point. as an art-form and a cultural phenomenon is fundamentally and inextricably associated with Italy. In Germany, until well into the I th century, opera was hardly more than a Romanic product, strictly determined by its own peculiarities and formal rules, which had been adopted by the princely courtsa courtly, baroque institution. Everything points to this origin: the disposition of the loges in the theater, the choice of pseudoRenaissance text-material which was taken for granted, the forms of the aria, the purely Italian singing-ensemble with its curious leading figure, the castrato. It was a bodily importation of a national art-form. Though opera became popular very early in Italy, its native land, it could not do so in Germany, save in a few exceptional cases, if only for linguistic reasons. The Italian language, thanks to opera, became and remained the music-language of high society, as Latin in the Middle Ages was the language of scholars. in the Italian language and style continued to maintain itself against notable opposition for two centuries. The first problem that confronted opera was a simple question of manner of presentation. The prerequisite for the rise of a operatic stage, an ensemble singing in German, was that the courts, the state and city authorities themselves, should make the effort to change over from Italian to German. They had to learn to discard the Italian language, the castrato, and much else. Only later did the concept German Opera come to apply also to a style of composition, a new and independent national style which could hold its own against the Italian and the French. (At the court of Louis XIV a French style of opera had meanwhile been built upon quite different cultural foundations; the French ballet tradition was too strong to be ignored by the imported Italian opera.) The creation of opera in this sense was primarily a
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