Frequency Of Different Stages Research Articles

A PROFILE OF DIABETIC RETINOPATY PATIENTS RECEIVING GREEN LASER FROM 2015 TO 2019 IN D.I.KHAN DIVISION, PAKISTAN

ABSTRACT: Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading cause of blindness worldwide and laser therapy has a basic role in the control of diabetic retinopathy. Green laser therapies are performed both for proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. The aim of our study was to determine the frequencies of different stages of diabetic retinopathy in patients undergoing laser in our setup. Materials & Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at the department of Ophthalmology, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from January 2015 to December 2019.The sample consisted of all the diabetic patients undergoing green laser procedures during this period at Eye Unit, DHQ Teaching Hospital D.I.Khan Pakistan. Results: Out of a total of 1,893 green laser procedures performed for diabetic patients from January 2015 to December 2019, 1,011 were male and 882 were female. 969 (51.1%) patients were having relatively early stages of DR, 676 (35.7) patients had advanced DR and 248 (13.1%) had diabetic macular edema (DME). Conclusion: Laser therapy is frequently needed for the control of diabetic eye disease so keeping in mind the disease burden the laser facilities should be expanded in our setup.

Stress Fractures of Pars Interarticularis in Adolescent Athletes a Classification System with MRI and CT Enabling Evaluation of The Healing Process

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate healing frequency in different stages of stress reactions in the Pars Interarticularis (PI) using a classification system with MRI and CT. Th ...

Frequency of Different Stages of Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Factors Leading to it

Frequency of Different Stages of Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Factors Leading to it

Screening for chronic respiratory diseases in Georgia

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15 metų sifilio diagnostikos ir gydymo patirtis dviejuose Lietuvos centruose

Syphilis is a disease of systemic nature which is characterised by varied clinical manifestations, therefore physicians of most specialities may encounter it. Also, Lithuania has one of the highest incidence rates of syphilis in the European Union. In this paper we present data collected over a period of 15 years in two Lithuanian dermatovenereology centres – Vilnius University Dermatovenereology centre (DVC) and Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases at Republic Klaipeda Hospital (RKL). Objectives: To determine the annual rate of syphilis’ cases during the 15 year period, the frequency of different stages, gender differences, clinical morphology, diagnostic measures and treatment efficacy of syphilis. Material and methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis consisting of 1245 patient medical records: 793 patients from DVC and 452 from RKL. Data was processed with SPSS, ANOVA test was used for means, the significance of other data was assessed with either Fisher’s or Chi-square tests. Results: 691 case was registered in DVC and RKL during 2000–2003, and 554 cases – during 2004–2014. 49% (610) of patients were female, their age average – 29.5 ± 11.3 years, male age – 34.3 ± 12.3 years. (p<0.001). Among patients living in the city, males were more frequently employed (55% (222) than females (48% (172)(p=0.050). Primary syphilis was diagnosed for 14% (173) of patients, secondary – 34% (427), early latent – 45% (561). 53% (660) of patients presented with skin lesions on examination. Papules were observed in 55% (364) of patients, erosions – 39% (254), chancre – 33% (220). Primary and early latent syphilis were associated with lower RPR titres, whereas secondary syphilis – with exceptionally high titres (69% (296). 6% (70) had a negative RPR test. Four or more RPR tests were carried out on 19% (76) of DVC and 48% (90) of RKL patients (p<0.001). Dark-field microscopy was used for 19% (151) of DVC and 41% (186) of RKL patients (p<0.001). HIV test was performed for 61% (485) of DVC and 10% (47) of RKL patients (p<0.001). 37% (462) of patients were treated with benzathine benzylpenicillin, on average 3 injections of 2.4 mU per week. Doxycycline was prescribed for 7% (90) of patients, on average 200mg daily for 23 days (cumulative dose of 4.7 ± 1.2 g.). Time to serological response varied insignificantly (5.09 [3.94; 6.25] vs. 4.85 [2.86; 6.85] months). 7.3% (91) of patients experienced treatment failure (7% (55) in DVC vs. 8% (36) in RKL (p=0.951). Conclusions: Even though the number of registered syphilis’ cases in DVC and RKL has decreased almost 10-fold over the course of 15 years, the incidence rate remains among the highest in the European Union. Early latent and secondary were the two most diagnosed stages of syphilis. The male to female ratio was close to 1, though males were approximately 5 years older. Only half of the patients presented with lesions. Less than half of the patients were tested for HIV. Both doxycycline and benzathine benzylpeniciline were equally effective. Only one-third of patients had the recommended number of follow-up RPR tests done.

Avaliação da carga de trabalho físico e da postura de trabalhadores na produção de mudas florestais

Nesta pesquisa, objetivou-se avaliar a carga de trabalho físico e a postura adotada pelos trabalhadores nas atividades de produção de mudas florestais, visando a reorganização ergonômica do trabalho para a melhoria dos níveis de segurança e saúde dos trabalhadores. O estudo foi realizado com trabalhadores do viveiro de uma empresa florestal localizada no Estado do Paraná. A carga de trabalho físico foi avaliada por meio do levantamento da frequência cardíaca dos trabalhadores nas diversas fases do ciclo de trabalho com uso de um monitor Polar da Finlândia e o trabalho classificado segundo metodologia proposta por Apud (1997). A avaliação da postura foi feita por meio de filmagens dos trabalhadores e os dados submetidos para análise no software "Winowas" de análises de posturas. Os resultados mostraram que as etapas consideradas de maior exigência física foram o preparo do substrato e o transporte das bandejas para a casa de vegetação, com frequências cardíacas médias de 120 e 115 bpm e cargas cardiovasculares médias de 42 e 37%, respectivamente, sendo as atividades classificadas como moderadamente pesadas. A postura mais crítica para os trabalhadores foi na atividade de retirada do substrato da betoneira, por exigir uma sobrecarga da coluna lombar. Durante a etapa de semeadura, observou-se a necessidade de correções na postura dos trabalhadores por atuarem em 97% do período de trabalho na posição em pé e com a coluna lombar curvada. Conclui-se que, na empresa em questão, há a necessidade de se adotar medidas preventivas para se evitar as lombalgias de forma educativa e também por meio de alterações no sistema operacional.

The Reliability of Chronological Age Determination by Means of Mandibular Third Molar Development in Subjects in Croatia*

The aim of this study was to determine the development of the mandibular third molar and its relation to chronological age. The evaluated material consisted of 979 orthopantomograms of patients of Croatian Caucasian origin aged between 5.7 and 14.6 years. Third molar developmental stages were evaluated according to the stages proposed by Nolla. The frequencies of different stages of mineralization and the mean value of the mineralization of the mandibular third molars with regard to age, gender, and size of the mandible were determined and the coefficient of correlation determined between the age of the subject and the stage of development of the mandibular molars. Statistically significant correlation was determined between mineralization of the mandibular third molar and chronological age of the subjects (boys, mandibular left third molar r = 0.779, right third molar r = 0.793; girls, mandibular left third molar r = 0.746, right third molar r = 0.725). It can be concluded that the accuracy of age estimation based on Nolla's method is applicable for Croatian children.

Frequency of Different Estrous Stages in Purpose-bred Beagles: A Retrospective Study

The beagle is a monoestric, nonseasonal breeder with a long estrous cycle. Owing to lengthy stages in individual phases of the estrous cycle, limited group size, and typical group assignment focused on homogenized body weight, dogs in the same stage of the cycle can be inadvertently assigned to one treatment group in toxicity studies potentially leading to erroneous interpretation. This study was conducted to better understand the frequency of the different stages of the cycle and review the associated histological features. Histologic sections of reproductive tissues were reviewed from 102 control dogs from thirty-two GLP studies. The average age of dogs at necropsy was 14.38 months, and the mean terminal body weight was 6.87 kg. Based on histological classification, fifty-five dogs were in anestrus, twenty-eight in diestrus, nine in estrus, five in proestrus, and five were classified as immature. Mean ovarian weights were higher in the estrus stage. This review indicates that more than 80% of the dogs in this study were in the anestrus-diestrus stage, and a small percentage of dogs were immature. Interpretation of drug-induced effects on the morphologic changes in the reproductive tract should be performed with due consideration given to the stage of the cycle and the potential for nonuniform assignment to drug treatment groups.

Quantificação dos estádios do ciclo espermatogênico em touros de raças sintéticas com e sem alteração na qualidade seminal

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar qual a freqüência dos túbulos seminíferos nos diferentes estádios do ciclo espermatogênico em touros de duas raças sintéticas, sendo 12 Braford e 8 Brangus-Ibagé, classificados em aptos (grupo A) e inaptos (grupo B) à reprodução, de acordo com o exame andrológico. Os estádios avaliados foram representativos das fases proliferativa (estádio I), meiótica (estádio II) e de maturação (estádio III) da espermatogênese. Os touros Braford apresentaram freqüências diferentes entre os grupos A e B nos estádios II e III. Os touros Brangus-Ibagé apresentaram diferenças entre os grupos apenas para o estádio II. Os resultados indicam que nas fases iniciais do ciclo espermatogênico (estádio I), os touros de raças sintéticas, classificados quanto à qualidade seminal, apresentam gametogênese semelhante. Nas fases em que ocorrem as divisões meióticas (estádio II) e a maturação das espermátides (estádio III), manifestam-se as alterações na espermatogênese que respondem pela classificação diferencial dos touros. O uso do presente agrupamento de estádios do ciclo espermatogênico proporciona uma prática maneira de avaliar a cinética do epitélio germinativo em touros aptos e inaptos à reprodução.

Studies on Antimitotic and Cytological Effects of Some Amides

Growing roots of onion were treated with solutions of ISDA a new compound of plant origin for 1-4 hours and frequencies of different stages of mitosis were determined immediately. A sudden reduction of mitotic index was noted even after 1 hour's treatment with 0.005 %, while 0.02 % fully inhibited the cell division after 4 hours of treatment. A prophase to anaphase ratio showed that there is an appre-ciable amount of prophase inhibition and inhibition of the spindle which results in the polyploid nuclei. Cytological studies revealed abnormalities like bridges with or without fragments and a considerable number of polyploid cells. In second experiment the growing roots were treated with 0.02% ISDA for three hours and allowed to recover for different durations upto 120 hours. It was seen that the inhibition on frequency of division lessened as the period of recovery increased.A number of cytological aberrations were encountered. These included bridges, micronuclei, pycnotic masses, fragments and laggards. Stickiness of chromosomes was pronounced throughout the treatment.However, following a recovery period of 120 hours it was seen that most of the abnormalities disappeared and frequency of normal cells increased correspondingly.

Changes in refraction during life.

IT is well known that the refraction of the eyes may change in the course of a lifetime, but we do not know the reasons and the rhythm that rule such changes of shape and function. The interest of research workers has long been exclusively focused on the question of the origin of short-sightedness. On this there are two opinions: the endogenous theory that considers the germ-plasma as the basis for the development of the eye and its parts, and the exogenous theory that attributes short-sightedness to the observation of close objects and other mechanical factors. If we talk of refraction we mean total refraction. However, this does not mean a degree which is directly measurable, but a figure that results from the proportion of all optical constant values to the length of the eye's axes. This fact and the approximate value of any subjective measurement explain the difficulties that hinder work in this field. The first step was an investigation of the frequency of different stages of refraction among certain sections of the population. Long-sightedness and short-sightedness, like all biological characteristics, exist in innumerable finely graduated degrees. The proportion of the different states of refraction found at various stages of life confirm that myopia increases more rapidly in the course of the school years than later in life. Until recently it has been maintained that learning to read and write is the chief cause of the development of myopia. In contrast to the study of large-scale statistics, the investigation of refraction-changes during the lives of individuals has a more personal character. It is an important condition that a series of patients should visit the same oculist over a long period.

The Cytological Effects of the Antibiotic Acti-dione

1. The cytological effects of the anti-f ungal antibiotic, Acti-dione, are presented and discussed.2. Comparative studies of fifteen minute exposures and continuous exposure to concentrations ranging from 1 to 80ppm have been made.3. An attempt has been made to assay quantitatively the effects of Acti-dione on frequency of mitosis, relative frequencies of different stages of mitosis and rate of increase of aberrations.4. In general the effects of Acti-dione are similar to those of salts of nucleic acid and superficially similar to those of colchicine.5. Some treatments show a significant increase in the frequency of various types of “reductional” and “segregational” figures.