Freeze-dried Extract Research Articles

Walnut Oil and Blueberry Treatments Have Beneficial Individual but Not Synergistic Effects on Neuroinflammation In Vitro

ObjectivesNeuroinflammation has been associated with cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease. Walnuts and blueberries (BB) each provide neuroprotective anti-inflammatory components. However, it is unknown whether they act synergistically to enhance the effects seen with individual supplementation. This study aimed to examine the individual and potentially synergistic beneficial effects of walnut oil (WO) and BB on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in rat microglial cells. The effects of pre-treatment time and concentration were also explored. MethodsRat microglial cells were pre-treated for 48 hours, 1, 2 or 4 weeks with control media or freeze-dried BB extract, WO or WO/BB diluted in media at 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL. At the end of each treatment time point, cells were stressed with LPS (100 ng/mL) overnight. Standard immunochemical techniques were used to measure biomarkers of inflammation: nitrite, inducible nitrous oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVAs with treatment, concentration, and time as experimental factors, and Tukey’s post-hoc test to determine differences among groups. ResultsResults showed that BB, WO, and WO/BB reduced LPS-induced nitrite, COX2 and iNOS relative to control (P < 0.05). BB had a stronger effect on reducing nitrite production than WO/BB, and both BB and WO/BB were more effective than WO (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between treatments for COX2 and iNOS expression. All three treatments attenuated LPS-induced nitrite, COX2, and iNOS in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (P < 0.05), with higher doses and longer treatment durations being most beneficial. ConclusionsAlthough BB, WO and WO/BB reduced LPS-induced neuroinflammation, WO/BB was not more effective than either individual treatment. This result suggests that BB and WO do not act synergistically to attenuate inflammation in microglia. Additionally, the intermediate effect of WO/BB relative to BB and WO on nitrite suggests that BB is primarily responsible for the beneficial effects of WO/BB. Overall, the reduction in neuroinflammation following all treatments shows that the addition of blueberries and/or walnuts to the diet may attenuate the neurodegenerative effects of inflammation. Funding SourcesSupported by USDA intramural funding.

건조방법에 따른 오크라 추출물의 영양성분 분석 및 항산화활성 비교

This study evaluated and compared the nutritional components and antioxidant activities of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (AM) extracts processed using hot air and freeze-drying methods. The results showed that hot air and freeze-dried AM extracts were mainly composed of carbohydrates and crude protein. Both hot air and freeze-dried AM had a high content of saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid). Also, both these extracts had a high content of unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid and linoleic acid). The ratio of essential amino acids (EAA)/amino acids (AA) was higher in the hot air dried AM extract compared to the freeze-dried AM extract. Both the drying methods resulted in high content of potassium (K), followed by calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in decreasing order. Freeze-dried AM extract showed higher total polyphenol content compared to hot air dried AM extract. Total flavonoid content was significantly higher in hot-air dried AM extract compared to freeze-dried AM extract. The IC50 value for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity with hot-air dried and freeze-dried AM extract was found to be 0.78 and 0.69 mg/mL, respectively. The IC50 value for 2,2‘-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) and the reducing power of freeze-dried AM extract were lower than that of hot-air dried AM extract. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was significantly higher in the freeze-dried AM extract than in the hot air dried AM extract. According to our results, it appears that AM extracts possess higher nutritional and antioxidant activities.

In-vivo anti-plasmodial activity of phosphate buffer extract of Calotropis procera latex in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMalaria is a global health problem with the greatest burden in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA). The resistance to available antimalarial agents necessitate for the development of new and safe drugs for which medicinal plants provides credible alternative sources for discovering new and cheap therapeutic agents. Calotropis procera is used in several folk or traditional medicines for the treatment of various diseases across different regions of the world. In Nigeria traditional medicine, C. procera latex is used either alone or in combination with other herbs to cure common diseases including malaria. In Malaka district (Indonesia), Calotropis gigantea (a member of Apocyanceae), is one of the most used herbs to treat malaria patient via the massage method.Aim of the study: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-plasmodial activity of phosphate buffer extract of Calotropis procera latex in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Materials and methodsThe plant's anti-plasmodial agent was extracted using 0.2 M-phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), followed by precipitation using acetone. 90 (ninety) mice were divided into three main groups of 30 (thirty) mice each, used for the curative, suppressive and prophylactic tests, respectively. The 30 (thirty) mice in each of the main groups were sub-divided into five groups of 6 (six) mice. The mice in the group 1, 2 and 3 (test groups) were made to receive graded doses of 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg of the extract of C. procera latex intraperitoneally; group 4 (negative control group) received 0.2 ml of normal saline; while group 5 (positive control group) were administered with 5 mg/kg chloroquine. The phytochemical constituents of the plant and its intraperitoneal median lethal dose (LD50) were also undertaken. ResultsThe freeze-dried acetone extract exhibited acute toxicity with median lethal dose (LD50) of 745 mg/kg body weight in mice. The highest percentage parasite suppression (61.85%), percentage parasite cure (50.26%), and percentage parasite prophylaxis (65.47%), were obtained for the groups treated with 75 mg/kg bodyweight/day of the extract. The least percentage parasite suppression (44.74%), percentage parasite cure (35.21%), and percentage parasite prophylaxis (45.21%), were obtained for the groups treated with 25 mg/kg body weight of the extract. Also, a dose-dependent percentage parasite suppression (53.03%), percentage parasite cure (39.70%), and percentage parasite prophylaxis (49.82%) were obtained for the groups treated with 50 mg/kg body weight. This is comparable to the groups treated with standard chloroquine. The extract also produced a significant elevation in body weight of the animals for suppressive and curative tests. However, there were observable significant decreases in body weight of the animals in the case of prophylactic test. ConclusionThis study showed that the phosphate buffer extract of C. procera latex possess anti-plasmodial activity. The results of this study can be used as a basis for further phytochemical investigations in the search for new and locally affordable antimalarial agents.

Lipid oxidation and sensory characterization of Omega-3 rich buffalo burgers enriched with chlorogenic acids from the mate (Ilex paraguariensis) tree harvesting residues

A freeze-dried extract from the bark of mate branches (BMBE) containing high chlorogenic acids (CGA) content (30 g 100 g−1) was produced. Then, chia oil was mixed with 7.5% BMBE and sonicated for 0, 10, and 20 min. Chia oil with or without the addition of BMBE was hydrogelled and used to produce buffalo burgers with 50% reduction in animal fat. CGA levels and the nutritional, oxidative, and sensory properties of the burgers were analyzed. A reduction of ~30% fat and an increase above 60% PUFA/SFA ratio was observed for the reformulated raw and cooked burgers. In addition, the Omega-6/Omega-3 PUFA ratio of the burgers decreased from 20.8 (raw) and 31.9 (cooked) to values lower than 2. The addition of BMBE enriched the burgers with CGA, preventing an increase in lipid oxidation caused by chia oil. The addition of BMBE-enriched hydrogelled chia oil not subjected to sonication did not affect the sensory properties of the burgers.

Use of water and ethanol extracts from wine grape seed pomace to prepare an antioxidant toothpaste

BACKGROUNDExtracts of fresh wine grape seeds/skin or of grape pomace seeds were used to prepare antioxidant natural toothpastes.RESULTSEthanol extracted twice more polyphenols than water; ultrasound did not provide any improvement in the extraction. The addition of freeze‐dried ethanol extracts of seeds or skin, at 2% and 10%, to the commercial toothpaste significantly increased the polyphenol content, both from white grape seeds and skin and from red grape seed pomace. The evaluation of time stability (shelf life) revealed a decrease, after 4 months, of 3.9% and 9.4% in total polyphenol content, in 5% and 10% water extracts, but not for ethanol extracts. 1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrilhydrazil1 antiradical activity was the highest in 10% of seed water extract toothpaste and, after 4 months, the activity was stable.CONCLUSIONEthanol and water are efficient and safe solvents to create natural toothpaste with grape or pomace seed extract with antioxidant activity. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Colorant and antioxidant properties of freeze-dried extracts from wild berries: use of ultrasound-assisted extraction method and drivers of liking of colored yogurts.

This work aimed at developing powders rich in antioxidants and pigments from two wild berries: maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) and murra (Rubus ulmifolius). Fruits were subjected to successive ultrasound-assisted extractions (UAE) and then freeze-dried. Physical properties, anthocyanin stability of powders, and their performance as natural colorants in yogurts were evaluated. The optimum extraction methods were: UAE for 10min in murra, and without UAE (control) in maqui, with juice extraction yields ranging between 80 and 82%. Maqui powder exhibited ≈ 2.8 times more polyphenol and anthocyanin content than murra. However, murra powder showed better stability characteristics as powder colorant since it exhibited greater protection of anthocyanins by means of copigmentation phenomena. Regarding consumer's perception of colored yogurt, samples with 4% and 8% maqui powder could be considered as future prototypes to be launched into the market. The obtained powders may be used in different industrial food applications.

Exploring the rosmarinic acid profile of dark chocolate fortified with freeze-dried lemon balm extract using conventional and non-conventional extraction techniques

The present study evaluated the feasibility of the fortification of dark chocolate with a freeze-dried lemon balm extract rich in rosmarinic acid (RA). Given the food matrix used, it was necessary to develop an analytical and extraction method for RA determination in fortified chocolate. A simple and efficient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method (RP-HPLC) has been developed for the estimation of RA in dark chocolate. The validity of the method was demonstrated by evaluating the system suitability, linearity, precision, accuracy, the limit of detection, and limit of quantification. The extraction of RA from chocolate was optimized using maceration with shaking (MACS) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The experimental conditions, namely solvent type and extraction time, were optimized using the one-factor-at-a-time methodology. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method showed good recovery within 95% and acceptable reproducibility with intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations of <2.3%. The method was linear from 5 to 800 μg/mL with a determination coefficient of 1.000. Moreover, the functional chocolate showed a homogeneous active ingredient distribution and retained its RA amount since no significant difference was observed during storage. Overall, the present method was successfully applied to determine RA content in fortified chocolate.

Synthesis, Characterization and Antiioxidant Activity of Schiff Base Compounds Obtained Using Green Chemistry Techniques

The objective was to implement green chemistry methodologies in the synthesis of Schiff bases. Natural berry fruit juice freeze-dried extract was employed as natural acid catalyst for the synthesis of N-(4-methoxy benzylidene) aniline from anisaldehyde and aniline, N-salicylideneaniline from salicylaldehyde and aniline, and N-benzylaniline from benzaldehyde and aniline. The Schiff base thus synthesized from natural berry fruit juice freeze-dried extract was characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectral techniques. The antioxidant skin efficacy of these Schiff bases was tested by application on the healthy human skin. The proposed green chemistry methods are convenient, affordable, simple, provide more efficient extraction, and show maximum efficiency.

Prophylactic Effects of ARTAVOL® on Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice

&#x0D; Introduction: Despite the efforts of governments and health organisations to eradicate malaria, it is still endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and this could be due to cost of antimalarial drugs, resistance to these drugs and climate change among others. Traditional medicine practitioners and scientists have started developing antimalarial drugs from medicinal plants among which is ARTAVOL®. ARTAVOL® is a herbal product that is used to prevent malaria in some communities in Uganda, however, its prophylactic effects on Plasmodium berghei infected mice has not been established yet.&#x0D; Methods: The infusion of ARTAVOL® powder was prepared, cooled, filtered, concentrated in vacuo at 55 0C and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried extract was reconstituted with distilled water for antimalarial using prophylactic model mice. Thirty-six mice were randomised into 6 groups of 6 mice each. Groups I to III mice were orally administered with the extract at 15 to 60 mg/kg/day while group IV received Pyrimethamine (1.25 mg/kg) while groups V and VI (uninfected) received 0.2 mL distilled water for seven days before the inoculation of Plasmodium berghei ANKA parasites on day 7 (D7). The parasitaemia levels were examined after 72 hours using standard procedure and blood collected through cardiac puncture for haematological study.&#x0D; Results: The Lethal Dose (LD50) of the crude ARTAVOL extract was greater than 5000 mg/kg. Also, there was calmness and paw licking immediately after dosing which stopped after few minutes. Significant reduction in parasitaemia level was observed in all test doses when compared with negative control. At 30 mg/kg, the extract gave 62.9% suppression, which was not significantly different from that of 60 mg/kg (68.7%) on day 3. On day 5, the extract gave 62.3% and 66.4% Suppressions At 30 And 60 Mg/Kg That Were Not Significantly Different From Each Other. A Dose Dependent Reversal of Hematocrit (HCT) reduction was observed at the 3 dose levels but their parameters did not show any significant difference when compared to the normal group but significant when compared with negative control.&#x0D; Conclusion: ARTAVOL® extract has shown a dose dependent reducing effect on the level of parasitaemia in P.berghei infected mice; it is acutely safe and has ability to increase RBC counts.

Thermal degradation kinetics and physicochemical analysis of the freeze-dried hibiscus flower extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa)

The goal of this research was to evaluate the kinetics of thermal degradation of the hibiscus extracts powder at different temperatures and to characterize physicochemically the freeze-dried aqueous extract of the hibiscus flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa) with different concentrations of maltodextrin (0, 5, 10 and 15%). The analyzed parameters were: water content, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, ash, solubility, hygroscopicity, bulk and tapped density, the flowability (Carr index) and cohesiveness (Hausner ratio), lightness (L*) and intensity of red (a*) and yellow (b*). The degradation kinetics was analyzed by the determination of bioactive compounds of flavonoids, anthocyanins and color appearance parameters (lightness, intensity of red and yellow, chroma and hue angle). The increase in maltodextrin concentration resulted in increases of solubility, soluble solids content, pH and color appearance parameters; as the parameters of bulk and tapped density, hygroscopicity, water content, ash and acidity presented decreases as the proportion of additive increased, showing good flowability and low to medium cohesion. Regarding the degradation kinetics, the maltodextrin was effective in the preservation of anthocyanins and flavonoids of the freeze-dried hibiscus flower up to the temperature of 50 °C. Therefore, this work resulted in the preparation of a product derived from the freeze-drying process with and without additives and with preserved sensory attributes of high quality

Assessment of heterogeneity of two cultivars of Olea europaea based on the study of their Ole e 1 protein content.

Olive pollen is one of the main causes of allergic disease in the Mediterranean area. Ten different proteins with allergenic activity have been described in olive pollen, with major allergen Ole e 1. Olea europaea L. may cause allergenic effects of different severity depending on the Ole e 1 content of cultivars. In this paper, we aimed to assess the heterogeneity of two olive cultivars concerning concentrations of the major allergen Ole e 1 during a period of 2 years. Pollens from two most common olive cultivars, known as “Gemlik” and “Celebi,” were analyzed on regular basis. Ole e 1 amounts were measured by double-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results were expressed as μg of Ole e 1 per μg of total freeze-dried extract. Comparisons of Ole e 1 levels were made both between individual trees and between cultivars. It was analyzed the influence of some meteorological parameters on pollen counts/allergenic content on a local scale, for 2 years. Pollen sampling was carried out continuously for 2 years, using a Hirst-type volumetric trap. “Gemlik” had the higher value (mean ± standard deviation) of Ole e 1 content (2.44 ±0.70 and 1.87 ±1.03 μg/μg, respectively) when compared to “Celebi” (2.16 ±0.86 and 0.20 ±0.30 μg/μg, respectively) in the years 2013 and 2015. In our research, daily variations were observed in pollen samples of two olive cultivars and even different trees of the same cultivar. Furthermore, during certain sampling days, discrepancies between airborne pollen counts and Ole e 1 concentrations were detected for both cultivars. It was found that meteorological changes, especially temperature and precipitation fluctuations, could affect airborne pollen and Ole e 1 allergen levels in the atmosphere. Therefore, pollen samples of different O. europaea cultivars demonstrated great differences in Ole e 1 content. We believe that these findings were a result of alternate bearing behavior modulated by meteorological factors.

Dose-dependent pro- or anti-scar-preventing responses of freeze-dried amniotic membrane extract in relation to suppression of connective tissue growth factor and α-smooth muscle actin

Dose-dependent pro- or anti-scar-preventing effects of amniotic membrane extract (AME) are unclear. This study investigated the dose-dependent effects of freeze-dried AME on connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and α-smooth muscle action (α-SMA) (key determinants of excessive scarring) expression in an attempt to develop medication for scarless wound healing. The inhibitory effect of freeze-dried AME on α-SMA was visualized through immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The suppressive effect of 10 different concentrations of AME (0.0025–0.25 µg/mL) on CTGF and α-SMA was determined, and rates of collagen lattice contraction were measured. AME inhibited the trans-differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, a hallmark of scar formation. AME downregulated CTGF and α-SMA in a dose-dependent manner; supplementation of 0.0175 µg/mL of AME in cell culture media downregulated CTGF (by 49%; p < 0.05) and α-SMA (by 33%; p < 0.05) relative to control values, the effect saturating with a subsequent increase in AME levels to 0.025 µg/mL. Collagen lattice contraction was maximally inhibited (75 ± 8%) upon treatment with 0.0175 µg/mL AME relative to the control (44 ± 6%). AME downregulates α-SMA and inhibits the trans-differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of cells with high AME concentrations retained high α-SMA concentration levels. A delicate balance between the wound healing properties and pro-fibrotic abilities of AME should be considered for selecting an appropriate therapeutic dose.

Functionalization of sodium caseinate fortified with blackcurrant concentrate via spray-drying and freeze-drying techniques: The nutritional properties of the fortified particles

Novel protein ingredients were produced by encapsulating blackcurrant concentrate (BC) with sodium caseinate (NaCas) through spray- and freeze-drying strategies. The effects of encapsulation strategies and addition of BC on the proximal compositions, colour profiles, and nutritional properties (including total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, predicted in vitro glycaemic, and inhibitory activity towards α-amylase) of the powders, were evaluated. The protein content of NaCas-BC powder was more than 80 g/100 g. Addition of BC significantly changed the colour profiles, increased the total phenol content, and the antioxidant capacity of the powders. Freeze-dried NaCas-BC extract (20076.30 ± 212.24 μg/100 g) had significantly higher total anthocyanin content than spray-dried NaCas-BC extract (17236.25 ± 31.17 μg/100 g) (p < 0.01). The encapsulation efficiency of freeze-dried NaCas-BC powder was obviously higher (p < 0.01) than spray-dried NaCas-BC powder. Addition of BC reduced the reducing sugar released from NaCas powder during the in vitro digestion. This could be due to its inhibitory α-amylase activity. Taken together, NaCas-BC powder can be utilized as high protein ingredient to reduce glycaemic response and increase protein content of starchy food. Freeze-drying might be a better encapsulation strategy than spray-drying, regarding its more effective preservation of the bioactive components.

Catechins, theaflavins and ginger freeze-dried extract based functional drink significantly mitigate the hepatic, diabetic and lipid abnormalities in rat model.

The Current study was planned to explore the therapeutic potential of green tea, black tea and ginger based nutraceuticals (catechins, theaflavins and ginger freeze dried extract) against obesity, diabetes and renal malfunctioning. Bioevaluation study was carried out by involving 250 male Sprague Dawley rats. Accordingly, three types of studies were conducted on the basis of different diets i.e. study I (Hyperglycemic rats), study II (obese rats), study III (liver malfunctional rats) each study comprised of five groups of rats ten in each (Sample size according to power analysis) were provided the five types of drinks i.e. control, theaflavin enriched, catechins enriched, ginger extract supplemented and combination of catechins, theaflavins and ginger extract were given to the representative groups. Results showed that the body weight of rats effected significantly with functional drinks in all studies. However, catechin enriched drink (T1) resulted maximum reduction in weight during the entire study. Similarly, T2 exerted maximum decline in cholesterol level during study I, II and III by 11.03 & 10.63, 7.62 & 8.05 and 5.99 & 6.01% whereas LDL by 14.25 & 15.10, 10.45 & 12.10 and 7.25 & 8.01%, respectively (trial 1 & 2). The attenuation in serum glucose and enhancement in insulin level of rats are the indicators for the positive impact of black tea functional drinks. In this context, Catechins+theaflavins+GFD enriched drink (T4) Showed better performance than rest and caused 8.82 & 9.77, 11.03 & 12.23 and 5.83 & 5.96% reduction in glucose. Moreover, the T4 significantly improved the liver and antioxidant enzymes. Accordingly, T4 was proved effective for glutathione enhancement whilst T2 alleviated TBARS efficiently during the investigation. The normal ranges of renal function tests and hematological aspects proved the safety of resultant drinks. From the current exploration, it is concluded that drinks supplemented with theaflavin and catechins & GFD are effectual to mitigate lifestyle related malfunctioning.

Unfermented Freeze-Dried Leaf Extract of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack.) Induced Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Lines.

The present study was conducted to determine the cytotoxicity effect of Eurycoma longifolia (Jack.) leaf extracts and also its possible anticancer mechanism of action against breast cancer cell lines: non-hormone-dependent MDA-MB-231 and hormone-dependent MCF-7. The leaves of E. longifolia were processed into unfermented and fermented batches before drying using freeze and microwave-oven drying techniques. Obtained extracts were tested for cytotoxicity effect using MTT assay and phenolic determination using HPLC-DAD technique. The most toxic sample was analyzed for its apoptotic cell quantification, cell cycle distribution, and the expression of caspases and apoptotic protein using flow cytometry technique. Fragmentation of DNA was tested using an agarose gel electrophoresis system. The results determined that the unfermented freeze-dried leaf extract was the most toxic towards MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, in a dose-dependent manner. This extract contains the highest phenolics of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ECG, and EGCG. The DNA fragmentation was observed in both cell lines, where cell cycle was arrested at the G2/M phase in MCF-7 cells and S phase in MDA-MB-231 cells. The number of apoptotic cells for MDA-MB-231 was increased when the treatment was prolonged from 24 h to 48 h but slightly decreased at 72 h, whereas apoptosis in MCF-7 cells occurred in a time-dependent manner. There were significant activities of cytochrome c, caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 apoptotic protein in MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas MCF-7 cells showed significant activities for caspase-8, cytochrome c, Bax, p53, and Bcl-2 apoptotic protein. These results indicate the ability of unfermented freeze-dried leaf extract of E. longifolia to induce apoptosis cell death on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, as well as real evidence on sample preparation effect towards its cytotoxicity level.

β‐cyclodextrin enhanced ultrasound‐assisted extraction as a green method to recover olive pomace bioactive compounds

Olive pomace, a by-product of the olive oil industry, is a source of valuable antioxidant compounds. This study aimed to optimize a green extraction method, combining ultrasound, stirring, and β-cyclodextrin (BCD) aqueous solutions to recover the bioactive compounds from this olive by-product. The optimal conditions to maximize extraction yields of antioxidant compounds in water or ethanol were: solid-to-solvent ratio 1:20 w/w, ultrasonication time 10 min, stirring time 21 hrs, and extraction temperature 60°C. The addition of BCD to water allowed to improve the extraction of bioactive compounds. Furthermore, the analysis of freeze-dried extracts using differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and colorimetry showed that BCD interacted with certain olive pomace bioactive compounds. The presence of BCD modified the dehydrated extract's physical properties (stability, hygroscopicity, and appearance). Results showed that the studied BCD ultrasound-assisted extraction method could be an attractive and ecological option to extract the value-added compounds from industrial by-products. Practical applications Olive pomace is produced in massive quantities each year worldwide, which is an environmental concern. Therefore, the extraction of its phenolic compounds and unsaturated fatty acids can contribute significantly to this olive by-product management and generate additional income for farmers and producers. Although the present study outlines a green extraction method at a laboratory scale, it can be scaled up since the studied technologies are available for industrial applications. The β-cyclodextrin ultrasound-assisted extraction is proposed as a green method to obtain a powdered ingredient with antioxidant properties, which could be applied in the development of functional food formulations.

Antioxidant and Antitumor Properties of Wild Blueberry (Sideroxylon mascatense)

Background: Sideroxylon mascatense is a wild blueberry plant that traditionally known as “boot” in Oman. Studies on health beneficial effects of this fruit are very limited. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antitumor properties of Sideroxylon mascatense under different drying methods. Materials and Methods: Freeze (−20°C) and air drying (60 and 90°C) methods were used. The antioxidant potential properties were evaluated using DPPH and ABTS assay. Moreover, the antitumor activities of blueberry extracts were determined using Alamar blue assay. Results: The results of this study revealed that a blueberry extract at 20 mg powder/mL provided the maximum amount of vitamin C, reaching a value of 19.45 mg/100 g dry-basis in the flesh dried at 60°C and 14.24 mg/100 g dry-basis in seed dried at 90°C. The freeze-dried blueberry exhibited the highest percentage of free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) from both fruit flesh (50.8%) and seeds (39.4%) at a concentration of 20 mg/mL indicating a higher antioxidant activity. There was no significant difference in the ability of blueberry extracts to scavenge radical cations (ABTS+) at various concentrations of extracts. However, there was a 40% reduction of ABTS+ radical formation in blueberry flesh extracts obtained from freeze-dried berry at a concentration of 20 mg/mL. On the other hand, blueberry seeds showed variation in the scavenging activity of the ABTS+ radical of 38% after different processing methods. Breast MCF7 and ovarian Ov2008 tumor cell lines were the most sensitive to the dried blueberry. The 50% growth inhibition (IC50) of the freeze-dried blueberry extract at both cell lines was 64 and 69 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings indicated a potent antioxidant activity of Sideroxylon mascatense, but further research is required to isolate the active compounds in the fruit and test their effects in an experimental animal model.

Research of Phytochemical Marker in Trunk Bark Extracts of Lannea microcarpa, a Traditional Herbal used to Treat High Blood Pressure

Introduction: Lannea microcarpa is a medicinal plant that is an alternative source of medical care for many people. It contains several compounds, some of which are present in very low concentrations. Objective: This study aims to search for a phytochemical tracer among the chemical groups in the plant for quality control. Methodology: The extracts were prepared by decoction from the trunk bark powder, freeze-dried and then fractionated successively with solvents to increase polarity. The antioxidant properties by DPPH method were studied and compared. A phytochemical screening was determined by TLC and evaluation of the contents of phytochemicals. LC-MS/MS fingerprinting of the ethyl acetate fraction was performed. Results/Discussion: The antioxidant activity of the freeze-dried aqueous extract was higher than that of the raw trunk bark powder. CCM screening indicated the presence of several compounds with three intense spots. The assays showed that phenolic compounds were in the majority. The evaluation of the fractions showed that the ethyl acetate fraction had the best content of total phenols and total flavonoids with the best antioxidant powers (IC50: 3.63 ± 0.16 μg /mL). The LC-MS/MS fingerprinting of the ethyl acetate extract revealed three major compounds detected that could serve as tracers. Conclusion: These compounds are related to the phenolic family concerning the standard myricetin, a flavonoid of the phenolic family.

Impact of time of harvest and drying method on antimicrobial activity of Saccharina latissima against two Staphylococcus aureus strains

ABSTRACT Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest public health threats of our time, and the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, of which there are numerous drug-resistant and drug-sensitive strains, is a pathogen of worldwide concern. Scientists are turning their focus to underexplored marine ecosystems to identify novel antibacterial agents effective against S. aureus. Here, we report inhibition of S. aureus strains Newman and USA300 by extracts from Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp), grown and harvested in the Western Gulf of Maine, USA. We examined how time of harvest throughout the growing season as well as the drying method pre-extraction affected the antimicrobial activity of the kelp extracts. Optimal antimicrobial activity was observed at the beginning of April (203 days since sporing), when increased water pH and higher salinity levels were also observed. Oven-dried crude extracts showed greater inhibition against S. aureus Newman, whereas freeze-dried crude extracts demonstrated greater inhibition against S. aureus USA300. Overall, our data indicate that cultivated S. latissima from the Western Gulf of Maine possesses significant value-added antimicrobial activity and identify early spring as an optimal harvest time to harness antimicrobial activity.

Antioxidant capacity and characteristics of theaflavin catechins and ginger freeze-dried extract as affected by extraction techniques

ABSTRACT The aim of current research was to determine the effect of different extraction techniques on the antioxidant capacity of green tea, black tea and ginger polyphenols. Initially, the raw materials were subjected to compositional analysis. Afterward, the bioactive moieties from all the samples were extracted through ultrasound and conventional solvent extraction method using different solvents (i.e. ethanol, methanol and water). Furthermore, the functional ingredients, namely, catechins and theaflavins were isolated by solvent partition method from green and black tea, respectively. In addition, the extracts and isolates were analyzed for their total phenolic and antioxidant profile using various spectrophotometric assays. For the quantification of theaflavins and catechins, a reverse phase HPLC system was used. Results showed that ultrasound (P > .005) proved more effectual for the extraction and isolation of polyphenols (757.33 mg/100 g GAE) from the tested materials among the other extraction techniques (741.66 mg/100 g GAE). Likewise, green tea showed better performance than the rest and in solvents ethanol performed better as compared to their counter parts. Similarly, the isolates showed higher antioxidant potential as compared to their extracts and order of effectiveness was catechins > theaflavins > Ginger freeze dried extract (GFDE).