French Politician Research Articles

The visual representation of the hologram: a comparative approach to its political and social uses

On April 28, 2017, Jean-Luc Mélenchon, a prominent French politician, pioneered a unique way of engaging with multiple groups. While he was in Dijon in person, he simultaneously connected with a Grenoble audience using a hologram. A central focus is the tangible bond between a politician and their listeners. This study starts by analyzing the semiotic cues in photos and videos on official and social platforms. Subsequently, there’s a deep dive into the reactions of Grenoble attendees to various forms of expression. Each method is integral to the total experience. As suggested by Kress and Van Leeuwen (2001), meaning is molded socially via channels like discourse, production, design, intake, and the “textual” backdrop. In M.lenchon’s holographic instance, the scope for creative engagement and the idea of heightened modality is evident (highlighted by Andrieu: 2011). Holography offers: • Voice-driven auditory engagement. • Observation of physical actions, hand movements, and facial expressions. • Recognition of visual elements such as clothing, colors, and proportions. • A three-dimensional display, evoking a feeling of actual presence. • Interaction with the spoken content, both pre-written and extemporaneous. This is termed as hypermodal interaction. Designing a tailored hologram in line with the core research question effectively combined theoretical perspectives on holographic interaction. The goal wasn’t merely a visual portrayal of the research but to emphasize this visual method, especially in formulating a visual strategy (as put forth by Pink, 2006). This process captures both visuals and sounds for subsequent engagements with holograms. Furthermore, this research seeks to outline and present the aspects of an innovative, immersive, and visually centric research approach.

A ‘Potemkin Reality’: Bolshevik Preparations for Visits of Polish Diplomats and Officials to Soviet Institutions and Enterprises in the 1930s

On the basis of materials from post-Soviet and Polish archives the author discusses attempts to show Soviet reality in as good a light as possible by hiding the traditional communist disorder that were taken by the Bolsheviks in relation to Polish diplomats and consular officials and tourists in the 1930s as well as provides the answer to the question of what their perception of the mystification under way was. As Soviet materials attest, until the mid-1930s the Soviets strove to show foreigners the ‘Soviet paradise’ in a positive light. They expended much energy in that regard. The greatest undertaking was the visit of the French politician Édouard Herriot, but as the data provided in the present article, this practice was also used, to a lesser extent, in relation to other foreigners. A profound analysis of the archival base allows the author to state that employees of the Polish Foreign Service in the Soviet Union did not allow themselves to be swayed by the propagandistic images showed them by their Soviet hosts.

Prison Elite: How Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg Survived Nazi Captivity by Erika Rummel

Reviewed by: Prison Elite: How Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg Survived Nazi Captivity by Erika Rummel Laura A. Detre Erika Rummel, Prison Elite: How Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg Survived Nazi Captivity. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2021. 215 pp. It is undeniably true that both academics and the general public have a thirst for stories of resistance to the Nazi machine and that consequently a tremendous amount of media on the topic is produced every year. Historians increasingly endeavor to look at the ways in which Nazism impacted Europe through diverse lenses, continuing to examine stories of Jewish victimization in death camps but also analyzing the lives of non-Jewish people who were oppressed [End Page 128] by German fascism. Erika Rummel's book Prison Elite does just that by looking at the writings of the Austrian chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg, who was imprisoned by the Nazis after the 1938 Anschluss. This book largely focuses on how Schuschnigg dealt with the conditions of his incarceration and the coping mechanisms he used to survive the experience. The author dives deep into the details of how he found comfort in religion, music, and books. She details how Schuschnigg was initially held in solitary confinement, although she also notes that he was allowed to marry and then receive visits from his new wife in this period. It is undeniable that Rummel has spent a great deal of time with Schuschnigg's writings, which form the core materials consulted for this text. The question this leaves us with is: what will we learn from this material? As she acknowledges, Kurt von Schuschnigg was not a typical prisoner and his treatment at the hands of his Nazi jailers was indeed exceptional. It does, in fact, make the reader wonder if his experiences were so unusual as to be unhelpful in understanding the functioning of the Nazi political machine. Most camp internees lived lives of terror and life-threatening deprivation, whereas Schuschnigg, by the time of his transfer to Sachsenhausen, lived in relative comfort with his family and many privileges. His experiences are somewhat comparable to those of French politician Leon Blum, who was also a VIP political prisoner of the Nazis, but Blum, as a Jewish Socialist, had the specter of the Holocaust hanging over his imprisonment. Is there value in a detailed examination of the imprisonment of a figure who had himself led a dictatorial, illiberal regime and who by all admissions fared well under Nazi incarceration? Additionally, because this text hangs so thoroughly on Schuschnigg's own writings we do not learn why his experiences were so singular. Why is it that the Nazis chose to imprison him rather than execute him? Why did they transfer him first from Vienna to Munich and then on to Sachsenhausen? Why was his family allowed to accompany him on that final move? These are just a few of the questions raised by this account but not answered in any meaningful way. One of the challenges inherent in any examination of this period in Central European history is that Nazism's singular fixation on genocide colors our view of all other contemporary political movements. It is tempting to look at Austrofascism, the clerico-fascism of Slovakia, the nominal regency under Hungarian dictator Miklós Horthy, or any of the other radical right-wing governments to be found in this region in the 1930s and see them as benign compared with the incomparable evil taking power in Germany. As historians [End Page 129] we must resist this urge, however. It is undeniably true that the genocide perpetrated against Europe's Jews by the Nazi regime was unique in its cruelty as well as its pervasiveness, but when we look at the Austrofascist government in isolation rather than in comparison, we see that it was a murderous movement it its own right. Anyone who is interested in the interwar history of Austria must acknowledge the 1934 Civil War as a violent turning point, after which the country was undoubtedly no longer a liberal democracy. Additionally, we need to increase our awareness of the state-sanctioned murders of political opponents, particularly Communists and Social Democrats, under the governments of both Engelbert...

Анархизм в очень старых и в самых современных одеждах. Теория

This article discusses the main stages in the development of the theory of anarchism. The author started his examination of anarchist ideas from Errico Malatesta’s book “The System of Anarchism in Ten Conversations for the Peasants”. Then, the author considers the works of a French politician, philosopher and economist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. The paper touches upon the problem of practical implementation of his theoretical principles up to the present time. The author also takes into account the works of the geographical school of anarchism (Elise’e Reclus and Peter Kropotkin). The paper analyses the anarchist origins of the classical school of political economy. It is noted that a significant part of Adam Smith’s ideas was previously expressed by his predecessor, anarchist William Godwin. In particular, it is shown that the category of ‘invisible hand’ originated from anarchist ideas about the inner world of a person, and not from the ideas that ‘the market will decide everything’. Some aspects of the history of the First International, the role of anarchists in the creation and activities of the First International are considered. The article describes the emergence and development of anarchism in Japan, it is shown that the Japanese branch of anarchism is closely connected with the works of M. Bakunin. The problem of long-term propaganda of the ideas of anarchism in US universities is touched upon. The main authors of anarchist works are singled out from among them. The author also considers Christian theological anarchism associated with the name of I. Illich, as well as the works of the followers and propagandists of anarcho-Islam that have appeared in recent years. According to the author, the ideas of anarchism are poorly analyzed by historians, which leads to many incorrect assessments of current events and erroneous predictions of the future, especially in recent decades. The reason for this is ignoring the role of anarchist thought in the socio-economic life of the world. It is noted that the penetration of anarchist ideas into social theories and political doctrines of very different directions takes place in such a way that they become an inseparable part of them and are no longer considered anarchist. Briefly, the main idea of the article can be expressed in the words: “Theoretical anarchism does matter”.

Stability and disruptive speech

Stability and disruptive speech

Jean Boden in Russian Historiography

Jean Boden (1530—1596), the famous French lawyer and politician, historian, economist and philosopher left a rich artistic legacy — ten treatises on a variety of topics: from education to the theory of sovereignty. Abroad, hundreds of works are devoted to the study of the life and work of Boden, and the first of them appeared already at the beginning of the 17th century. The question naturally arises, what was the fate of Boden's ideas in Russia? At first glance, it seems that there can be no question of direct impact. In those few decades, when the name of Boden was still thundering, his works were repeatedly published and translated into foreign languages, the political atmosphere in Russia was not conducive to the perception of the ideas of the French thinker. This was the period of the reign of Ivan the Terrible, Oprichnin, then, followed by Troubles and the accession of the first Romanovs to the Russian throne. When the Russian educated society began to actively assimilate the spiritual riches of the West, Boden's time had already passed and Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, and others became the subject of study of the Russian Enlightenment. But nevertheless, traces of acquaintance with Boden and even his influence can be found in our country at the end of the 17th and especially in the 18th century. The article further examines the Russian tradition of studying Boden's ideas to this day.

Булгаков и Лабуле. (К вопросу об источниках «Собачьего сердца»)

The article deals with the European literary tradition presenting the dog as a protagonist. The author claims that the magical story of the French politician and writer Édouard Laboulaye (1811 –1883) “The Poodle-Prince” (1867) is one of the literary sources for Mikhail Bulgakov’s novella “Heart of a Dog” (1925). The fact that Laboulaye was very popular in Russia in his time is confirmed by Laboulaye’s reception in the 1860s –1920s analysis presented in the article. Laboulaye’s work containing the dominant characteristics of the distopia and social and political satire influenced the texts of Alexander Kuprin, Evgeny Zamyatin as well. The fact that since the 1910s, “The Poodle Prince” has not been republished in Russia and the USSR, can probably explain that domestic Bulgakov's studies missed it as a source inspired “Heart of a Dog.”

Francois Mitterrand as an Outstanding French Politician of the 20th Century

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the life and professional path of the outstanding French politician of the twentieth century, the creator of the Socialist Party F. Mitterrand. Special attention is paid to the study of France's domestic and foreign policy after his election as president in 1981. The specifics of his approach to international affairs were expressed in a combination of messianism and pragmatism. In relations with the United States, France adhered to the principle of “friend, ally, but not vassal”. In general, it is concluded that F. Mitterrand’s life and professional path reflects both the inner wealth and the complex and extremely contradictory nature of the French political tradition.

К вопросу о специфике идиолекта лидера французских ультралевых формаций Жана-Люка Меланшона

The paper presents the analysis of the peculiarities of the verbal behaviour of the French politician Jean-Luc Mélenchon. On the examples obtained from his interviews and videos, the author demonstrates that by means of such figures of speech as metaphors and phraseological units, the French politician was able to materialize his persuasive strategies by manipulating people’s minds. It is emphasized that metaphoric expressions used within the idiolect of Jean-Luc Mélenchon were able to form positive or negative image and perception of the politician, therefore the role of these figures of speech cannot be underestimated. 
 It is also observed that the study of metaphors is considered to be extremely important within the learning process at the University, especially when teaching the language of French political communication to students in Political Science, International Journalism and Diplomacy.

К вопросу о специфике идиолекта лидера французских ультралевых формаций Жана-Люка Меланшона

The paper presents the analysis of the peculiarities of the verbal behaviour of the French politician Jean-Luc Mélenchon. On the examples obtained from his interviews and videos, the author demonstrates that by means of such figures of speech as metaphors and phraseological units, the French politician was able to materialize his persuasive strategies by manipulating people’s minds. It is emphasized that metaphoric expressions used within the idiolect of Jean-Luc Mélenchon were able to form positive or negative image and perception of the politician, therefore the role of these figures of speech cannot be underestimated. 
 It is also observed that the study of metaphors is considered to be extremely important within the learning process at the University, especially when teaching the language of French political communication to students in Political Science, International Journalism and Diplomacy.

MASUKNYA KEMBALI PERANCIS DALAM NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) DI BAWAH KEPEMIMPINAN PRESIDEN NICOLAS SARKOZY

ABSTRACT This study discusses how idiosyncratic influence on the policies, which in this case is idiosyncratic to the 23rd French President Nicolas Sarkozy to the French re-entry into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The background of this study is to see how idiosyncratic Nicolas Sarkozy during life by using a social background psychobiography with Nicolas Sarkozy during childhood to become a French politician Nicolas Sarkozy affects the characteristics of leadership that became ambitious and ultimately influence policy decision making to select the French return again in the NATO defense pact. Keywords: Nicolas Sarkozy, Idiosyncratic, Psychobiography, Ambition, Decision Making, NATO

On Reflexive Skills and Competencies of the Teachers

In this article we consider the phenomena of reflection and educational reflection as a basis for the competence of educators to manage their behavior, as well as the skills to interact with the personality of the students and reveal the technological side of the educational process. The French economist and politician Jacques Delors justifies the four basic guiding principle – pillars of education, in conjunction with the concept of lifelong learning and education in the 21st century. The four main pillars of modern education, requiring the formation of four main groups of competences are: learning to know, learning to act (learning to do), learning to live together, learning to be. The effectiveness of a good teacher is a set of multiple knowledge, reflexive skills and competences, which are constantly developed and enriched. Especially significant from them, in our opinion, are having respect for others, empathy and congruence. The accumulated practical experience of teachers is not a sufficient condition for professional development. Only the constant reflection, analysis and transformation of their own experience has allowed them to develop their skills.

Ndré Tardieu: Commissioner for Franco-American War Cooperation (1917–1918)

The article is devoted to the activities of the French politician, diplomat, journalist André Tardieu in 1917-1918. Special attention in the study is given to the biography and career path of Tardieu. In 1917, when he was already a well-known journalist observing international relations, as well as a military and political figure, he was entrusted with the task of organizing the High Commission for Franco-American Cooperation in Washington, and then the General Commission in Paris. The institution created by Tardieu and his team with 900 employees and 11 departments was compared by contemporaries with a real ministry. They managed to ensure the intensification of economic relations between the two countries and the uninterrupted supply of allied forces with necessary goods. It is worth noting that this period of Tardieu's life is not represented in Russian historiography, which is why the current article is tasked with filling this gap. The study focuses on trade and financial cooperation, diplomatic and military-political relations between the two countries. Studying the international political and economic relations of the countries of the Entente bloc in the last years of the First World War contributes to the accumulation of scientific knowledge and brings us to the problems of peace and the post-war world order. The research is based on documents stored in the Diplomatic archives, National archives and the Archive of the historical service of the Ministry of Defense of France, which were not previously in scholarly circulation for the study of this issue, which ensures the research’s novelty. The study also involved Tardieu's memoirs and monographs as well as materials from the French and American press. The author makes an attempt to generalize the accumulated scientific knowledge on the problem under study in Russian and foreign historiography.

Poujade’s Infowars: On Barthes’s Anti-Anti-Intellectualism

The French politician Pierre Poujade (1920–2003), who launched a pro-small-business party in the 1950s and was an early mentor to Jean-Marie Le Pen, was famously opposed to intellectuals, the media, and other elites whom he saw as enemies of the people. Roland Barthes’s keen rhetorical analysis of Poujade’s speeches showed the extent of the politician’s anti-intellectualism and offers a helpful guide in deciphering contemporary reactionary rhetoric, which relies on many of the same tropes. Inspired by Barthes’s analysis, this article shows the ways in which Poujade engaged in information warfare in order to advance his agenda.

Speaking the Truth with Folk and Fairy Tales: The Power of the Powerless

Abstract We have never known a time without lies, propaganda, and conflicts, but this hardly means that contesting the deception of those in power does not matter. Contesting misuses of history that inform the present, this essay presents three neglected writers and storytellers who offer alternative ways of thinking with fairy tales that give me the courage to try to live and work in truth: the Russian teacher and poet, Pyotr Pavolovich Yershov (1815-1869), the French politician and scholar of jurisprudence, Édouard Laboulaye (1811-1883), and the Austrian writer and essayist, Hermynia Zur Mühlen (1883-1951).

LuzIndélébiles

Books in Review night of drinking, he charges into the living room, candlestick in hand, to confront two burglars, without even ringing the police. He is beaten senseless. Thus concussed, limping and halting in thought and speech, he continues front and center, all fears and emotional swings, because he is telling the story—his story. For over 150 pages, the reader rehabs with Toby as he handles anger, memory lapses, and alienation from everyone except his extraordinary girlfriend. Family feeling prompts a move to Ivy House to care for a favorite uncle dying of brain cancer. Toby begins to reconnect with people. It is with a sense of relief when a skeleton is found in the garden behind his uncle’s home. Even better, the bones are those of a schoolmate who was supposed to have committed suicide elsewhere ten years ago. Toby becomes a suspect, decides to probe, and the game is afoot. The rest of the novel is the standard length for a mystery. Late in the story, Toby makes a statement that could apply to readers’ experiences with most Tana French novels: “The world I had been blithely bouncing through had been so utterly unrelated to this one running along its dark subterranean track, I couldn’t make the two of them click together in my mind.” The statement testifies to the imaginative power of French’s novels, elevating them above the common run of genre fiction . The process of investigation is often effaced by the unveiling of this other world, a world in which people who seem ordinary plan, conspire, and commit crimes, with little resultant guilt. One understands and perhaps sympathizes with their choices. Sometimes, as in this novel, the investigator is asked to imagine a similar circumstance. Not surprisingly, the reader can think of such a circumstance and what he or she would have liked to do. Tana French writes psychological fiction that uses crime to open doors to the subterranean. As such and especially in this first-person narrative, action is subsumed to the discovery of character. Uncovering perpetrators is subsumed to the revelation of dark amoral worlds. Apprehension, if it occurs, is secondary. That’s why her characters remain after the solution, the “how” of the crimes, fades from memory. W. M. Hagen Oklahoma Baptist University Luz Indélébiles Paris. Futuropolis. 2018. 319 pages. Renald Luzier (“Luz”) started drawing for the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo in 1993 and eventually became one of its bestknown cartoonists. On Jan. 7, 2015 (his birthday), the fact that he was late for a meeting at the magazine’s office in Paris saved his life. The jihadi terrorist attack that targeted the journalists and cartoonists of Charlie Hebdo left twelve people dead and eleven wounded. Luz produced a very dark bande dessinée or graphic album in the aftermath of the massacre: Catharsis (Futuropolis , 2015). Indélébiles is a very different work. In a much lighter tone, Luz tells the story of the magazine’s development and of his interactions with his colleagues and friends, many of whom are still famous in France: Cabu, Wolinsky, Charb, Gébé, Catherine Meurisse, etc. The terrorist attack itself is noticeably absent from this graphic novel. Instead, a concluding dreamlike sequence brings back, in a festive atmosphere, all those who participated in the publication of Charlie over the years. Luz’s pictorial memoir is in part an homage to the fellow cartoonists with whom he worked for about twenty years. It is also a description of the creative process of a group of satirical artists who covered many different topics over the course of their careers. One of the most fascinating is the detailed report on the appalling living and working conditions meted out to prisoners at the infamous “Angola” state penitentiary in Louisiana. Another lengthy sequence describes Luz’s strange and sometimes-dangerous encounters during a cease-fire in war-torn ex-Yugoslavia. Luz also touches on one of his early series of comic strips, titled Les Mégret gèrent la ville, which ridiculed an extreme-right-wing French politician . Much of the narrative is devoted to portraits of older and well-established cartoonists, such as G...

« For the women » ‐ In Memoriam Simone Veil (1927–2017)

This In Memoriam presents the life of Simone Veil, an influential French politician, remembered for a law that made abortion legal in 1974. Simone Veil's contribution to the rights of women is featured as an instance of parrhesia (Foucault, 2011) that was able to establish a new regime of truth about the body, sexuality, and reproductive capacities of French women.

Europeanization or National Specificity? Legal Approaches to Sexual Harassment in France, 2002–2012

This paper examines whether—and if so how—a 2002 European Directive on sexual harassment has changed the practice and content of sexual harassment law in France. It finds that the European Directive shaped how French courts address sexual harassment and informed the content of a new sexual harassment law France passed in 2012. Yet, its influence has been mediated by dominant national attitudes about: (1) the nature of sexual harassment, (2) which legal institutions are best suited to address it, and (3) the character of women who claim to have been harassed. This paper further suggests that news reporting on a 2011 arrest of a French politician for sexual assault led to more positive attitudes about sexual harassment victims.

European Defence Community: origins of integration in the defence sphere

There is a tendency among non-historians to force «practioners» of the discipline to justify why the study of a particular episode of the past is so important and to articulate the lessons to be learned from the experience. The fate of international constitutions and treaties is particularly prone to demands of this kind. After all, «constitutional borrowing» has long been a common feature of international law and politics. This article will address one such Treaty from the past. But it does not aspire to preserving its historical integrity; rather to awaken interest in it in the first place. The European Defence Community (EDC) was an ambitious initiative in the first years of the 1950s. Leading European countries had different foreign policy agendas towards it. The EDC. could have been a crucial milestone on the long path towards European integration. European Defense Community (EDC), an abortive attempt by western European powers, with United States support, to counterbalance the overwhelming conventional military ascendancy of the Soviet Union in Europe by the formation of a supranational European army and, in the process, to subsume West German forces into a European force, avoiding the tendentious problem of West German rearmament. One can trace the U.S. influence from the very first stages of the EDC. negotiations. Even in the agreement of the EDC., the footprints of U.S. policies can be observed, bringing the NATO Alliance to the forefront. The EDC. is also interrelated with the Marshall Plan, which leads us to think that the EDC. was not solely a European dream as has been widely argued, but rather an instrument of U.S. foreign policy, which could be resorted to as and when needed. Influenced by the Korean War, the French politician Rene Pleven evolved a plan that later was put forward by the French foreign minister Robert Schuman at a meeting of the Council of Europe in 1951. Though the weaker members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) were keen, the Scandinavians were cool toward the idea, and opinion in France and Italy was divided. A treaty was actually concluded in Paris in 1952, but tension between eastern and western Europe lessened, and by 1954 the necessity for the EDC seemed also to diminish. However, the failure to ratify its agreement by the French Parliament in 1954 left this project of defence integration stillborn – but paved the way for another solution for the rearmament of Germany: the Western European Union (WEU), as a sub-group of NATO. Nevertheless, the dormant ideal, to contribute to a “European Army” later became one of the ultimate goals of the European Union.

Penelopegate : fake news et retravail d’ethos en ligne lors de la campagne présidentielle de 2017

The French politician François Fillon, for a long time considered the frontrunner in the French presidential campaign, saw his strong position crumble to the third in most of the polls, after the circulation of rumors against him and his family also known as Penelopegate. Such rumors were at the heart of the 2017 French and American presidential campaigns. In fact, the terms post truth, fake news and alternative facts could be seen as symbols of the current information crisis, i.e. the mistrust felt by many readers regarding the media. The present study sets out to investigate the argumentation used to deconstruct and reconstruct François Fillon’s ethos after dissemination of such rumors on social media. Drawing on the theoretical framework developed by Amossy (2014 et al.) and Maingueneau (2004 et al.) on the analysis of self-presentation and in particular on the concepts of (re)branding and scenography, we analyze the discursive strategies deployed by discussants in face management of the French politician’s image. Our data include two different genres (tweets and posts on newspaper forums) and our findings corroborate Amossy’s research (2014) on strategies used in such face work management as denial of responsibility (sympathy), victimization (empathy) or face threats against the opponents (anger). We have also observed the use of a catastrophic scenario (fear), which was not present in Amossy’s data.