Freeman's Model Research Articles

‘Freeman 모델’과 발달장애 청소년의 성인기 전환(transition) : ‘케어의 연속성(continuity of care)’에 기반한 전환의 새로운 개념과 설계 모색

‘Freeman 모델’과 발달장애 청소년의 성인기 전환(transition) : ‘케어의 연속성(continuity of care)’에 기반한 전환의 새로운 개념과 설계 모색

성인기 진입 발달장애인 부모의 전환기 효능감 개선을 위한 고찰: ‘Freeman 모델’의 개념과 함의를 중심으로

This study introduced the ‘Freeman Model’ proven as evidence-based practice in overseas health care fields and examined the concept and domestic implications, with the purpose of improving the transition efficacy of parents with a person with developmental disabilities entering adulthood. For this, first, the concept of efficacy of parents of a person with developmental disabilities was evoked and the trends in a total of 19 related previous studies were analyzed and synthesized, and their needs to support transition efficacy were confirmed. Next, as an alternative to satisfying these needs, studies on the conceptualization of 'continuity of care', called the Freeman model, were compared and analyzed, and it was found that this approach fits the needs for support to enhance the transition efficacy of parents with developmentally disabled person entering adulthood. Lastly, based on the concept of 'continuity of care', implications regarding support for improving the transition efficacy of the parents were suggested. This study is significant in that it is an early study that attempted a new continuity approach and provided field implications in our society, to improve the transition efficacy of parents with developmentally disabled youth entering adulthood.

A MWCMLAI-Net method for LAI inversion in maize and rice using GF-3 and Lutan radar data

ABSTRACT This study aimed at alleviating the problems of unsatisfactory inversion accuracy and weak model stability in LAI remote sensing quantitative inversion. The properties and complex scattering mechanism of SAR data specify the polarization combinations and frequencies. This paper proposes an improved water cloud model combined with a deep neural network (MWCMLAI-Net) for high-precision inversion. The polarized GF-3 (C-band) and Lutan (L-band) were used to investigate the potential of SAR images to estimate LAI, a strong indicator of crop productivity. The study selected xiangfu district in the eastern part of Kaifeng City, Henan Province, as the test area and investigated the LAI of maize and rice. The RV I Freeman Model, backward scattering coefficient extracted by the modified cloud and water model (MWCM), and LAI obtained by the inversion of the MWCM were used as the inputs, and the MWCMLAI-Net inversion of the LAI was constructed. The results showed that the model’s inverted LAI fitting accuracies of maize and rice for the three fertility periods were better than the other models, with R 2 above 0.8516 and RMSE below 0.3999 m2/m2. The addition of noise did not affect the results.

Specialist nursing case management support for carers of people with dementia: A qualitative study comparing experiences of carers with and without Admiral Nursing

Carers of people with dementia can experience reduced health and well-being, but little is known about how best to support them. There is some evidence to suggest that case management may improve outcomes for carers but less evidence about the features of case management services that can effectively support carers of people with dementia. Admiral Nursing operates a case management approach staffed by specialist nurses and is the only service of its kind in the United Kingdom dedicated to helping people with dementia and their carers. This paper reports qualitative findings from a mixed methods study of Admiral Nursing. For the qualitative strand of the project, data were collected in focus groups and in-depth interviews with carers of people with dementia (n=35) and analysed thematically using the framework approach. The aim of this analysis was to understand differences between the experiences of the carers in our sample with and without Admiral Nursing, applying Freeman's model of continuity of care (Freeman et al., Continuity of care, 2000). Participants who had received Admiral Nursing were recruited from two geographical locations and carers without experience of this service were recruited from two different areas. We found that carers in our sample felt 'supported' in circumstances where they received an ongoing service from an Admiral Nurse or other professional with expertise in dementia who was able to develop a meaningful relationship with them over time. We conclude that ongoing support, expertise in dementia and a meaningful relationship are key features of relationship continuity common in carers' reports of feeling supported. Specialist nurses are well placed to provide this continuity.

Scattered and Received Wave Polarization Optimization for Enhanced Peatland Classification and Fire Damage Assessment Using Polarimetric PALSAR

The complementarity of the “scattered” and “received” wave polarization signatures is demonstrated for enhanced characterization of peatlands and surrounding forests. Polarimetric L-band ALOS-PALSAR data collected for the Athabasca oil sand exploration region, with peatlands and forests partially affected by multiple wildfires, are used. It is shown that the scattered wave polarization signature, which represents the explicit variations of the degree of polarization (DoP) and the total scattered intensity $R_{0}$ with transmitted polarization, permits enhanced discrimination of treed bogs from upland forests and improved identification of wildfire damage in peatlands and surrounding forests. Scattered wave optimization is used as a convenient method for efficient exploitation of the scattered wave polarization signature. The Touzi decomposition is adopted for the optimization of the received wave polarization signature. The unique potential of the scattering-type phase generated with the Touzi decomposition is confirmed for enhanced discrimination of poor fens from bogs. These two important peatland classes cannot be separated with the scattered wave optimization, the conventional multipolarization (HH–HV–VV) channels, and the Freeman model based decomposition. Finally, the Touzi decomposition is combined with the extrema of the scattered wave main parameters (DoP and $R_{0}$ ) for optimum extraction of polarimetric PALSAR information. This information is, then, fused with Landsat-5-TM for enhanced peatland classification. The comparison with optical Landsat5-TM-based classification confirms the valuable added information that a long penetrating polarimetric L-band PALSAR can provide for enhanced peatland classification and efficient assessment of peat health in burnt peatlands.

Defining the optimal criterion for separating gases using polymeric membranes.

Polymeric membranes are efficient in separating gas mixtures, typically by exploiting the sieving mechanism. What controls the sieve size of a given polymer matrix is unclear, although one line of thought implies that the local cage size, defined by the dynamic motions of the glassy polymer matrix, is the relevant metric. Here, we use coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations and show that the sieve size is defined by a static cavity size controlled by polymer chain stiffness (a packing-driven metric) combined with the local cage-like motions of the polymer host. The best separation performance for a pair of gases is when this combined metric is roughly half way between the diameters of the gases in question, with the static and dynamic quantities contributing roughly equally. For the various models simulated we find the existence of an upper bound correlation which passes through this optimal point and has a slope expected from the Freeman model, namely , where the d's correspond to the kinetic diameters of the gases in question. Our results thus demonstrate that the relevant free volume size that affects gas transport in these condensed phases is defined by both static and dynamic measures.

Between the Public and the State: The Shipping Lobby's Strategies against US Immigration Restrictions 1882–1917

Based on Freeman's model of interest group-driven migration policies, the article gives a qualitative inside look on a neglected actor during the formative years of US immigration reform. It analyzes the central role of the shipping companies in coordinating the pro-immigration campaign with and against other interest groups. Their lobbying is divided into two complementary sections: inside top-down efforts (lobbyists) to influence legislators and outside bottom-up efforts (migrant communities and the press) to mobilize the public. It assesses the importance of public opinion in their lobby campaigns and the shipping companies’ success in delaying far-reaching restrictions until 1917.

Theorizing stakeholders of sustainability in the digital age

Stakeholder theory, originally introduced in 1984 by philosopher Edward Freeman, is among the most influential theories today addressing the complex interplay of societal actors. It underwent several transformations and expansions, but the original Freeman model as well as the latest approaches places the corporation at the center positioning the theory as management driven. In this article—from a sustainability science perspective—we argue that sustainability could also be considered as the center, around which societal actors are grouped, because everyone, individuals as well as stakeholders, have a stake in a ‘common future’ that is built on the transformative concept of sustainability. Next to this shift of perspective from corporation to sustainability at the center, we advance the concept of sustainability stakeholders with the new paradigm of the digital age we (are about to) live in: the proposed sustainability-centered stakeholder theory is developed to incorporate novel parameters as brought about by digitalization (such as big data, real-time transparency, algorithmic correlations, predictive analytics, or changing privacy standards). Hence, we classify the stakeholders of sustainability according to their roles as “big data stakeholders:” collectors, generators, and utilizers of big data. This digital sustainability stakeholder model operationalizes the complex interplay between stakeholders focused on their ‘stake’ in sustainability and a common future and illustrates their roles in the digital age. Thus, it offers a normative framework to analyze stakeholders’ responsibility to contribute to, advance, promote, and achieve sustainability.

Unsupervised Classification Method for Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery Based on Yamaguchi Four-Component Decomposition Model

For improving the accuracy of unsupervised classification based on scattering models, the four-component Yamaguchi model is introduced, which is an improved version of the best-known three-component Freeman model. Therewith, the four-component model is combined with the Wishart distance model. The new proposed algorithm of clustering is rolled out thereafter and the procedure of this new method is listed. In experiments, seven areas of various homogeneities are singled out from the Flevoland sample image in AIRSAR dataset. Qualitative and quantitative experiments are performed for a comparative study. It can be easily seen that the resolution and details are remarkably upgraded by the new proposed method. The accuracy of classification in homogeneous areas has also increased significantly by adopting the new iterative algorithm.

Bar formation in simulations of interacting galaxies

In this work we present a study of interacting galaxies using N-body simulations. The initial condition of galaxies are such that they are composed of a bulge, a disc (Freeman model, with no gas), and a halo. For bulge and halo we follow the Dehnen density-pair spherical models. Galaxies are set in a parabolic encounter characterised by the impact parameter and the collision angle subtended by the planes containing each individual galactic discs. The evolution of galaxies are given in terms of the morphology (bar formation, geometry of the bar, minor and major axis length), and the kinematical bar rotation. We show how this characteristics depend on the collision geometry. The dynamics of the collision is given in terms of individual rotation curves, dispersion of velocities of the disc and mass function as functions of the distance to the center of mass of each individual galaxy.

Institutional designs to alleviate liquidity shortages in a two-country model

Fujiki (2003, 2006) extends the Freeman (1996) model to a two-country model, and demonstrates that elastic money supplies in foreign exchange markets yield efficiency gains in monetary equilibrium, and that several institutional designs achieve the desired elastic money supplies equally. This paper considers four institutional designs using a simplified version of the model of Fujiki (2003, 2006), which includes a central bank intervention in foreign exchange markets, a combination of central bank discount window policy and the CLS Bank, foreign currency supply operations based on central bank swap lines, and cross-border collateral arrangements. These institutional designs yield the same efficiency gains in our model.

Rediscounting under Aggregate Risk with Moral Hazard

Freeman (1999) proposes a model in which discount window lending and open‐market operations have different effects. This is important because in most of the literature these policies are indistinguishable. However, Freeman's argument that the central bank should absorb losses associated with default to provide risk sharing stands in stark contrast to the concern that central banks should limit their exposure to credit risk. We extend Freeman's model by introducing moral hazard. With moral hazard, the central bank should avoid absorbing losses and Freeman's argument breaks down. However, we show that policies resembling discount window lending and open‐market operations can still be distinguished in this new framework. The optimal policy is for the central bank to make a restricted number of creditors compete for funds. By restricting the number of agents, the central bank can limit the moral hazard problem. By making them compete with each other, the central bank can exploit market information that reveals the state of the economy.

'Continuity of care': a critical interpretive synthesis of how the concept was elaborated by a national research programme.

A Continuity of Care Research Programme was undertaken in England in 2000-9. The Programme was informed by a conceptual framework proposed by Freeman and colleagues in an earlier scoping study. At the end of the Programme, a conceptual synthesis was carried out in order to confirm or refine the 'Freeman model' of continuity of care. A conceptual synthesis of the outputs of the Programme, using Critical Interpretive Synthesis. The conceptual framework underpinning the Freeman model of continuity of care, which prioritises the perspectives of service users and carers, was variously utilised in the Programme. Analysis revealed indications of an emerging shift from the patient and carer 'perspectivist' paradigm of the Freeman model towards a new 'partnership' paradigm where continuity is recognised to be co-constructed by patients, families and professionals, all of whom have an active part to play in its accomplishment. The projects in the Programme have advanced understanding of patients' perspectives on continuity of care and on the complex nature of this concept. At the same time, they have raised issues and reported findings which may be indicative of an emergent paradigm shift in this area of research, towards a more dynamic partnership model.

FREEMAN'S K MODELS AS RESERVOIR COMPUTING ARCHITECTURES

Walter Freeman in his classic 1975 book "Mass Activation of the Nervous System" presented a hierarchy of dynamical computational models based on studies and measurements done in real brains, which has been known as the Freeman's K model (FKM). Much more recently, liquid state machine (LSM) and echo state network (ESN) have been proposed as universal approximators in the class of functionals with exponential decaying memory. In this paper, we briefly review these models and show that the restricted K set architecture of KI and KII networks share the same properties of LSM/ESNs and is therefore one more member of the reservoir computing family. In the reservoir computing perspective, the states of the FKM are a representation space that stores in its spatio-temporal dynamics a short-term history of the input patterns. Then at any time, with a simple instantaneous read-out made up of a KI, information related to the input history can be accessed and read out. This work provides two important contributions. First, it emphasizes the need for optimal readouts, and shows how to adaptively design them. Second, it shows that the Freeman model is able to process continuous signals with temporal structure. We will provide theoretical results for the conditions on the system parameters of FKM satisfying the echo state property. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the validity of the proposed approach.

Revisiting the experimental and theoretical upper bounds of light pure gas selectivity–permeability for polymeric membranes

Robeson [L.M. Robeson, J. Membr. Sci. 62 (1991) 165–185] described “upper bounds” correlating the pure gas selectivity with the permeability of the faster gas, P A. The exponential dependence of the selectivity–permeability trade off, −1/ n, according to the relationship α A / B = P A / P B = k − 1 / n P A 1 / n , was shown to be a function of the difference in the kinetic diameter of the gas pairs, Δ A/B = d B − d A. Robeson recently revisited the upper bounds [L.M. Robeson, J. Membr. Sci. Available online 22 April 2008], adding two new gas pairs, CO 2/N 2 and N 2/CH 4 and, with only minor changes to the slopes of the upper bounds, confirmed the relationship between −1/ n and Δ A/B. Significant changes were reported for the front factor k. Freeman [B.D. Freeman, Macromolecules, 32(1999) 375–380] developed a theoretical model which describes these upper bounds as a function of a reduced kinetic diameter, λ A / B = ( d B / d A ) 2 − 1 and α A / B = β A / B P A − λ A / B . The theoretical model opened the possibility of setting upper bounds for gas pairs for which experimental upper bounds were not reported. Despite quantitative predictions of both −1/ n and k −1/ n (or β A/B) calculated values of α A/B compared poorly with Robeson's upper bounds for many of the gas pairs. This work revisits Robeson's findings as well as those of Freeman and seeks to improve the predictive accuracy of Freeman's model. Robeson had noted that the low precision of many of the kinetic gas diameters could have contributed to the scatter in his correlation of −1/ n and Δ A/B. Considering this hypothesis, the gas diameters were re-estimated using the Error in the Variable Method (EVM) with the regression criterion based on the predicted selectivity at three permeabilites compared to Robeson's upper bounds. Very small changes to the gas diameters, typically <0.09 Å, made a significant improvement in the overall accuracy of the predicted selectivity and the correlation of λ A/B = −1/ n. Freeman's f value, a constant in the E D correlation as a function of the gas collision diameter, was revised from 12,600 to 16,909 cal mol −1 (52.7 to 70.7 KJ mol −1). Recent predictions of the theoretical upper bound are reviewed and corrections proposed based on Freeman's model and parameters for the gas pairs: N 2/CH 4 and CO 2/N 2.

Rediscounting Under Aggregate Risk With Moral Hazard

In a 1999 paper, Freeman proposes a model in which discount window lending and open market operations have different outcomes - an important development because in most of the literature the results of these policy tools are indistinguishable. Freeman's conclusion that the central bank should absorb losses related to default to provide risk-sharing goes against the concern that central banks should limit their exposure to credit risk. We extend Freeman's model by introducing moral hazard. With moral hazard, the central bank should avoid absorbing losses, contrary to Freeman's argument. However, we show that the outcomes of discount window lending and open market operations can still be distinguished in this new framework. The optimal policy would be for the central bank to make a restricted number of creditors compete for funds. By restricting the number of agents, the central bank can limit the moral hazard problem. And by making agents compete with each other, the central bank can exploit market information that reveals the state of the economy.

The Star Clusters of the Small Magellanic Cloud: Structural Parameters

We present structural parameters for 204 stellar clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud derived from fitting King and Elson, Fall, and Freeman (EFF) model profiles to the V-band surface brightness profiles as measured from the Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey images. Both King and EFF profiles are satisfactory fits to the majority of the profiles, although King profiles are generally slightly superior to the softened power-law profiles of EFF and provide statistically acceptable fits to ∼90% of the sample. We find no correlation between the preferred model and cluster age. The only systematic deviation in the surface brightness profiles that we identify is a lack of a central concentration in a subsample of clusters, which we designate as "ring" clusters. In agreement with previous studies, we find that the clusters in the SMC are significantly more elliptical than those in the Milky Way. However, given the mean age difference and the rapid destruction of these systems, the comparison between the SMC and the Milky Way should not directly be interpreted as a difference in either the initial cluster properties or their subsequent evolution. We find that cluster ellipticity correlates with cluster mass more strongly than with cluster age. We identify several other correlations (central surface brightness vs. local background density, core radius vs. tidal force, and size vs. distance) that can be used to constrain models of cluster evolution in the SMC.

Institutions of Foreign Exchange Settlement in a Two-Country Model

Fujiki (2003) extends the Freeman (1996) model to show that when combined, an elastic money supply in the foreign exchange market and an elastic money supply in the domestic credit market yield efficiency gains in monetary equilibrium. This paper discusses whether three other institutional designs could achieve the same improvement in efficiency: (1) a private arrangement based on a payment versus a payment settlement standard supported by central banks' free intraday credit, (2) a financial institution that provides a negotiable certificate of deposit, and (3) a currency union.

The Big Problem of Large Bills: The Bank of Amsterdam and the Origins of Central Banking

This paper outlines a model of the first true central bank, the Bank of Amsterdam, founded in 1609. Employing a variant of the Freeman (1996) model of money and payments, we first analyze the problematic monetary situation in the Netherlands prior to the founding of the Bank. We then use the model to describe how the Bank could remedy this situation by creating a stable medium for the settlement of commercial obligations.

Networks and Small Groups

Homans' insights that interaction and sentiment are in a feedback loop that includes clique formation, social ranking and leadership are formalized and derived from a set of limited assumptions and propositions. Freeman's model of groups is used to detect pure informal groups, those that are not consequential upon anything else than sheer hanging around. It produces a system of cliques and rankings based purely on the rates of transitive triads that may include a third who is only weakly connected to the other two. Two assumptions about motivation in networks – the need for safety and efficacy are then combined with Gould's modeling of asymmetric relations in which members are valued for either intrinsic or extrinsic merits. The ratings tend to cascade according to the "Matthew Effect." Finally, people like to choose others who are more attractive than they are, subject to the condition that too much unrequited love is painful. Gould's Formalization of these ideas for the case of small groups produces, among other results, the consequence that those who are chosen more often than others also tend to direct interaction more towards others with lesser rank, a non-intuitive result observed by Homans, but explained by him in substantive rather than formal terms. The logic of rank further dictates that groups become segmented by structural equivalence. Other results are also summarized.