French Colonial Research Articles

التكوين العلمي لابن باديس وأثره التجديدي في مجال التعليم بالجزائر: (1913-1940 ) Educational Background of Ibn Badis and Its Regenerative Impالتكوين العلمي لابن باديس وأثره التجديدي في مجال التعليم بالجزائر: (1913-1940 ) Educational Background of Ibn Badis and Its Regenerative Impact on the Field of Education in Algeria: (1913-1940)act on the Field of Education in Algeria: (1913-1940)

The research seeks to discover the renewal brought by Ibn Badis to education in Algeria through the study of his personality, academic background, significant scientific achievements both within and outside Algeria, curriculum for education, and teaching methods that he discovered beneficial and efficient for learners. Furthermore, the research intends to shed light on how Ibn Badis overcame the obstacles and challenges caused by French colonization, which denied Algerian citizens access to all types of learning, especially Arabic and Islamic education. The study takes a historical approach by examining a sizable collection of texts and pictures that represent Ibn Badis’s vision for science and education. The research leads to the conclusion that Ibn Badis’s strong scientific foundation which he achieved under the guidance of specialized academics from numerous fields and countries, had a huge impact on improving his abilities and views of the world and increasing his sense of need to refresh and enhance the educational system of his country. Additionally, he set himself apart from his contemporaries and forebears by getting around France’s restrictions through the advantage of legal loopholes to prevent the use of violence, particularly during the planning and construction phases.

التكوين العلمي لابن باديس وأثره التجديدي في مجال التعليم بالجزائر: (1913-1940 ) Educational Background of Ibn Badis and Its Regenerative Impact on the Field of Education in Algeria: (1913-1940)

The research seeks to discover the renewal brought by Ibn Badis to education in Algeria through the study of his personality, academic background, significant scientific achievements both within and outside Algeria, curriculum for education, and teaching methods that he discovered beneficial and efficient for learners. Furthermore, the research intends to shed light on how Ibn Badis overcame the obstacles and challenges caused by French colonization, which denied Algerian citizens access to all types of learning, especially Arabic and Islamic education. The study takes a historical approach by examining a sizable collection of texts and pictures that represent Ibn Badis’s vision for science and education. The research leads to the conclusion that Ibn Badis’s strong scientific foundation which he achieved under the guidance of specialized academics from numerous fields and countries, had a huge impact on improving his abilities and views of the world and increasing his sense of need to refresh and enhance the educational system of his country. Additionally, he set himself apart from his contemporaries and forebears by getting around France’s restrictions through the advantage of legal loopholes to prevent the use of violence, particularly during the planning and construction phases.

FRANCE'S AFRICAN COLONIAL POLICIES IN THE EXAMPLE OF NORTH AFRICA

Between the 18th and the 20th century, France built a great colonial empire in Africa. The French Colonization had its authentic mentality since France as a state passed many historical developments, which consequently affected its colonial methods. The study aims to review summarily the French colonial policy by identifying general determinants for its methods by taking North Africa as a study case. The study starts with a brief look at the history of French colonialism and the philosophy of French colonialism. Then, the study reviews North Africa as a study case briefly as a practical example of those colonial styles. Throughout the essay, the study uses the historical approach and deduction from specific to general, and from the study case to generalize the whole scope of the study, in order to reach the result that the French colonization was more direct and violent compared to the British one. However, the French colonization was still influenced by the British methods in some areas, and North Africa is one of them. Moreover, the French colonization was based more on the idea of making those colonies part of the homeland of France, especially after the French Revolution.

Hotel Architecture in the French Colonization Era

Often quoted as the queen of an oasian region, namely the Zibans, Biskra, a southern Algerian city, was a famous winter station renowned for its tourist character during the French colonization (1830-1962). This stimulated the colonizing authorities to build several hospitality buildings, the largest of which were edified using imported constructive techniques, but with local constructive materials and several local spatial organizations and regional decorative motives. In continuation of previous research work carried out by the first author of this article, this study aims to analyse and classify Biskra’s main hotels to draw up an architectural typology using Philippe Panerai’s method. As a result, four models were identified within the corpus of the study, including seven (7) hotels. Its findings could be considered as strong, helpful support for future research in the field of architectural heritage, regardless of building typology, as well as an appropriate database for the heritage buildings’ practical preservation. Moreover, such research work should inform about other various underrated and misjudged heritage buildings dating from the colonial era in Algeria.

Investigating temporal bone variation of colonial populations from St-Lawrence Valley, Quebec: A 3D geometric morphometric approach.

In Quebec, genetic and genealogical research are used to document migratory events and family structures since colonial times, because bioarchaeological analysis is limited by poor skeletal preservation. This article aims to fill this gap by exploring past population structure in the St-Lawrence Valley from the French (1683-1760) and British (1760-1867) regimes using morphological variation of well-preserved temporal bones. 3D geometric morphometrics shape data from seven populations (five Catholics of French descent and two Protestants of British descent; n = 214) were collected from temporal bones. Using Procrustes distances and both MANOVA and Discriminant Function Analysis, morphological differences were measured to calculate affinities patterns among populations. Shape variations were explored with between-group analysis, Mahalanobis distances and quantified by means of Fst estimates using Relethford-Blangero analysis. Despite strong affinities between all Catholic cemeteries, all show divergent morphological regional diversity -especially Montreal and the fortified villages dedicated to its defense. Montreal exhibits low increase in morphological variance over three centuries. As our results show no morphological differences between the Catholic and the Protestant cemeteries in Montreal, this fact may highlight the potential presence of Irish or admixed individuals in Montreal cemeteries after the British takeover. Patterns of morphological diversity highlighted that French colonists did not equally contribute to the descendant populations as reflected by significant interregional variation. Although historical records show that French and English-speaking populations did not tend to admix, morphological affinities between Protestants and Catholics in the beginning of the industrial era in Montreal could reflect the genetic contribution of Catholic Irish migrants. All Catholic cemeteries display distinct morphologies, highlighting differential contributions from French colonists and founder effects, which have increased regional differences. Montreal Catholic (French descent) and Protestant (English colonists) cemeteries show significant morphological affinities at the beginning of the industrial era. The Irish migration following the British conquest may explain morphological similarities observed between Catholic and Protestant cemeteries.

Book review: Anne Raffin, Republican Citizenship in French Colonial Pondicherry, 1870–1914 (Asian History)

Anne Raffin, Republican Citizenship in French Colonial Pondicherry, 1870–1914 (Asian History) (Amsterdam University Press, 2022), 250pp. (Hardcover). ISBN-10: 9463723552.

Compilation of Research Works that Contributed to the Development of Algerian Agricultural Nematology: A Review

Investigation on plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) in Algeria date back to the late 19th century. Important research has been performed since this period until currently generating significant information. The aim of this literature assembling is making available an outline of the current situation of plant nematology in the country. This review is based on the available information existing at universities’ libraries and research articles obtained by visiting web pages and Google Scholar. All pertinent information was collected from 2018 until today. This review article shows three periods for Algerian agricultural nematology: First period includes the years of French colonialism and two decades after independence. Publications on PPN started in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by French and Italian researchers, working in Algeria. The second period (1980-end 1990s) was characterized by the emergence of Algerian researchers. They successively became central academics having the responsibility to educate graduate students. Their research topics were studies on geographical distribution and evaluation of damage degrees of some PPN. The third period (2000 until today) is characterized by the progression in nematological research in the country; research topics expanded and became more diverse. Collaboration between universities, National Institute of Agronomic Research and National Institute of Plant Protection are the organisations contributing to the development of nematology. Till date, a total of 38 genera and 43 species of PPN including economically important nematodes were documented in Algeria.

Albert de Pouvourville’s Occultisme Colonial

Abstract Albert de Pouvourville (1862–1939), better known by his nom de plume Matgioi, was one of the most noticeable characters of the nineteenth-century French occult milieu. In addition to his prominence in fin-de-siècle occult Paris, de Pouvourville also served as a soldier in Indochina, and after the end of his military career he continued to play an important role in French colonialism. This article aims to describe both de Pouvourville’s occultist and colonialist production and argues that they should be understood as two parts of a coherent intellectual trajectory, characterized by two fundamental elements of de Pouvourville’s worldview: “elitism” and “colonial Darwinism.” From gender and race to initiation and opium consumption, de Pouvourville’s “discourse on the Far East” is a form of “colonial occultism”: a peculiar mix of imperialist hegemonic aspirations and spiritual thirst for “the wisdom of the East.”

“We Invite You for Lunch”: Post/Colonial Subjectivities and Performances of Tourism in Puducherry, India

Summary Tourism is contested, as Edward Bruner suggests. These contestations may not always take the form of overt conflicts between actors and/or institutions. They may operate in silent pauses and gaps, performances of the actors involved, their identifications and agencies and constructed meanings. In my research, I focus on the town of Puducherry, a French colony merged with India in 1962, to engage with the discourse of authenticity in which the hosts take part. By positioning myself as both tourist and ethnographer, I delve into the complexities of post/colonial subjectivities and performances of identity in Puducherry, with a focus on the Franco-Pondicherrian community who, through their performances reproduce the authentic and reclaim their collective identity. In the process, the members of the community, who are also the hosts in this context, become both the gatekeepers of authenticity and the toured. Using the idea of staged authenticity in a social constructionist frame, I engage with how hosts stage cultural performances in the intimate space of their home which works to make the tourist aware of their cultural heritage and abets their identity practices. Information © The Author 2023

Vietnam’s Religious Policy: Navigating the Path to Religious Freedom

Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia, and the country has a large population. Vietnam’s population would reach 100 million people ranking it 15th in the world[1]. Vietnam has undergone significant changes throughout its history, reflecting the country's complex socio-political landscape. The Vietnamese society is complex, and the region is no exception. Vietnam has a rich religious heritage, influenced by Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. However, the introduction of foreign religions, such as Catholicism and Protestantism, during the colonial era brought new dynamics to Vietnam’s religious landscape. The French colonization period saw tensions between the Catholic Church and the Vietnamese government, which continued even after Vietnam gained independence. After the Vietnamese War finished, Vietnam also saw tensions between unregistered groups such as Hoa Hao Buddhist community and the Vietnamese authorities and its continuous crackdown on unregistered groups. This paper aims to provide an overview of Vietnam's religion, and highlight key and recent developments, policies, and key challenges for some religions such as Pure Hoa Hao Buddhism, the Vietnamese government’s restrictions has restricted on unregistered groups and the current state of religious freedom in the country.

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NGUYEN AN NINH’S POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND THE MEANING OF THAT IDEOLOGY

The late 19th and early 20th century was a special historical period for the Vietnamese people, a period of transformation that changed the nature of society. Our country was invaded by the French colonialists and became a semi-feudal, colonial country. It can be said that Nguyen An Ninh was a typical thinker of Vietnam in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He introduced political ideas consistent with the reality of the Vietnamese revolution in this historical period. Based on an overview of the basic contents of Nguyen An Ninh’s political ideology, this study aims to clarify the basic characteristics of Nguyen An Ninh’s political ideology such as (i) Deep nationality in Nguyen An Ninh’s political ideology; (ii) Vivid practicality in Nguyen An Ninh’s political ideology; (iii) Nguyen An Ninh’s political ideology represents the transition from bourgeois-democratic ideology to Marxism-Leninism. On that basis, clarify the values of that characteristic in Vietnam’s revolutionary process.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0058/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Born Again French: Explaining Inconsistency in Citizenship Declarations in French Longitudinal Data

Citizenship is a fundamental boundary in contemporary societies that entails rights, a sense of belonging, and social status. Drawing on longitudinal census data, this article tracks individual changes in self-reported citizenship over 30 years in France. Respondents choose one of three categories: “French by birth,” “became French,” or “foreigner.” The first category should be stable over the life course: one is born, but cannot become, “French by birth.” Yet, our findings indicate that about 19 percent of foreign-origin respondents in a given census switch to “French by birth” declarations at the next census, in a process we call reclassification. Immigrant assimilation variables, such as nativity and length of stay, and events such as intermarriage, naturalization, and residential mobility, trigger reclassification. Yet reclassification is also higher among individuals with lower socioeconomic status and respondents of African and Southeast Asian origin, as well as those with origins in former French colonies. These findings suggest reclassification is a byproduct of immigrant assimilation, which triggers feelings of national identity, as well as status upgrading, whereby disadvantaged and discriminated groups change their citizenship declaration to compensate for low social status. Empirically novel, reclassification offers original theoretical insights into the meanings of citizenship, civic stratification, and boundary-crossing.

The Special Tribunal in Martinique: from the history of French colonial justice in the early 19th century

The focus of this article is on the special tribunal, a special judicial body established in the French colony of Martinique in 1803. It was created to carry out criminal repression against black slaves accused of poisoning, arson, stealing boats and pirogues to escape. The main purpose of the study is to determine the legal basis for the organization of a special tribunal in Martinique and to identify its features in relation to the special tribunals that existed in the metropolis from 1801 and 1802. The question of the correlation of these tribunals in the colony and in the metropolis seems to be little studied in historiography. The subject of research in the work is the evolution of the special tribunal during the period of French rule on the island – from the establishment of the court to the loss of control over Martinique by the French in 1809. To work on the topic, documentary materials from the National Archives of overseas France, published legislative acts and acts of ministers of the Napoleonic era, acts of the island administration from the "Code of Martinique" were involved. The study used the method of concrete historical analysis, comparative legal analysis of legal documents and structural and functional analysis of judicial bodies. As a result of the study, it can be concluded that the competence of the Martinique Special Tribunal has changed towards its expansion over three stages in 1803-1809. From an organ of repression exclusively for slaves, it gradually turned into an extraordinary court for slaves and for free people of color, and then for any vagabonds without a place of residence and recognition. Dangerous crimes of a state nature began to belong to his jurisdiction. The comparison of the tribunal with the special tribunals established in the metropolis in 1801 and 1802 does not confirm the full borrowing of judicial law from the metropolis in the organization of the colonial court and testifies in favor of the originality of colonial justice. However, similar features in the composition of these bodies and in the order of judicial procedure allow us to speak about general trends in the development of judicial systems throughout the French Empire, in the metropolis and in the colonies, expressed in the creation of bodies of emergency justice, alternative to courts of general jurisdiction.

Romantic Primitivism and Literary Neocolonialism in Camara Laye’s Novel L’Enfant Noir

The article examines the depiction of romantic primitivism in Camara Laye’s novel L’Enfant noir (The Dark Child) and the phenomenon of literary neocolonialism behind its publication. L’Enfant noir is a novel published when Guinea was still under French colonization in the 1950s. It tells the story of a happy black child growing up in the middle of a beautiful Guinean countryside, that was completely untouched by the atrocities of colonialism. Upon its publication by Plon, a French publishing house, the novel received different responses from African and European readers. In Africa, it was perceived as turning a blind eye to the cruelty of colonialism. However, in Europe, it was showered with praise and it even received a prestigious literary award. To examine this phenomenon, this article analyzes the novel both intrinsically and extrinsically. Intrinsically, it uses the theory of romantic primitivism to analyze how the novel romanticizes the lives of African indigenous people constrained by colonialism. Extrinsically, it discusses the phenomenon of literary neocolonialism behind the publication of L’Enfant noir. The discussion about literary neocolonialism is divided into two parts. Firstly, it addresses the historical analysis of Plon’s publishing house, its relations with the French power, and the political interests underpinning the novel’s publication. Secondly, it highlights the strategy the publisher uses to accentuate exoticism in the novel’s peritext to market the book in Europe. The novelty of this article lies in its discovery of the elements of romantic primitivism found in the novel while it also proves that literary neocolonialism towards L’Enfant noir persists to this day.

Saint-Domingue : un paradis perdu ?

The apparent decay into which Haiti had fallen since its independence was used by French anti-abolitionists as a proof of the alleged inability of Black people to rule over the prosperous Haitian land. However, was the island as prosperous as they affirmed during French colonization? Based on the testimonies of the members of the Leclerc expedition, this article attempts to answer this question by focusing on their description of the state of the colony at the time of their arrival on the island.

Saint-Domingue : un paradis perdu ?

The apparent decay into which Haiti had fallen since its independence was used by French anti-abolitionists as a proof of the alleged inability of Black people to rule over the prosperous Haitian land. However, was the island as prosperous as they affirmed during French colonization? Based on the testimonies of the members of the Leclerc expedition, this article attempts to answer this question by focusing on their description of the state of the colony at the time of their arrival on the island.

Vietnam’s Religious Policy: Navigating the Path to Religious Freedom

Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia and the country has a large population. Vietnam’s population would reach to 100 million people ranked 15th in the world[1]. Vietnam has undergone significant changes throughout its history, reflecting the country's complex socio-political landscape. The Vietnamese society is complex and the region is no exception. Vietnam has a rich religious heritage, influenced by Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. However, the introduction of foreign religions, such as Catholicism and Protestantism, during the colonial era brought new dynamics to Vietnam’s religious landscape. The French colonization period saw tensions between the Catholic Church and the Vietnamese government, which continued even after Vietnam gained independence. After the Vietnamese war finished, Vietnam also saw tensions between unregistered groups such as Hoa Hao Buddhist community and the Vietnamese authorities and its continuous crackdown on unregistered groups. This paper aims to provide an overview of Vietnam's religion, and highlight key and recent developments, policies, key challenges for some religions such as Pure Hoa Hao Buddhism, the Vietnamese government has restricted on unregistered groups, the current state of religious freedom in the country.

Nose-picking in Vietnam

Abstract This study focuses on nose picking, an observable occurrence in Vietnam. Elias (2010) said that in the civilizing process, self-regulation is a gathering force and the act of nose picking is not performed in public. To better understand the reasons why nose picking is an observable occurrence in Vietnam, the author analyzes content from Thanh Nghị, a magazine published from 1941–1945 during the French colonial era and created by Vietnamese intellectuals to further the spread of French civilizational ideals. This study has two purposes: first, it clarifies the role of Thanh Nghị as an intellectual proponent of French colonialism. Second, it explores different aspects of the civilizing process. By achieving these aims, the study illustrates the effectiveness of the civilizing process in colonial society.

The “Kamerun Idea”: E pluribus unum Cameroon

Abstract Since independence, the “Anglophone” and “Francophone” identities (both legacies of British and French colonialism, respectively) have remained the dominant national identity of Cameroonians. This linguistic national identity was formalized by the adoption of bilingualism at the dawn of independence and the enactment of English and French as the two official languages of the country. Nationalism and national integration in the Cameroonian context therefore revolve around the cohabitation of the aforementioned distinct linguistic and cultural identities, which harbors significant incompatibilities. This article probes into the effectiveness of the cohabitation model of nation-building in Cameroon and attempts a new alternative. A survey was conducted to sample the opinion of Cameroonians on national identity and nationalism in Cameroon. The results indicate there are enormous challenges with the implementation of the cohabitation model, which an overwhelming majority of respondent believe has a negative impact on national integration. A new approach dubbed “Civic-multicultural model” is proposed. This model is based on the “Kamerun Idea,” which is a glaring reminder that before being “anglicized” by the British on the one side of the Mungo river, and “gallicized” by the French on the other side, the inhabitants offshore the “Rios dos Cameroes” were first “kamerunized” by the Germans.

An Assessment of the Values of French Colonial Townhouses in Hanoi Towards AMore Sustainable Conservation

As the capital city of French Indochina, Hanoi was well planned by the French and immensely invested in the construction of public buildings as well as houses. In addition to public buildings and villas designed in French colonial stylesthatshaped the so-called distinctive architectural heritage in Hanoi throughout the colonial years, a large number of townhouses built during 1920 -1950 which formed the cityscape of Hanoi in the first half of the 20thcentury should be noted. After nearly 70 years since the French army withdrew from the city, the number of French townhouses has considerably decreased. The remaining houses have shown that this is a real “treasure” that needs to be conserved because of their important values, not only in terms of urban architecture but also in cultural and historical aspects. However, a fact requiringspecial attention is that French townhouses in Hanoi -unlike French public buildings and villas -have not yet been recognised as heritage so that they can be keptto avoid the risk of deterioration or demolition under the impact of rapid urbanisation in the market economy. One of the main reasons for this negative urban development is that there has been no concrete or comprehensive rating system to assess the values ofthose townhouses whichwill closely correspondto their characteristics and contexts. Therefore, the authors -based on site surveys and by applying some appropriate methods such as expert consultations and case studies -have developed a full set of criteria to help evaluate those remaining townhouses as accurately as possible. This system can be used as a basis for asystematic assessment and classification towards a more effective conservation and even promoting the values of those townhouses with regard tothe development of a modern societyand in consideration ofsustainable heritage conservation as a mainstream in the world.