Freelance Workers Research Articles

Neither Employment nor Self‐Employment: Avenues Towards Functional Platform‐Mediated Work Systems

ABSTRACTDigital labour platforms are contested because they create work relationships that neither fall into the category of traditional employment nor fulfil the criteria of freelance work due to platforms’ heavy interference in the work process. Although existing research has elucidated different pathways for improving the working conditions of platform workers, we develop an employment relations perspective on platform‐mediated work systems building on David Marsden's theory of employment systems. On the basis of an assessment of the psychological, economic and legal contracts underlying platform‐mediated work, we discuss the limited functionality of these contracts in their ability to control opportunism among platforms, workers and clients. Our analysis contributes to existing debates by providing a theoretically informed framework for analysing the design of platform‐mediated work systems and their consequences for the participating parties. Our insights add nuance to the platform regulation debate by going beyond the question of worker classification towards understanding the organizational and institutional elements of the work system that need to be redesigned and supported by appropriate institutional safeguards. An employment systems perspective also allows for reflection on the economic, societal, sectoral and strategic conditions that could drive such changes.

The Battle for Urban Space: Dynamics of Spatial Change In Siak, Riau, Indonesia

This study aims to examine the implications of changes in urban space as a result of the implementation of government policies in the development and expansion of the city of Siak on the existence of community space and how the community seizes and utilizes spaces of the industry and government to maintain their subsistence economic life. This study uses a rapid ethnography approach. Researchers conduct a desk study before fieldwork to obtain an initial research report. Researchers stayed in Siak District for 40 days to conduct observations, in-depth interviews, informal conversations, and stakeholder discussions. We conducted Focus Group Discussions (FGD) in the four research villages. The event was attended by 28 participants from four villages, comprising village heads, homemakers, peasants, small traders/street vendors, freelance workers, and NGOs at the district level. The study shows that the four research villages have changed from subsistence community spaces to industrial and government spaces. In this research, the community space is becoming increasingly limited, so people carry out two strategies in seizing industrial and government spaces, namely using government spaces to become places for work and business and controlling industrial spaces, Even though this can give rise to latent and manifest tenure conflicts, corporate and society's urban space becomes an arena for struggling for the means of production represented through control and ownership of space. Society must adapt to these conditions to obtain space for them. Government policies in developing and expanding the city of Siak have not taken the community's interests as the primary goal.

Klass, kön och Shakespeare

Class, gender and Shakespeare. Elise Karlsson's Smuts This essay suggests that the use of Shakespeare in Elise Karlsson’s novel Smuts (2021) serves to accentuate and develop the novel’s thematic focus on work, precarity, class, and gender. Revolving around a production of A Midsummer Night’s Dream at a fictitious theatre in Stockholm, Smuts aligns itself with tendencies in Karlsson’s previous work as well as in contemporary Swedish literature: as an assistant script editor, its narrator is a freelance worker in an economy where work is precarious and perceived—despite the supposedly high status of her work in the cultural sector—as badly paid and, literally, meaningless. Shakespeare’s play becomes a focal point for these themes not just because of the extensive character parallels with Smuts, but also because the complex notions of class, work and female subjugation in Karlsson’s novel can be seen as developments of themes that are very much present in the play. In other words, Smuts is a good example of contemporary ‘working-class literature’ in Sweden, and as the essay suggests, it builds up its focus on precarity, class, and gender by means of intertextual parallelisms with Shakespeare.

Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Penyedia Pekerjaan Lepas Trivial Menggunakan Metodologi Agile

Freelancers are individuals who perform specific tasks for a number of different organizations, rather than committing to a single one. By the mean of freelance marketplace technology, it is now easier for recruiters and freelancers to meet and discuss. However, jobs on most freelance marketplaces today are categorized, focusing on more highly-skilled jobs. Thus, jobs such as daily and trivial ones cannot be found. Therefore, this research aims to develop a freelance marketplace application to help solve the existing problem of freelance work supply demand. This application, by accommodating trivial freelance jobs, is expected to promote inclusivity by providing job opportunities for freelancers with general skill sets. This research is performed using agile methodology, consisting of requirement analysis, design, application development, and black box testing. It was obtained that the web application for admin and the mobile application for user are functioning properly and could met the users� need.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНЕ ЗДОРОВ’Я ПЕРСОНАЛУ ДКВС УКРАЇНИ В ПЕРІОД ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

The article analyzes the parameters of psychological health of the personnel of the State Criminal and Executive Service of Ukraine during martial law. The study was conducted in the summer of 2023. The respondents were employees of penitentiary institutions from different interregional departments (N=127). The questionnaires “Mental Health Stability – Short Form” and “Modified BBC Subjective Wellbeing Scale” were used. We consider psychological health to be a dynamic state of internal well-being of an individual that ensures its optimal functioning. It is shown that prosperity as the highest degree of psychological health is more pronounced in middle managers, and the most depressed are freelance workers. Those with junior and senior managerial status occupy an intermediate position. The highest rates of psychological health parameters were recorded for personnel of both sexes, such as a sense of meaning in life and its interest. Women have a statistically significantly higher assessment of warm, trusting relationships with others. The lowest scores were recorded by respondents of both sexes in the following parameters: faith in people, faith in improving social conditions for life, and assessment of their contribution to society. For men, the most important thing for maintaining psychological health is a sense of their own importance for social life, as well as the experience of their own competence as an ability to solve everyday problems and manifest their life position. For women, the ability to lead a life that is meaningful in their own estimation and to be satisfied with their relationships is more important for maintaining psychological health. As the length of holding a service position increases, men are characterized by an increased sense of self-worth and satisfaction with team relationships, while women are characterized by a high level of professional competence. The results can be used by psychologists to provide more effective psychological support to the personnel of the SCES of Ukraine. Key words: psychological health, subjective social well-being, subjective well-being, penitentiary institutions, martial law.

The impact of digital platforms on traditional market structures

The object of the research is the transformative impact of digital platforms on traditional market structures. Qualitative research is used to gain a deep understanding of how traditional market structures are impacted by digital platforms. Interviews with eight participants highlight the shift towards gig and freelance work, the erosion of traditional employment protections, and the emergence of new business models facilitated by technological advancements. The study adopted thematic analysis to analyze the collected data. The study reveals that digital platforms have significantly lowered barriers to market entry and fostered economic inclusion. As a result, the initial costs of starting a business have significantly decreased. However, they have also introduced complexities surrounding labor rights and necessitated a re-evaluation of regulatory frameworks to address monopolistic practices and ensure fair competition. This is due to the lack of labor regulations protection for freelance workers compared to traditional employment. The study stresses the need for agile, forward-looking, and internationally coordinated regulatory approaches to effectively govern digital platforms, balancing innovation with the protection of consumer and worker rights. Such an approach should aim to address the current challenges but also anticipate future developments by ensuring that regulations evolve in tandem with technological advancements without stifling innovation. Furthermore, fostering technological literacy among lawmakers, adopting adaptive regulatory frameworks, and ensuring the inclusion of diverse perspectives are crucial steps towards achieving effective governance of digital technologies. The findings contribute to the ongoing dialogue on digital governance, offering insights for policymakers, regulators, and stakeholders in crafting regulations that harness the benefits of digital platforms while mitigating their negative impacts on society.

Early career researchers in health policy and systems research: insights from freelancers in a non-profit organization in the Philippines

BackgroundThe freelance economy has seen rapid growth worldwide in recent years and the Philippines is not an exception. Freelance workers are becoming increasingly common in healthcare and research. Early career researchers carry out most of scientific research and can play a critical role in advancing public health by bringing new perspectives and diversity to the field. Existing literature has mostly focused on the experiences of early career researchers in an institutional academic setting. This study aimed to understand the experiences of freelance early career researchers in the health policy and systems space in the Philippines.MethodsThis qualitative study collected data from 18 to 22 March 2022 through virtual interview and focus group discussions. Themes and codes were created based on the topic guide developed. New themes and codes were generated as they emerged. Two researchers coded the data using both a priori and emergent codes. Any coding conflicts were resolved through discussions until intercoder agreement was reached. Interpretation and conclusions from the data were developed by 2 researchers with consideration for its context and relationship between themes.ResultsFifteen current and former freelance researchers participated in the study. Most are female, under 35 years old, and with an undergraduate degree as the highest educational attainment. The findings highlight insights and challenges faced by early career researchers in aspects of: (1) work arrangement, (2) tasks, (3) expectations from senior researchers, (4) development in the health policy and systems field, (5) relationship with peers, and (6) motivations for continuing to work as a freelance health policy and systems researcher.ConclusionThis study reveals the challenges freelance early career researchers face, highlighting the need for enhanced support and recognition amidst rapidly evolving workforce demands and complex health dilemmas. Recommendations include structured mentorship, professional development, innovative funding models, and the establishment of a supportive network. Advocacy for policies ensuring freelancer inclusion in the economy and policy-making is crucial. Future research should investigate their experiences further, including their roles, transitions, and the impacts of funding trends, to foster their development and integration into public health research and policy.

Platformization of Inequality: Gender and Race in Digital Labor Platforms

We contribute empirical and conceptual insights regarding the roles of digital labor platforms in online freelancing, focusing attention to social identities such as gender, race, ethnicity, and occupation. Findings highlight how digital labor platforms reinforce and exacerbate identity-based stereotypes, bias and expectations in online freelance work. We focus on online freelancing as this form of working arrangement is becoming more prevalent. Online freelancing also relies on the market-making power of digital platforms to create an online labor market. Many see this as one likely future of work with less bias. Others worry that labor platforms' market power allows them to embed known biases into new working arrangements: a platformization of inequality. Drawing on data from 108 online freelancers, we discuss six findings: 1) female freelance work is undervalued; 2) gendered occupational expectations; 3) gendered treatment; 4) shared expectations of differential values; 5) racial stereotypes and expectations; and 6) race and ethnicity as an asset. We discuss the role of design in the platformization and visibility of social identity dimensions, and the implications of the reinforced identity perceptions and marginalization in digital labor platforms.

The search for meaningful work under neo-bureaucracy: Work precarity in freelance TV

Drawing from a qualitative, empirical study of the working lives of freelance television workers, we explore the experience of ‘meaningful’ work where aesthetic considerations are attractants to the industry. Such aesthetic considerations – and the glamorous nature of the work – attracted both older and younger freelancers. However, whereas the older cohort had entered the industry in a previous era governed by bureaucratic forms, the younger cohort had entered an already fragmented workplace marked by neo-bureaucratic forms. This shift for freelance workers generally entailed precarious working conditions, long hours, sometimes unpaid and often uncertain jobs: the dark side of meaningful employment. While older freelancers had acquired social networks through their work with large broadcasters, the younger freelancers lacked such networks, making career entry more difficult and uncertain, particularly as neo bureaucratic forms became looser. Widespread exploitation/self-exploitation characterized both groups as they completed work ‘for the love of their art’. Our findings suggest that, theoretically, discussions of meaningful work should be nuanced based on an understanding of organizational form, such as transitions from bureaucratic to neo-bureaucratic governance that impact freelance workers.

Nourish Your Niche: The Rewards and Risks of Specialized Medical Writing

What is a niche? What are the rewards and risks of nourishing a niche? How do you find a niche? As freelance medical writers, or writers considering freelance work as an option, we have to ask ourselves what kind of medical writing we are going to do. Are we going to offer a broad mix of services or tap a specialty niche? This article will help you weigh the pros and cons of whether to specialize as a freelance medical writer and how you can get started.

Initiation Of A Marketplace-Based Creative Freelance Service Provider To Optimize Msmes Digital Marketing In Indonesia

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) is a sector that has a major contribution to the Gross Domestic Product. However, there are still many problems faced by MSMEs, including digital marketing. One of the causes of these problems is the lack of skills of MSMEs actors in the creative field. Beside that, the number of creative freelancers continuously increase as well. These two conditions are the right momentum to create an innovation that can make it easier for MSMEs actors to optimize their marketing. Therefore, this paper aims to provide alternative solutions for MSMEs actors in assisting to optimize digital marketing more effectively and efficiently. This writing uses a qualitative approach with a Business Model Canvas (BMC) as the analysis tool. The result of this writing is the creation of an application for providing freelance worker services in the field of creative work to optimize MSMEs marketing. This application carries the marketplace concept, which can make it easier for MSMEs actors to find freelancers who offer services in the field of digital marketing.

Public Service Quality in Banyuwangi District: A Study in Welfare Perspective

Administration Public service innovation must have a welfare impact on bureaucrats and citizens. Welfare for bureaucrats purpose to increase discipline and comply with the principles and objectives of public service. The habit of bureaucrats requesting something for the sake of accelerating stimulus in service is an example of how it is not easy for citizens to get their rights in public services, thus distancing citizens from aspects of welfare. This research aims to describe, analyze, and interpret welfare in the delivery of public services in Banyuwangi Regency. Researchers use a qualitative approach based on constructive and participatory patterns. Primary data was obtained from interviews, and secondary data was obtained from literature studies and government policies that were relevant to the research topic. Data analysis utilizes the Atlas Ti 8.4.23 application, 2018. The results obtained in this study: (1) Receiving awards is not commensurate with people's comfort in public services; (2) The Banyuwangi Regency Government needs to establish a policy so that additional grants to the welfare of the freelance worker bureaucrat do not violate existing policies; (3) Prosperity for citizens can be realized if service is fast, precise, non-discriminatory, and not connected to brokers; (4) It is necessary to internalize and implement systems and ways of working services from the perspective of the new administrative paradigm and Pancasila ideology.

Arrangements for Granting Visas and Immigration Stay Permits for Digital Nomads in Indonesia in View of Legal Certainty

In the era of globalization, Indonesia stands to gain substantial benefits by swiftly implementing regulations governing visas and residence permits for digital nomads, ensuring legal certainty and unlocking significant economic potential. This research employs a normative legal approach to analyze the concept of specialized visa and residence permit arrangements for digital nomads in Indonesia, focusing on legal certainty and the classification of their activities as work. Current findings indicate a lack of specific rules for digital nomads, leading to the use of conventional visas that may not align with their online work. As digital nomads inherently engage in freelance work, compliance with labor and taxation regulations becomes imperative. To establish lawful and protected status, the government should introduce new arrangements, such as digital nomad visas with stipulated requirements like financial capability and tax payments, fostering legal certainty for all stakeholders.
 Highlights:
 
 Legal Void: The absence of specific rules for digital nomads in Indonesia leaves them reliant on conventional visas, creating a legal vacuum for their online work activities.
 
 Freelance Work Classification: Given that digital nomads essentially function as freelance workers, the research emphasizes the necessity of appropriately categorizing their activities within the framework of labor and taxation regulations.
 
 
 Policy Recommendations: The study advocates for the prompt establishment of specialized digital nomad visas and residence permits in Indonesia, incorporating financial criteria and tax obligations to ensure legal certainty and unlock economic potential.
 
 
 Keywords: Digital Nomads, Visa Regulations, Legal Certainty, Economic Potential, Indonesia

DI AMBANG KEGAIRAHAN DAN KERENTANAN (Fleksibilitas Freelance Industri Kreatif Desain di Yogyakarta)

AbstractThe new work system, namely the flexible work system that occurs in freelancers, especially in the field of design in Yogyakarta, can be identified as cognitive workers where they work by involving thinking skills, creativity and knowledge and are fragmented and dependent on technology. Then freelance workers are also synonymous with the lack of fulfillment of their rights at work, experience many vulnerabilities and they are in a flexible work system. This study aims to explore the dynamics of cognitive work in freelancers and the threat of a flexible work system that occurs freelancers in the creative industry Yogyakarta. Moreover, Yogyakarta is an area that has characteristics in the dynamics of work in this creative industry. The ethnographic method used in this study aims to observe the lives and daily lives of freelancers who work in the design creative industry sector. This research found that there are two choices experienced by freelance workers, namely the excitement to work and they are faced with the vulnerabilities that occur. These freelancers can work according to their wishes and ideals to channel satisfaction and consistency in their work, but they live side by side with panic and uncertainty at work. Plus they work in a flexible work system that has conveniences but behind that they experience hidden violence and a vortex that pulls them and harms themselves. So that these creative design industry freelancers in Yogyakarta have a life on the verge of excitement and vulnerability. But behind it all, Yogyakarta is an area that has quite unique work dynamics, where friendship is the main capital for these freelance workers.

Alternative Media in Alternative Sport: Platforming Working Conditions in Professional Skateboarding

Alternative media enable marginalized people to voice their experiences, challenge dominant ideologies, and circumvent mainstream gatekeepers. Podcasts are an alternative medium that can be counterhegemonic, foregrounding such issues as antiracism, Indigeneity, LGBTQ rights, socialism, and workers’ perspectives. This article expands on alternative-media research by transporting it to the skateboarding subculture. I first depict the skateboard outlets Thrasher Magazine (1981) and The Berrics (2007) website as hegemonic and mainstream. By contrast, I depict podcasts The Bunt (2016) and Vent City (2019) as counterhegemonic and alternative. I then ask: To what degree do skate podcasts acknowledge professional skateboarders as workers? And: Do such shows allow skaters to express grievances with their industry? A discourse analysis of Thrasher and The Berrics demonstrates that they often mystify freelance work, class, and skaters’ working conditions. An analysis of The Bunt and Vent City suggests that podcasts offer unique and radical perspectives, though attention to working conditions is uneven. I find there may be too much overlap between the case studies for an alternative/mainstream distinction to be meaningful. Political currents within skateboarding are still promising, however, and digital media will be essential in making the subculture and industry more inclusive.

GIG ECONOMY: What is the Impact on Top Talent Recruitment and Labour Skill Market for Freelance Workers in the Millennial Generation in DKI Jakarta?

The aim of this research is to measure freelance workers' perceptions of the impact of being part of the Gig Economy. This research also aims to find out the perceptions of workers, especially the millennial generation, from various types of freelance work through the Gig Economy, Top Talent Recruitment and Labour Skill Market variables from working in the gig economy sector. This research uses descriptive analysis of respondents with purposive sampling data collection techniques, namely the sample in this study was selected based on the characteristics and objectives of respondents regarding the opportunities and challenges of working freelance as part of the gig economy. Quantitative research method with the data source for this research is the primary data source obtained from distributing questionnaires directly to respondents as well as secondary data, namely from observing documents and research that supports this research. Questionnaires were distributed using a purposive sampling technique to the population of millennial generation freelance workers in the DKI Jakarta area, to determine the research object. The data collection technique used is by distributing questionnaires or questionnaires. The data statistical methods used are descriptive statistics and Partial Least Square (PLS) with the SmartPLS version 3.0 program. The results of this research are that Recruitment Top Talent influences the Labour Skill Market, the Gig Economy is estimated to influence the Labour Skill Market, and the Gig Economy influences Recruitment Top Talent.

Pemberdayaan UMKM Kelapa Gongseng Aceh Melalui Pemasaran Berbasis Digital Dalam Upaya Menembus Pasar Global

Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are one of the primary drivers of the Indonesian economy, as a result if the MSME sector is disrupted, the national economy could also be eroded. According to the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), in 2021 the number of MSMEs will reach 65.46 million units. Maju Sejahtera is an MSME in Panjang Mesjid Village, Panjang Subdistrict, Bireuen Regency, Aceh Province which operates in the food service sector producing gongseng coconut. This group has been running its business since 2019 and produces around 30-50 kg of gongseng coconut every week with a market selling price of around 50 thousand per kilogram. This fishing business group has 5 freelance workers and has assets of around 24 million rupiah. However, recently the production and sales of gongseng coconut have decreased, this is due to the Covid-19 pandemic that has hit the world, so it indirectly affects the demand for gongseng coconut. Before the Covid-19 pandemic, MSME Maju Sejahtera had an obstacle in running a business in the field of product marketing, the system that had been used was still traditional, namely marketing to local traders or the products were taken by collectors, then MSME Maju Sejahtera had no business management or financial management, during This often causes problems in financial management, namely business finances are often combined with family finances so it is very difficult to see profits in the business. The aim of this service activity is to increase partners' knowledge in business management and digital marketing. The implementation method is to provide business management training and direct digital sales practice through marketplaces and social media. The result of this activity is an increase in partners' knowledge about business management and better digital marketing.

How Experts Learn: Charting a Course for Advanced Practice Teaching and Learning

Context Changes in the healthcare landscape include a burgeoning gig economy, large-scale job vacancies, remote learning, and a volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) marketplace, which requires reevaluating our approach to education. These changes fundamentally alter the nature and assumptions of education. Objective To generate dialogue on the relevance of heutagogy, a self-determined learning model, in contrast to traditional pedagogical and andragogical methods. Background The healthcare industry is experiencing a workforce exodus. The gig economy, characterized by flexible, freelance work, is on the rise and reshaping the job market. Heutagogy, as a holistic self-determined learning approach, equips learners with the skills to thrive in this evolving landscape. Synthesis Heutagogy emphasizes learners’ proactive roles in their education, fostering autonomy and adaptability. It complements the flexibility demanded by a VUCA marketplace and empowers individuals to navigate unpredictable dynamics. It empowers learners to identify knowledge gaps, navigate complexity, and continuously grow, focusing on learner capability and autonomy. Heutagogy is particularly relevant where professionals must adapt rapidly and meet evolving patient expectations. Results This article delineates the progression from pedagogy to andragogy to heutagogy, highlighting heutagogy’s proactive learning facilitation. Heutagogy benefits advanced-practice learners and professionals entering a dynamic environment, fostering adaptability, personalized learning, and collaborative exploration. Recommendations The integration of heutagogy into formal education should strike a balance between autonomy and structured guidance. Faculty roles must shift to become informal mentors and learner advocates, supporting learners and equipping them for a self-determined career trajectory. Conclusions Involving heutagogy in athletic training education will not be easy. However, as educators embrace heutagogy, they must redefine their roles as facilitators of self-determined learning, ensuring that learners are prepared to navigate the uncertainties of the modern marketplace.

АКТУАЛЬНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ У ФРІЛАНСІ ЯК ВАЖІЛЬ ЕФЕКТИВНОГО КАДРОВОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ В УМОВАХ ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЇ

The article determines that a new form of labor relations "freelance" is intensively and quite effectively implemented in the modern labor market; the spectrum of professions, when this or that work is performed not on a permanent basis, but on an order basis, is quite wide: IT specialists, accountants, lawyers, programmers and consultants on various issues, SMMs, graphic designers, etc.; this form of cooperation helps employers more effectively manage both labor resources in particular and financial resources in general. It is outlined that the impetus for this was the implementation of digital technologies in all sectors of the economy and, as a result, the digitalization of markets and businesses and their attributes. It is well-founded that personnel management remains a key lever for ensuring the efficiency of any organization and in any organization, at the same time, personnel management is a dynamic process that requires constant updating, introduction of new trends and practices, therefore it is important to follow and monitor, adapt and implement constant updates to improve the work of the company's personnel management. The specialization, dynamics of the number and cost of freelance work in 2023 in Ukraine were analyzed and it was determined that the demand for freelance services is quite extensive and diverse from the point of view of specialization, it is both work in the field of IT and software, and work in the creation of entertainment content; the increase in the number of freelancers in 2023 versus 2022 ranges from a maximum of 36.07 (blockchain) to a minimum of 15.02 (social media advertising) percent; the cost of an hour of work for mid-level specialists ranges from (maximum) 1,500 (blockchain) to (minimum) 400 (designing pages in social networks) hryvnias per hour; the cost of an hour of work for high-level specialists ranges from (maximum) 4,000 (announcer services) / 3,967 (blockchain) to (minimum) 700 (designing pages in social networks) hryvnias per hour. It was noted that the criterion of the level of a freelance specialist is the portfolio: the more cases he has, the higher the price he can set for his services; reviews are also one of the most important parameters that indicate the level of a specialist. The coefficients of the cost of an hour of freelance work of high-level specialists relative to medium-level specialists were calculated and their rating was given; a significant gap from other specializations and the maximum ratio of the hourly cost of highlevel specialists relative to middle-level specialists was recorded in two areas: "announcer services" and "script writing" – 5.71 and 4.42, respectively; for other freelance specializations studied in this publication, the value of the coefficient ranges from a maximum of 2.73 (Go (compiled programming language) to 1.51 (DevOps). It has been established that: freelancing is extremely relevant in the labor market, the demand for specialists in this field is stable and tends to increase; the range of specialties is quite wide and continues to expand: and software, and the creation of entertainment content, and work with social networks, etc.; the cost of such services increases both in absolute terms and by specialist level; at the same time, quite a lot of specialties are available for gradual mastering and continuous deepening in the mode of so-called "soft skills", the stages of mastering of which with competent personnel management can take place with maximum tangentiality and integration into the specifics of the organization's activities. The direction of further scientific research on freelancing as a current trend in the labor market should be industry-wide in-depth study of the structure, format and content of professional inquiries to freelancers.

The Dominance of the Main Breadwinner Wife in the Family

Many wives become Women Workers (TKW) while husbands at home are odd-job workers, which in turn can have negative implications starting from family conflict, less than optimal care for children to divorce. This study aims to describe the dominance of the wife's role as the main breadwinner to meet the economic needs of her family. Especially what happened in Cangkuang Village, Babakan District, Cirebon Regency. The problem formulated is limited to why the main breadwinner wife is so dominant and how the sociology of law reviews the role shift that occurs. This research is field research, descriptive analytical in nature and uses a normative sociological approach with the intention that the knowledge and description of the role of the main breadwinner wife becomes clear. From the research findings, 60% of informants in Cangkuang Village are the main breadwinners because they want to meet the needs of the family, while the husband is a freelance worker. From the optics of Legal Sociology, it emphasizes that the wife's role is dominated by the element of "adaptation," where economic needs that must be met are social facts. This is then followed by positive and negative impacts. On the positive side, the family economy can be fulfilled and children learn to live independently. On the negative side, there is a pattern of husband and wife relationships that are full of conflicts that lead to divorce or less harmonious relationships between close relatives and can adversely affect the behavior of children as well as their educational development because the care of their mothers is not fulfilled optimally. Then from a normative point of view, it can be explained that if the wife works as a migrant worker and the husband is pleased, then according to the Marriage Law the husband is still obliged to provide maintenance as long as the wife is not disobedient or nusyuz.