representative sample of 144 professionals across the Afghan construction industry spectrum, including clients, consultants, and contractors. Analytical rigor was applied through the deployment of frequency, severity, and importance indices to evaluate the collected data. This analysis culminated in the distillation of ten paramount delay risk factors, encapsulating elements such as governmental policy stability modifications in project scope and design alongside delays in material testing and approval processes. A comparative dimension was incorporated to benchmark these findings against global standards, thereby enhancing the robustness of the study’s conclusions. Moreover, the research delineates the congruence and discordance among different respondent cohorts, bolstering the integrity of the identified delay factors through a validation of internal consistency and reliability. The strategic application of the 4M1E framework, contextualized within the Afghan construction landscape, furnishes pivotal insights for stakeholders, equipping them with a nuanced understanding necessary for the proactive mitigation of delay risks. The implications of this study are far-reaching, promising to augment project completion efficiency, budget adherence, and overall project success, with particular resonance for environments paralleling the intricacies of Afghanistan. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-06 Full Text: PDF

Predictive values of Mallampati score, tonsillar size, and BMI z-score in the presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric population.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep-related breathing disorder in children. Determination of risk factors for the development of OSA is essential for early diagnosis and treatment of the disease and decreases the risk of negative consequences. This study aimed to investigate the predictive values of Mallampati score, tonsillar size, and BMI z-score in the presence and severity of OSA in children. This prospective cross-sectional study included 114 children with OSA symptoms. All children were assessed by BMI z-score, Mallampati score, and tonsillar size and underwent overnight polysomnography. They were consecutively selected and assigned to 4 groups as follows: Group 1 included normal-weight with a low Mallampati score; Group 2 involved normal-weight with a high Mallampati score; Group 3 included obese with a low Mallampati score; and Group 4 involved obese with a high Mallampati score. Of the 114 included children, 58 were female and 56 were male, with a mean age of 13.1 ± 2.9 years. OSA frequency and apnea-hypopnea index were significantly higher in group 4 compared with other groups (p = 0.003 and p < 0.0001, respectively), whereas average and minimum spO2 were significantly lower (for both, p = 0.001). Mallampati score and BMI z-score were found to be significant for predicting OSA (odds ratio = 4.147, 95% CI: 1.440-11.944; p = 0.008 and odds ratio = 1.760, 95% CI: 1.039-2.980; p = 0.035, respectively). Among OSA patients, the Mallampati score, tonsillar size, and BMI z-score were found to be significant for predicting OSA severity (odds ratio = 4.520, 95% CI: 1.332-15.335, p = 0.015, odds ratio = 9.177, 95% CI: 2.513-33.514, p = 0.001, and odds ratio = 2.820, 95% CI: 1.444-5.508; p = 0.002, respectively). The coexistence of the Mallampati score and BMI z-score significantly increases the presence of OSA in children. Mallampati score, tonsillar size, and BMI z-score are promising parameters for predicting OSA severity.

Micronuclei and Gamma-H2AX Detection in Medical Radiation Workers

One of the most harmful DNA lesions brought on by exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) is DNA double-strand breaks. The working duration time may affect the dose accumulation of radiation workers routinely exposed to IR. The study presented here aims to determine the correlation between micronuclei (MN) frequency and γ-H2AX foci index in medical workers who are occupationally exposed to low-dose IR. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were collected from 30 radiation workers that grouped working less and more than 20 years, consisting of radiologists, nurses, cardiologists and radiology technicians. MN frequencies were calculated by analysing 1000 binucleated cells and γ-H2AX foci were calculated by analysing 50 cells. No significant difference was observed between the γ-H2AX foci frequencies and MN indexes when comparing the exposed group with working years ≥20 compared to those working &lt;20 years. Chronic exposure to low-dose IR increases the DNA repair process and reduces micronuclei formation.

Reducing insecticide use in winter oilseed rape by in-field to landscape-scale agroecological pest management

Reducing insect pest damage in field crops while minimizing insecticide use poses a significant challenge for farmers in Europe. Initiated in 2019, the six-year territorial project R2D2 aimed to explore the effectiveness of an agroecological crop protection approach in the context of widespread resistance of winter oilseed rape (WOSR) autumn beetles to pyrethroid insecticides. Over an area of 1371 hectares, ten farmers collectively developed a generative experimentation based on modifying cultural practices and implementing conservation biological control to gradually phase out insecticide use. Two years later, these farmers had made significant shifts in their pest management strategies by implementing a coordinated array of pest control measures from the field to the landscape level. These changes led to a complete cessation of systematic insecticide applications on WOSR and a 37% reduction in the insecticide Treatment Frequency Index (TFI) for this crop. Despite these promising outcomes, the total TFI across all crops, as assessed at the territorial level, remained unchanged. One of the main reasons for this is the increase in aerial insecticide applications on winter barley following the ban on neonicotinoids, as well as on spring pea to combat rising pea beetle pressures across the territory. For these two crops, effective alternatives to insecticides must be identified. More time is needed to instigate fundamental changes in farming systems and to enhance natural pest regulation through conservation biological control. Farmers’ support strategy should focus on identifying and overcoming barriers to the implementation of transformative systems.

Improving the reliability of power distribution substations equipment for life extension by considering Condition Based Maintenance

Maintenance of aged power equipment is a proven technique for establishing systems reliability and longevity. It is extensively relevant when combined with Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) approaches for predicting power system infrastructure life, especially with imminent obsolescence. The research focuses on distribution companies with mixed aged power infrastructure, which continuously degradate. A significant setback in older systems is the scarcity of replacement parts leading to unplanned investment in substantial infrastructure due to unexpected failed components that are no longer in production. To guarantee excellent infrastructure health in older equipment, utility companies should consider applying Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to stabilize older equipment and restore malfunctioning assets. Studies have shown that the life span of older equipment can be extended when adequate maintenance strategies are put in place through the prediction of possible failures using equipment inspections and risk matrix. CBM's strategy improved the Key Performance Indicator (KPIs) System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) has improved by lowering the average monthly customers power interruptions by 19,15 % lesser time spent without electricity. The System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) was improved by lowering the average monthly power interruptions frequency by 20,63% lesser outage frequency. The Distribution Supply Loss Index (DSLI) was improved by dropping the average monthly power losses by 7,5% power losses saved. The Customers Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI) was improved by lowering the average customer interruption by 36.1% improvement from the average period before the CBM optimization. The Average System Availability Index (ASAI) was improved by shortening the average annual interruption durations by 1,36%. The ASUI was improved by increasing the average duration of electrical power availability by 1.28%. The optimization of CBM was measured over 24 moths period.

The link between farmers’ sowing date and herbicide management

This study presents an on-farm approach to investigate the impact of the sowing date on herbicide management in arable farming. Ten years of data (2012–2021) on the herbicide use and crop management practices of 4325 fields in north-eastern Germany were examined for winter barley, winter oilseed rape and winter wheat. We investigated whether the sowing date was related to the herbicide use intensity (described as Treatment Frequency Index, TFI) and mode of action (MoA) use (classified using the global HRAC classification).While the sowing of winter barley and winter oilseed rape took place over a short period of two weeks, sowing dates for winter wheat were spread over two months from the beginning of September to the end of October.Seventy-five percent of the winter barley fields were treated with HRAC group 2 herbicides and every second field was treated with herbicides in HRAC groups 15 and 3, respectively. Delayed autumn sowing of winter barley differing by 14 days decreased the in-crop use intensity of HRAC group 2 by up to 16%, for HRAC group 3 by up to 15% and for HRAC group 15 by up to 27%.In contrast, the herbicide management did not relate to the time of sowing in winter oilseed rape, except for HRAC groups 14 and 15.Ninety percent of the winter wheat fields were treated with HRAC group 2 herbicides and almost seventy-five percent with HRAC groups 15 herbicides, respectively. For winter wheat, our study provided evidence that delayed sowing dates in-mid October reduced the use intensity of HRAC group 2 by up to 41% and for HRAC 15 by up to 35%, respectively, compared with sowing at the beginning of September.With regard to the European-wide efforts to reduce chemical pesticide use by 50% by 2030, we conclude that cultural weed control with a sowing date delay may be highly effective at meeting this requirement. Additionally, delayed sowing dates have the potential to reduce the use intensity of MoA with a high resistance risk.

Dynamic Frequency-Constrained Load Restoration Considering Multi-Phase Cold Load Pickup Behaviors

Cold load pickup (CLPU) behavior has great impacts on power system frequency during load restoration process. The CLPU behavior consists of not only the current inrush with extremely high magnitude in the first several seconds, but also high power demands that can last for minutes or even hours. This paper proposes a novel load restoration method considering the joint impacts of CLPU behavior on system frequency security. A comprehensive CLPU model consisting of the inrush phase and enduring phase is first developed. Then, a dynamic frequency-constrained load restoration model considering the constraints of nadir frequency and rate of change of frequency is proposed. Based on the trajectory sensitivity analysis, the dynamic frequency security constraints are converted to linear for easy solution. A fast assessment model for system frequency response is used to extract frequency indexes rapidly and accurately. Time-domain simulation results on the New-England 39-bus system are presented to validate the proposed models.

Application of Power System Reliability and Outage Cost Indices on 33/11 kV Distribution Injection Substation: A Case Study of Asaba Business District

The energy satisfaction that consumers can obtain from a power service provider solely depends on how reliable the feeder to which such customers are connected guarantees adequate and secure energy delivery. This research work is, therefore, to assess the reliability indices and the cost of expected electricity not supplied to the Asaba metropolis through the Benin Electricity Distribution Company (BEDC) Asaba 33/11 kV distribution injection substation. The method used consists of computing the System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI), System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI), Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI), Average Service Availability Index (ASAI), and Expected Energy Not Supplied Index (EENS) of the four feeders emanating from the substation and radiating into the metropolis. This is achieved by first collecting the outage hour, frequency of outage, and expected energy at the point of outage from the station's hourly logbook. The input data is fed into a program written in a MATLAB/OCTAVE environment. The values of the most important reliability index, ASAI, or availability, computed on the SPC, Anwai, Express, and Asaba Commercial feeders are 0.24, 0.23, 0.23, and 0.76 p.u., respectively, in 2020, while in 2021, these values are 0.32, 0.31, 0.33, and 0.83 p.u., respectively. Using the ASAI standard value from IEEE Standard 1366-2003, which is 0.999 as a benchmark, shows that all the feeders can be categorized as less reliable in the years under study. The annual cost of expected energy not supplied during power interruptions to Asaba electricity consumers in 2020 is $2,426,187.046 and $2,214,669.91 in 2021, respectively.

Vegetation structure, biomass, and carbon of Mangrove Forests in Ambon Bay, Maluku, Indonesia

Mangrove forests serve a substantial part in coastal areas as high-carbon-storage woody vegetation ecosystems that grow on muddy and anaerobic soils. This study determined the species composition and estimated the biomass production and storage of carbon in Ambon Bay mangrove forests. Vegetation surveys for species composition were conducted using the square plot technique by making standard observation plots for density, frequency, dominance, and important value index data analysis. We used Allometric equations and the Loss-on-ignition method to calculate the biomass and soil carbon. Vegetation surveys revealed eight species of tree-habitus mangroves, and Sonneratia alba was a mono-dominant species with an important value index of more than 100%. The study revealed the highest average potential of biomass and carbon in Passo Village with AGB 280.47±168.94 Mg ha-1, BGB 83.06±55.1 Mg ha-1, and sediment carbon 320.03±106.97 Mg C ha-1. The carbon stock of the mangrove forest in Ambon Bay was estimated at 400.67±166.25 Mg C ha-1. We conclude that mangrove forest carbon stores in Ambon Bay had relatively high values. Passo Village has the largest carbon store compared to other locations in the Ambon Bay mangrove forest.

EFFECT OF ASPECTS, ELEVATION, AND SLOPE GRADIENT ON ZAWITA FOREST UNDERSTORY VEGETATION COMPOSITION

Vegetation diversity patterns are necessary to identify species of plants in the Zawita mountains area, Duhok Governorate, Iraq, to investigate the influence of topographical elements (aspects - north and south, elevations and slope gradients) on diagnosis, density, frequency, and species richness and diversity of species in the Zawita forest understory vegetation. Sampling vegetation was surveyed at (1 * 1 m-2), for 8 quadrats per each zigzag transect. The data were designed with a strip-strip block design, with four replicates for each transect. The results revealed significant differences in frequency, density, and Shannon index due to aspects, elevations, and slope gradient. While other measured traits, species richness, and Simpson index were not affected significantly. The highest density was recorded for the north-facing aspect at high altitude while the Shannon index diversity has existed in the south aspect at low elevation and low slope gradient.

Pengaruh Automatic Change Over Switch Terhadap Peningkatan Keandalan Gardu Distribusi T3-200A/1 Penyulang PLR-04

The process of distributing electrical energy has the potential to cause disturbances that can occur due to natural disturbances, disturbances to electrical equipment, disturbances at the generating center, transmission lines, and disturbances in the distribution network that can disrupt the reliability and service quality of the distribution of electrical energy. The quality of reliability can be rated by the length of outages, which can be determined using the System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI), and how often blackouts occur in one unit of time, which can be determined using the System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI). In maintaining the reliability of electrical energy, additional equipment is needed that is capable of supplying backup energy to the load when a disturbance occurs, namely the Automatic Change Over Switch (ACOS). ACOS is a device that works automatically for the process of maneuvering the network from two voltage sources to maintain electricity availability without having to have long blackouts due to disturbances or loss of voltage at the main source. The use of the Automatic Change Over Switch (ACOS) is proven to be able to increase the reliability of electrical energy at distribution substation T3-200A/1 feeder PLR-04 by reducing the length of time outages (SAIDI) and reducing the frequency, because customers don't feel outages when the disturbance occurs. In addition, the use of Automatic Change Over Switch (ACOS) can also reduce the energy not supplied (ENS)

Прогнозування ризику розвитку розладів аутистичного спектра в дітей з епілептичними енцефалопатіями

Predicting the risk of developing autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in children with epileptic encephalopathies (EE) is an important task, which makes it possible to identify the most significant risk factors and develop ways of their modification. Purpose - to develop a model for predicting the risk of developing ASD in young children with EE. Materials and methods. 75 children aged 0-3 years with the onset of epileptic seizures in the first year of life, clinical manifestations of EE were examined. The most informative clinical, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging indicators for predicting the risk of clinical manifestations of ASD were determined: age of onset of epileptic seizures, index of spike-wave activity during NREM sleep, frequency and amplitude of alpha rhythm, frequency and amplitude of epileptiform activity, fractional anisotropy and mean diffusion coefficient in the Broca’s center, fractional anisotropy in the Wernicke center and knee of the corpus callosum. The multiple linear regression method was used to predict the risk of developing ASD symptoms. Results. A model for predicting the risk of developing clinical manifestations of ASD in children with EE has been developed. It was established that the risk of developing clinical manifestations of ASD increases with a decrease in the age of onset of epileptic seizures, decrease in the frequency and amplitude of the alpha rhythm according to electroencephalography (EEG) data, increase of the index of spike-wave activity, frequency and amplitude of epileptiform activity, increase in the index of fractional anisotropy in the anterior part of the arcuate tract, decrease in the average diffusion coefficient in the area of the Broca’s center, fractional anisotropy in the Wernicke center and the knee of the corpus callosum according to magnetic resonance tractography. Conclusions. A regression model for predicting the risk of clinical manifestations of ASD in children with EE was developed with an average error of approximation of 13.2% and a coefficient of determination of 0.74, which is recommended for use in clinical practice in order to form groups of children at high risk of ASD. Such children require further dynamic monitoring and early intervention by specialists of a multidisciplinary team for timely identification and correction of ASD symptoms The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the author.

СОЦИОЛИНГВИСТИЧКИ ПРИСТУП ГОВОРУ СЕЛА СТАЈКОВЦА

The paper presents the results of sociolinguistic research on the speech of Stajkovce village. The speech of Stajkovce village belongs to the Prizren-South Moravian dialect. The goal is to present the representation of four most important dialectal features through gender, age and educational levels of speakers from the village of Stajkovce, in order to determine the status of the dialect among different speakers. The research was conducted with the help of recording the spontaneous speech of the respondents, in which participated sixteen speakers of different age, education and gender. All speakers were classified into four age groups, where respondents of both sexes were equally represented, and into three educational groups. Four dialectal features were observed. The transcribed and accented material was analyzed by quantitative analysis. Quantitative analysis resulted in frequency indices, frequency scales and diagrams. Based on the obtained values, a qualitative analysis was performed. The results show that the lowest preservation of dialect features in the separated age groups occurred in subjects aged 15 to 20 years, while the highest preservation of dialect features occurred in subjects aged 40 to 60 years. In addition, there are differences in the representation of dialect features among speakers of different genders within the same age groups. The group of speakers with primary school education had the lowest frequency indices, and the group of speakers with secondary school education had the highest indices. At the end, conclusions are offered about the threat of observed dialectic traits.