French Population Research Articles

What importance do donors and recipients attribute to the nuclear DNA-related genetic heritage of oocyte donation?

How do oocyte donors and recipients perceive the genetic link related to the transfer of nuclear DNA between donors and offspring? Whether they are donors or recipients, individuals attach great importance to the transmission of their genetic heritage, since 94.5% would opt for the pronuclear transfer method to preserve this genetic link in the context of oocyte donation. Since 1983, the use of oocyte donation has increased worldwide. Performed in France since the late 1980s and initially offered to women with premature ovarian insufficiency, its indications have progressively expanded and now it is proposed in many indications to prevent the transmission of genetically inherited diseases. This has resulted in an increase in the waiting time for access to oocyte donation due to the difficulty in recruiting oocyte donors in French ART centres. Several articles have discussed how to fairly distribute donor oocytes to couples, but few have interviewed women in the general population to record their feelings about oocyte donation, as either the donor or recipient and the importance given to the genetic link between the oocyte donors and the children born. Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) is a technique originally developed for women at risk of transmitting a mitochondrial DNA mutation. Recently, MRT has been considered for embryo arrest and oocyte rejuvenation as it could help females to reproduce with their own genetic material through the transfer of their oocyte nucleus into a healthy donor oocyte cytoplasm. We conducted an opinion survey from January 2021 to December 2021, during which 1956 women completed the questionnaire. Thirteen participants were excluded from the analysis due to incomplete responses to all the questions. Consequently, 1943 women were included in the study. We specifically developed a questionnaire for this study, which was created and distributed using the Drag'n Survey® software. The questionnaire consisted of 21 items presented alongside a video created with whiteboard animation software. The aim was to analyse whether certain factors, such as age, education level, marital status, number of children, use of ART for pregnancy, video viewing, and knowledge about oocyte donation, were associated with feelings towards oocyte donation, by using a univariate conditional logistic regression model. This statistical method was also used to assess whether women would be more inclined to consider oocyte donation with the pronuclear transfer technique rather than the whole oocyte donation. All parameters found to be statistically significant in the univariate analysis were subsequently tested in a multivariate model using logistic regression. Most women were concerned about the biological genetic contribution of the donated oocyte (94.8%). The most common reason for a women's reluctance to donate their oocytes was their unwillingness to pass on their genetic material (33.3%). Nearly 70% of women who were initially hesitant to donate their oocytes indicated that they would reconsider their decision if the oocyte donation was conducted using donated cytoplasm and the pronuclear transfer technique. Concomitantly, >75% of the respondents mentioned that it would be easier to receive a cytoplasm donation. The largest proportion of the population surveyed (94.5%) expressed their support for its legalization. In this study, a substantial portion of the responses came from individuals with medical or paramedical backgrounds, potentially introducing a recruitment bias among potential donors. The rate of missing responses to the question regarding the desire to become an oocyte donor was 13.6%, while the question about becoming an oocyte cytoplasm donor had a missing response rate of 23%. These missing responses may introduce a bias in the interpretation of the data. This study was the first to demonstrate that, for the French population studied, the combination of oocyte cytoplasm donation with pronuclear transfer could offer a promising approach to enhance the acceptance of oocyte donation for both the donor and the recipient. No external funding was used for this study. The authors have no conflicts of interest. N/A.

Generalized pustular psoriasis: A nationwide population-based study using the National Health Data System in France.

GPP is a rare, chronic, neutrophilic skin disease, with limited real-world data characterizing patients with flares and the impact of flares on disease progression and morbidity. Describe the clinical characteristics of patients with GPP, comorbidities, disease epidemiology and frequency and severity of flares, and compare patients with GPP with a matched severe psoriasis population. In this population-based real-world cohort study an algorithm was developed to identify patients with GPP flares. Three cohorts were identified using the Système National des Données de Santé (SNDS) database covering almost the entire French population; a prevalent cohort (2010-2018), an incident cohort (2012-2015). A severe psoriasis cohort was compared with the GPP incident cohort using propensity score matching. The prevalent and incident cohorts comprised 4195 and 1842 patients, respectively. In both cohorts, mean age was 58 years; 53% were male. Comorbidities were significantly more common in the incident cohort versus matched psoriasis cohort, respectively, including hypertension (44% vs. 26%), ischaemic heart disease (26% vs. 18%) and hyperlipidaemia (25% vs. 15%). In the incident cohort, the flare rate was 0.1 flares/person-year and 0.4 flares/person-year among the 569 out of 1842 patients hospitalized with flares. These patients had a mean (±SD) stay of 11.6 ± 10.4 days; 25% were admitted to the intensive care unit. In 2017, the cumulative incidence and cumulative GPP age-sex standardized prevalence were 7.1 and 45.2 per million, respectively. Patients with GPP had a distinct comorbidity profile compared to patients with severe psoriasis, and GPP flares were associated with long hospitalizations.

Proportion of At-Risk Alcohol Consumers According to the New French Guidelines: Cross-Sectional Weighted Analyses From the CONSTANCES Cohort.

Objective: To estimate the proportion of the participants of the French national population-based CONSTANCES cohort exceeding the new low-risk drinking guidelines according to sociodemographic and clinical factors. Methods: From 34,470 participants with follow-up data in 2019, among volunteers aged 18-69years and invited to enroll in the CONSTANCES cohort in 2016 and 2017, weighted prevalence and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) exceeding the guidelines using logistic regressions were presented stratified for age, gender, education, occupational grade, employment, income, marital status, pregnancy, work stress, depression, alcohol dependence, binge drinking, cannabis use, smoking status, e-cigarette use, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Results: The guidelines were exceeded more by men at 60.2% (95%CI: 59.3%-61.0%) than by women at 36.6% (95%CI: 35.9%-37.4%). Exceeding the guidelines increased with age, socioeconomic status, smoking, vaping, using cannabis, binge drinking, and alcohol dependence. Being depressed was associated with exceeding the guidelines in women. Even though pregnant women were less likely to exceed the guidelines, 7.6% (95%CI: 5.4%-10.6%) were at-risk drinkers. Conclusion: These findings highlight the need to implement effective prevention measures for at-risk alcohol use among the French population.

Teaching international relations students intercultural commentary

Importance. The problem of mastering the skills of conducting intercultural commentary for international relations students is important and relevant. The purpose of the work is to show how, based on the study of fables from Russian and French literature, it is possible to develop the skills of intercultural analysis and intercultural commentary on the sociocultural characteristics of the country and peoples of their native and foreign languages.Research Methods. Based on a theoretical analysis of scientific literature, a refined concept of “intercultural commentary” is presented as a necessary skill for the professional activities of international relations students. The study proved that a prerequisite for the formation of intercultural communicative competence of future political scientists is familiarity with the national specifics of the culture, traditions and mentality of the people of the country of the language being studied.Comparative analysis of fables by I.A. Krylov and Lafontaine, questioning, and diagnostics made it possible to develop a step-by-step algorithm for training future political scientists and international law specialists in intercultural commentary.Results and Discussion. It is revealed and substantiated that through folklore and fables one can learn to recognize the typical characteristics and features of the Russian and French peoples, which arouses great interest in the didactic possibilities of its use in the system of intercultural teaching of the French language.Conclusion. The application of the research results can contribute to the development of new directions in linguodidactics and the design of an effective linguistic educational intercultural environment.

Would shared decision-making be useful in breast cancer screening programmes? A qualitative study using focus group discussions to gather evidence from French women with different socioeconomic backgrounds

BackgroundTo inform the development of an online tool to be potentially used in shared decision-making about breast cancer screening, French women were questioned about participation in breast cancer screening, the health professional’s role, and their perceptions of the proposed tool.MethodsWe organised focus group discussions with 55 French women. Two different strategies were used to recruit women from high and low socioeconomic backgrounds. We applied both inductive and deductive approaches to conduct a thematic analysis of the discussions. We analysed the responses by using the main determinants from different health behaviour models and compared the two groups.ResultsIndependently of socioeconomic status, the most important determinant for a woman’s participation in breast cancer screening was the perceived severity of breast cancer and the perceived benefits of its early detection by screening. Cues to action reported by both groups were invitation letters; recommendations by health professionals, or group/community activities and public events were reported by women from high and low socioeconomic backgrounds, respectively. Among other positive determinants, women from high socioeconomic backgrounds reported making informed decisions and receiving peer support whereas women from low socioeconomic backgrounds reported community empowerment through group/community events. Fear of cancer was reported as a barrier in both groups. Among other barriers, language issues were reported only by women from low socioeconomic backgrounds; women from high socioeconomic backgrounds reported breast cancer screening-related risks other than overdiagnosis and/or overtreatment. Barriers to accessing the online tool to be developed were mainly reported by women from high socioeconomic backgrounds.ConclusionLimitations in implementing shared decision-making for women from low socioeconomic backgrounds were highlighted. An online tool that is suitable for all women, regardless of socioeconomic status, would provide “on-demand” reliable and tailored information about breast cancer screening and improve access to health professionals and social exchanges.

Creatinine levels in French children with Down syndrome up to ten years old.

Assess creatinine levels in French children with Down syndrome (DS) on the basis of the relationship between creatinine levels and age. The study included 279 children with DS aged 0 to 10years who had been regularly monitored between 2004 and 2021 in a single genetics department and who had had at least one creatinine measurement. The creatinine level curves were established by estimating the median and the quantiles of order 2.5 and 97.5% according to age. A Generalized Additive Model for Location, Scale, and Shape was used. The results showed higher creatinine levels in children with DS than in children from the general population. Conclusion: The present results allow to propose an original chart of creatinine levels according to age in French children with DS, which should help optimize their medical management and improve the early detection of renal diseases. What is Known: • Creatinine is a product of muscle breakdown and depends on muscle massand children with Down syndrome have muscle and growth characteristics that differ from those of the general paediatric population. • Serum creatinine values in Japanese children with DS are higher than those of children from the general Japanese population. What is New: • Creatinine values in French children with DS are higher than those of children from the general French population. • The proposed original chart for creatinine values according to age, specifically designed for individuals up to 10years old, should serve for further investigation, prevention, and follow-up of children with DS.

Covid-19 demography in France and South Africa: A comparative study of morbidity and mortality in 2020-2022.

Covid-19 epidemics raged around the world in years 2020-2022. The dynamics of the epidemics and their mortality varied by country depending on prevention, treatments, vaccination and health status of the population. The study compares Covid-19 morbidity and mortality in South-Africa and in France, two countries with similar population size and with reliable reporting systems, in order to better understand the dynamics and impacts of the epidemics and the effects of health policies and programs. Data on cases, deaths, hospitalizations, vaccinations were drawn from national statistics. Published data on cases and deaths were corrected for undercount. Results show a different epidemiology in the two countries in the first three years of the epidemic (2020-2022). Incidence was higher in South Africa, and some 44% more people were infected by December 2022 than in France. Mortality and case-fatality were also higher in South Africa despite a favourable age structure. The age pattern of mortality showed higher values in South Africa among the young adults. Young women appeared somewhat disadvantaged in South Africa. Lastly, vaccination appeared to have had no effect on incidence, but a large effect on case-fatality in France. Despite about the same population size and the same crude death rate at baseline, South Africa exhibited more cases and more deaths from Covid-19 over the 2020-2022 period. Prevention strategies (lockdown and vaccination) appear to have had large impacts on morbidity and mortality.

Phylogeography and phenotypic wing shape variation in a damselfly across populations in Europe.

Describing geographical variation in morphology of organisms in combination with data on genetic differentiation and biogeography can provide important information on how natural selection shapes such variation. Here we study genetic structure using ddRAD seq and wing shape variation using geometric morphometrics in 14 populations of the damselfly Lestes sponsa along its latitudinal range in Europe. The genetic analysis showed a significant, yet relatively weak population structure with high genetic heterozygosity and low inbreeding coefficients, indicating that neutral processes contributed very little to the observed wing shape differences. The genetic analysis also showed that some regions of the genome (about 10%) are putatively shaped by selection. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the Spanish and French populations were the ancestral ones with northern Swedish and Finnish populations being the most derived ones. We found that wing shape differed significantly among populations and showed a significant quadratic (but weak) relationship with latitude. This latitudinal relationship was largely attributed to allometric effects of wing size, but non-allometric variation also explained a portion of this relationship. However, wing shape showed no phylogenetic signal suggesting that lineage-specific variation did not contribute to the variation along the latitudinal gradient. In contrast, wing size, which is correlated with body size in L. sponsa, had a strong negative correlation with latitude. Our results suggest a relatively weak population structure among the sampled populations across Europe, but a clear differentiation between south and north populations. The observed geographic phenotypic variation in wing shape may have been affected by different local selection pressures or environmental effects.

Investigating the medical journey of endometriosis-affected women: results from a cross-sectional web-based survey (EndoVie) on 1,557 French women

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the medical journey and the quality of life of French endometriosis-affected women, from the onset of the symptoms to the therapeutic management. STUDY DESIGN: Between January 15th 2020 and February 3rd 2020, a prospective cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted among women diagnosed with endometriosis. The questionnaire included 52 questions distributed in five sections (screening, sociodemographic characteristics, impacts on quality of life, SF36 questionnaire, management of endometriosis and proposals for care improvement). RESULTS: One thousand five hundred fifty-seven endometriosis-affected women aged of 42±12.8 years answered the questionnaire. On average, 7 years elapsed between the first symptoms (at 23.8±10.2 years) and the diagnosis (31.0±8.9 years). The mean number of symptoms was 4.6±2.3, with 82% of women experiencing pain scores between 7 and 10/10. Following diagnosis, 66% women received a medical treatment, mostly hormonal treatments (45%), with a significant decrease in pain intensity (VAS scores after treatment = 4.9±2.7, p<0.001). Most women (62%) had already been operated, among whom 22% by laparotomy. Finally, patients reported numerous impacts on their daily lives, particularly on the sexual, psychological, and physical fields. The overall mean score of quality of life was 4.3±2.6 /10. CONCLUSION: This large prospective web-based survey underlines that the journey of women with endometriosis is long and difficult until diagnosis and efficient treatment. It emphasizes the urgent need to reduce the diagnostic delay and thereby the burden of endometriosis on women's lives. Moreover, the creation of referral multidisciplinary centers appears to be crucial to improve the management of the disease.

Decolonising and the Aesthetic Turn in International Studies: Border Thinking, Co-creation and Voice

The aesthetic turn (AT) in International Studies stresses the ongoing task of marshalling non-western insights to better explore the agency of the globally marginalised in discourses about representability. Decolonial literature also calls specifically for more understanding of relationality and co-creativity underpinning agency and voice in global politics. Building on this decolonialising challenge, this article embeds a focus on ‘ordinary language use’ within a ‘decolonial orientation’ to open up complexities around the politics of representability. It specifically employs the concept of ‘border thinking’ by Walter Mignolo; and centres struggles in language by Gloria Anzaldúa as well as in the vernacular language ‘Verlan’ (as used by working-class racially marginalised people in France) to think ‘from’ the border. Highlighting how language works across (not just within) different registers and forms, the categories of ‘non-standard’ and ‘standard’, ‘domination’ and ‘resistance’ are destabilised. This provides the basis for re-centring Othered voices within a more relational co-creative ontology, by making the entanglement of discipline and resistance a space to think modernity from, rather than a space of interruption into modernity. Décolonisation et tournant esthétique dans les études internationales : pensée frontalière, co-création et voix

Estimated prevalence, incidence and healthcare costs of Sjögren’s syndrome in France: a national claims-based study

ObjectivesTo estimate prevalence, incidence and mortality rates, and annual healthcare costs of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) and SS associated with other autoimmune disorders (SS+AID) in France.MethodsFrench national healthcare claims-based study...

The real incidence of sudden death: Fair estimations or futile speculations?

BackgroundThe true incidence of sudden death remains undetermined, with controversial results from various publications over time and countries. AimTo investigate if different estimations would reach the values usually reported for France. MethodsThree different kinds of estimations were used. First, the number of resuscitated sudden deaths and necropsies for sudden death in the Haute-Garonne French administrative department (i.e. county) over the last 10years was expanded to the national level. Second, sudden death coding of death certificates was collected at the national level. Third, the total number of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests leading to any emergency call (with/without intervention) in Haute-Garonne over the last 10years was expanded to the national level. ResultsThere was a mean of 26 resuscitated sudden deaths and 145 necropsies for sudden death each year in Haute-Garonne, i.e. 12 to 14 sudden deaths for 100,000 inhabitants, and 7700 to 9400 sudden deaths yearly when related to the whole French population, according to the year of inclusion. Based on death certificates, a mean of 6584 sudden deaths was registered each year in France. Finally, there were about 600 yearly calls/interventions for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Haute-Garonne, i.e. 40 to 50 sudden deaths for 100,000 inhabitants, and 16,000 to 27,000 sudden deaths yearly for the whole French territory, according to the year of inclusion. ConclusionsThe incidence of sudden death ranges from 6500 to 27,000 in France according to the calculation methods. This huge difference raises the question of the true current incidence of sudden death, which may have been overestimated previously or may be underestimated in France. More straight prospective surveys are needed to solve this question, because of relevant implications for priorities that should be given to sudden death.

Home cooking in the digital age: When observing food influencers on social media triggers the imitation of their practices

AbstractSocial media influencers are effective in influencing the purchase intention of their audience. Aside from products, influencers also promote certain lifestyles and behaviors. Food influencers, for example, frequently feature home cooking, a healthier behavior compared to snacking or dining out. This study explored the potential of social media influencers in promoting such behavior. Driven by social cognitive theory, we explored whether self‐efficacy, perceived benefits, and concerns (social, entertainment, health, and economic) relate to the intention of the audience to cook at home following the recipes an Instagram influencer provides. We conducted three separate studies (two surveys and one experiment) with a French population of social network platform users. Our results showed that the entertainment value of an observed behavior is the main driver for imitation on social media, along with self‐efficacy, at least for women. Mixed results were obtained for social benefits. The perceived ease of the recipe, cooking experience, and explicit verbal encouragement were positively related to self‐efficacy. Surprisingly, the effect of health and economic benefits or concerns and labeling was not confirmed.

How to evaluate eco-anxiety and the impact on sleep-health? Results of a psychometric study on a representative sample of the adult French population

How to evaluate eco-anxiety and the impact on sleep-health? Results of a psychometric study on a representative sample of the adult French population

The Collapse of Beliefs in “Rois Thaumaturges” — The Black Death and the Transformation of French People’s Concepts

In the middle of the 14th century, a plague, the Black Death, broke out across Europe and spread to France in 1348, killing large numbers of people. The old social order gradually collapsed under the impact of the plague and, in the face of radical changes in society, the attitude of the French towards religious power, royalty and the relations of production experienced a major transformation. They no longer set their sights on the distant afterlife, but were more interested in the reality of their own happiness; they rose up against the decadent system under the rule of the old aristocracy; at the same time, they began to reflect anew on their own position in the relations of production. All this symbolized the gradual collapse of the “rois thaumaturges” (the royal touch) that represented the inherent collective belief.

নারীবাদ : একটি তাত্ত্বিক বিশ্লেষণ

Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal and social equality of the sexes. The word `Feminism’ originated in the nineteenth century Europe. At the very beginning, the concept of feminism has developed in Pythagorean society in ancient Greece and it introduced by women. In seventeenth century, Feminist ideology enhanced through French women writers. Women awakening in the western society has influenced by Industrial revolution of eighteenth century and American Independence movement. Many scholars consider feminist campaigns to be a main force behind major historical and societal changes for women’s rights. Feminist advocacy is, and has been, mainly focused on women’s rights, some argue for the inclusion of men’s liberation within its aims, because they believe that men are also harmed by traditional gender roles. Simultaneously, Feminist theory which emerged from feminist movements, aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by examining women’s social roles and lived experiences. The fundamental objective of feminism is the emancipation of women. To achieve this goal there is a great deal of theoretical differences among feminists due to purpose and way out. Some principal theories are such as Liberal feminism, Radical feminism, Marxist feminism, Socialist feminism, Existential feminism, Cultural feminism, Eco-feminism, Post-modern feminism and soon.

Beyond MEN1, When to Think About MEN4? Retrospective Study on 5600 Patients in the French Population and Literature Review.

Germline CDKN1B variants predispose patients to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4 (MEN4), a rare MEN1-like syndrome, with <100 reported cases since its discovery in 2006. Although CDKN1B mutations are frequently suggested to explain cases of genetically negative MEN1, the prevalence and phenotype of MEN4 patients is poorly known, and genetic counseling is unclear. To evaluate the prevalence of MEN4 in MEN1-suspected patients and characterize the phenotype of MEN4 patients. Retrospective observational nationwide study. Narrative review of literature and variant class reassessment. We included all adult patients with class 3/4/5 CDKN1B variants identified by the laboratories from the French Oncogenetic Network on Neuroendocrine Tumors network between 2015 and 2022 through germline genetic testing for MEN1 suspicion. After class reassessment, we compared the phenotype of symptomatic patients with class 4/5 CDKN1B variants (ie, with genetically confirmed MEN4 diagnosis) in our series and in literature with 66 matched MEN1 patients from the UMD-MEN1 database. From 5600 MEN1-suspected patients analyzed, 4 with class 4/5 CDKN1B variant were found (0.07%). They presented with multiple duodenal NET, primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and adrenal nodule, isolated PHPT, PHPT, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. We listed 29 patients with CDKN1B class 4/5 variants from the literature. Compared with matched MEN1 patients, MEN4 patients presented lower NET incidence and older age at PHPT diagnosis. The prevalence of MEN4 is low. PHPT and pituitary adenoma represent the main associated lesions, NETs are rare. Our results suggest a milder and later phenotype than in MEN1. Our observations will help to improve genetic counseling and management of MEN4 families.

Assessing the dynamics of Mycobacterium bovis infection in three French badger populations

Assessing the dynamics of Mycobacterium bovis infection in three French badger populations

The experience of albinism in France: a qualitative study on dyads of parents and their adult child with albinism

BackgroundTo date, almost no research on the psychosocial implications of albinism has been conducted in France and an exploration of albinism-related experiences could be beneficial, in order to better understand this condition. The aim of this study was to examine how French people with albinism and their parents live with and adapt to this condition in all the areas of their lives.MethodsSemi-structured phone interviews were conducted with 9 parent-child dyads, each participating separately. Participants were recruited by convenience sampling, thanks to the combined efforts of a patient association (Genespoir) and professionals from the partner medical referral centers involved in the project. Dyads in which the individual with albinism had any comorbidity were excluded. The interviews were then transcribed and subjected to in-depth thematic analysis. Two codebooks were constructed in a mirrored process: one for people with albinism; the other for their parents. They were finally merged at the end of the coding step.ResultsFour main categories were identified: personal perceptions and social representations of albinism, difficulties and obstacles encountered by people with albinism, resources and facilitators, and the importance of parent-child functioning. The results indicated that experiences of stigmatization during childhood and adolescence are common and that people with albinism face challenges in adapting to certain obstacles related to their visual impairments (VI) (e.g., inability to drive a car; eye strain...). Parents emerged as one, if not as the main, source of support for people with albinism throughout their development. Although external support systems exist to assist them in various aspects of their lives, some of them primarily rely on their own personal resources to cope.ConclusionsThis research highlights the importance of a systemic and transdisciplinary approach to make sure families receive the support that best meets their needs.

Lip color diversity: An intricate study.

Lip investigations and characterizations in the literature are less prevalent than for skin, particularly on the topic of color diversity. However, as the consumer demand increases for a nude lip makeup result, that is, shades close to the bare lip color, the identification and modification of lip color is essential for the cosmetic industry. The objective was to highlight lip color diversity among three ethnicities (Caucasian, African and Hispanic), through the use of a spectral color measurement device especially adapted to the lip area, and to consider lip color ethnic specificities and overlaps. The inferior natural lip color was measured with a full-face hyperspectral imaging system, SpectraFace (Newtone Technologies, Lyon, France), on 410 healthy women aged 19 to 68 (Caucasian French, Caucasian American, African American, and Hispanic American women). A hierarchical ascending classification, was deployed to determine clusters based on the lip colorimetric parameters along two strategies to identify the best statistical analysis to preserve the lip color diversity. Lip color is a continuous color space, with great intra-ethnic and inter-ethnic diversity, especially for African American women in terms of chroma and lightness. Among the two strategies of data analysis, our two-step statistical clustering analysis yielded 11 groups (i.e., 11 lip tones), revealing an accurate representation of the scope of diversity, but also of the overlaps. The 11 lip tones/colors could potentially serve as target shades for the development of a more diverse and inclusive range of lip cosmetics, such as nude lipsticks.