Freehand Drawing Research Articles

El dibujo a mano alzada como herramienta de resolución técnica: estudio de tres casos en la arquitectura contemporánea de Paraguay

<p>El presente artículo se enmarca dentro de la arquitectura contemporánea de Paraguay y tiene por objetivo aproximarnos a la utilización del dibujo a mano alzada como herramienta de transmisión de conocimiento técnico entre el arquitecto y el artesano, como parte del proceso constructivo de una obra arquitectónica. Este aspecto será analizado a partir de la lectura de casos, que consideran como base de datos las ilustraciones originales de tres edificios, como un testimonio vivo del proceso de obra.</p>

Eyes Outside a Boundary Line: An Example of the Willats Region-Drawing Theory?

A puzzling raised-line drawing of a head by a blind man with no experience in freehand drawing has eyes placed outside the boundary line of the head, not inside. After scribbling, in the John Willats theory of drawing development, 2D "regions" on the page stand for 3D "volumes" in the scene. If Willats is correct, in very early drawing development circles touching the boundary line from outside may show the eyes are "embedded," and very early drawing development may be similar in the blind and sighted.

Freehand drawing as a basic means of artistic expression in the process of educating future architects versus modern computer technology

Freehand drawing is one of the earliest and most important human skills. It is one of the simplest forms of recording thoughts and information from an early childhood, which allows to communicate without using words. It is the first verbal form of contact with the outside world by means of which feelings, emotions and desires are illustrated. It is something that allows one to see the surrounding beauty, see the details, learn about the structure and structure of matter and keep the image in memory for a long time. The article discusses issues related to the process of education in freehand drawing at the Faculty of , Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture of Lublin University of Technology. In this paper, the drawing is presented as a basic tool for presenting one's own design concept to future investors, which teaches perception, analysis, as well as develops creative and spatial imagination. Assuming that learning freehand drawing is the basis of all artistic activities, the article attempts to examine the essence of freehand drawing in the process of educating future architects at the Lublin University of Technology. The literature on the subject raises the issue of values conveyed through freehand drawing and compares it with contemporary, advanced computer programs.

On-Drawing South American Extent: Geo-Poetic Mapping Palimpsest in the Travesías de Amereida

<p>Contemporary urbanization, as a process extended beyond the cities, requires original design practices to contribute to the critical understanding and visualization of the multiple spatial and temporal layers that shape the territories. In this account, this article examines the geo-poetic mapping developed by the Valparaiso School of Architecture, as a radical means of exploring the territories and elaborating their palimpsestic representations. This contribution unfolds the geopoetic vision of the South American continent created in the sixties by the School of Valparaiso, in Chile, as fundamental groundwork to critically question the historic and ongoing urban occupation of territories and their representations following colonization. Besides, it presents the Travesías de Amereida, a collective and situated architectural study performed throughout the vast South American inland, as a unique geo-poetic practice in which freehand mapping becomes an original means of rethinking and redrawing the ever-changing American extent. Through the analysis of drawings made before, during, and after the travesías were undertaken between 1965 and 1985, this article outlines how the geo-poetic vision and mapping practices—that embodies iterative freehand drawings combining different temporality, spatiality, and situated experiences—have attempted to unveil the South American continent as a palimpsest: an open extent to trace the ever-changing footprints that reshape its content. To conclude, the article assesses the contribution of situated geo-poetic mapping as a critical design practice to study and visualize the ever-changing, multi-layered, and multi scalar-realities on virtually unknown territories of contemporary urbanization.</p>

SketchADoodle: Touch-surface Multi-stroke Gesture Handling by Bézier Curves

Touch-surface multi-stroke gestures, as well as freehand drawings, are typically acquired by devices and sensors as a suite of timestamped points on a plane. This Cartesian coordinate system, although useful for computation like complexity analysis, gesture classification and recognition, becomes complex and inefficient when gestures need to be visualized and directly manipulated for editing. To address these challenges, a new mathematical representation of these gestures via a Bézier curve is defined to initiate a model-based approach for gesture direct manipulation (e.g., cut, copy, paste, translate, scale, rotate, deform, crop, compose, decompose). SketchADoodle, an Android-based mobile application for drawing, gesturing, demonstrates how the pseudo-code of the Bézier-based operations are engineered for real-time direct manipulation. We release the programming code for further development of gesture-based user interfaces based on Bézier curves.

Cystic Interstitial Lung Diseases: A Pictorial Review and a Practical Guide for the Radiologist.

A cyst is a round circumscribed area of low attenuation, surrounded by epithelial or fibrous wall. Cysts can frequently occur on chest computed tomography (CT) and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT); multiple parenchymal cysts of the lungs are the most typical feature of cystic lung interstitial diseases, characterizing a wide spectrum of diseases—ranging from isolated lung disorders up to diffuse pulmonary diseases. The aim of this review is to analyze scientific literature about cystic lung interstitial diseases and to provide a practical guide for radiologists, focusing on the main morphological features of pulmonary cysts: size, shape, borders, wall, location, and distribution. These features are shown on free-hand drawings and related to HRCT images, in order to help radiologists pursue the correct differential diagnosis between similar conditions.

Can we further improve tablet-based drawing to enhance learning? An empirical test of two types of support

Digital drawing can foster learning, but only if the drawing is of sufficient quality. Hence, the focus of the present study was to investigate whether and how two types of drawing support may foster drawing quality and, in turn, learning outcomes. To this end, participants (N = 156) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions, in which they either just read text (control), were prompted to make a free-hand representational drawing (unsupported drawing), or they were additionally supported in their drawing efforts because a background (global support) or single elements for the drawing (local support) were already provided. Learning outcomes were assessed by means of recognition, transfer, and a drawing test. Results revealed that students from all three drawing conditions (unsupported, global, and local support) scored better on the transfer and drawing tests than the control condition. Both types of drawing support did neither increase drawing quality nor learning in comparison to unsupported drawing. Reasons for the latter findings are discussed.

Employing a visual representation technique to understand undergraduates’ perceptions of civic engagement across countries

PurposeThis paper aims to present an interpretation of freehand drawings produced by a sample of final year degree level learners in response to the question: “What is civic engagement”? The aim in using this approach, with final year degree learners from different countries, but pursuing the same degree, was to compare and contrast their understanding of civic engagement.Design/methodology/approachLearners completed their drawings and then discussed their drawings in small groups. All of their drawings were initially examined quantitatively before a sample of six drawings were selected for in-depth qualitative examination.FindingsUsing learner-generated drawings enables learners convey visually what can be challenging to verbalise. After the exercise, some learners discovered that they had a good basic appreciation of civic engagement.Research limitations/implicationsDescribing civic engagement pictorially forced participants to think about what the essence of civic engagement was for them.Originality/valueThis study shows how a collaborative learning experience, rather than a competitive comparison of performance, facilitates learners readily demonstrating their level of understanding and appreciation for civic engagement.

Current Standards in the Endoscopic Management of Bladder Cancer: A Survey Evaluation among Urologists in German-Speaking Countries

Introduction: To assess the current diagnostic, treatment, and documentation strategies for bladder cancer (BC) in German-speaking countries. Materials and Methods: A 14-item web-based survey was distributed among members of the German, Austrian, and Swiss Associations of Urology, addressing physicians who perform cystoscopies and transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURB). Results: The survey was responded to by 308 of 5,564 urologists with a mean age of 49.5 years (response rate: 5.5%). The majority of participants (57.3%) practice in an outpatient setting. White light cystoscopy only is used by 60.2%, with additional photodynamic diagnosis and narrow band imaging by 36.8 and 12.5%, respectively. Endoscopic findings are documented in written form by 93.5%, followed by image capture (33.7%) and a central data archive (20.8%). Inpatient hospital urologists document cystoscopic findings by freehand drawing (21.4 vs. 11.4%, p = 0.017), and with a fixed bladder scheme (31.3 vs. 7.4%, <0.05) significantly more frequently. Cystoscopic findings are mainly conveyed to other health professionals in written form (77.4%), and significantly more often by inpatient urologists (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Significant differences exist in the approach to documenting and communicating cystoscopic BC findings. Accurate graphic documentation of lesions, visualization of the mucosa’s totality, and meticulous consultation of previous surgical reports require improvements to reduce recurrence and progression rates.

Technical drawing and its validity in the current technological context

From ancient times, drawing has been used to express both the artistic and scientific ideas created in human brain. Although drafting -otherwise known as technical drawing made by hand- is a traditional subject taught at universities for engineering and architectural programs, current trends tend to replace it for computer assisted drawing software. Yet new technologies, in particular ICTs (information and communication technology) support with a large number of advantages the learning process, freehand drawing also provide students with very powerful skills that will be of their greatest benefit at school and work. Through the following paragraphs, the author presents a brief review about the relationship between drawing and science as well as the significant role that freehand drawing plays in the current times. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21017/rimci.2020.v7.n13.a76

Stvaralačke poetike arhitekata i slikara kroz motive likovnih radova u časopisu "Crteži" od 1956. do 1965. godine

The paper analyzes the motives and artistic expressions of the fine art works of selected architects and painters - teachers and associates at the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade, published in the faculty journal Crteži (Drawings), in the period from 1956 to 1965. By the classification of fine art works of the entire journal edition were established the represented motives, on the basis of which their characterization was given, and a comparative analysis was carried out in relation to the creative poetics and sensibilities of architects and painters, who contributed the most to the conception of the journal through the ten issues. Although originating from various initiatives and creative sensibilities of faculty members in the fields of architecture and fine art in a wider generation range, the fine art works of their choice for one-year issues of journal, among which the dominant place is free-hand drawing, testify to the high qualitative expression and the variety of represented motifs.

The role of sketching within the process of creative maturation of an architect in 21st century – sketching from nature in cognitive development

In the XXIst century, there is a debate whether an architect should practise freehand drawing. This article covers statements about both advantages and drawbacks concerning this activity. Firstly, sketching remains an universal and timeless medium in cognitive development for artists, due to its engagement with various types of deep concentration at once, such as: practical, theoretical, aesthetic or scientific attention focus. What is more, through the medium of freehand drawing from nature, an architect is introduced to experience natural and build environment, by both reason and physical presence in a setting. In addition to this, there is a strong resemblance of methods within cognitive and creative process of an architectural design. On the other hand, the concepts of artistic freedom and genius, which appeared in XXth century, seem to strongly support the idea, that there is a little or no purpose of learning, development, and practise for an artist. Apart from that, recently there happen to be a common belief that manual methods lose their importance in an era of super fast and precise technology or hyper-realistic visualizations and simulations. Freehand drawing fails to reach the standards of the temporary definition of an ideal. If other qualities of manual techniques remain unrecognised, such methods could be abandoned, lose popularity and recognition. These and other controversiesconcerning freehand drawing are presented and discussed In conclusion, to show XXth and XXIst century’s approach towards this problem several architectural studios and their methods are introduced. Among many others there are modern architects: Peter Zumthor, Le Corbusier, Louis Kahn, Alvar Aaltoand Frank Gehry, that provide numerous examples of drawings, paintings, studies and sketches from nature. Moreover they emphasize the crucial role of manual techniques within architectural design too. To summarise there is a quotation from Alvar Aalto with a remark about this topic: It is not through simple sketches and superficial similarities that they [painting, sculpture, architecture] influence each other, but through “materia”: an intellectual analysis of the chosen material.

Teaching Drawing, Painting and Sculpture at the Faculty of Architecture of the Warsaw University of Technology, classics and modernity

Teaching art disciplines at architectural universities goes back to the nineteenth-century academic art of Art schools. This also applies to the Faculty of Architecture at the Warsaw University of Technology. The fact of establishing a research and a teaching team teaching arts disciplines at WAPW, simultaneously with the University’s establishment, is important for the identity of the Warsaw School of Architecture. Teaching the drawing and artistic disciplines underwent further changes from 1915 to the present. At that time, the school acquired a specific character; it became recognizable thanks to the elaboration of its own unique style of the architectural drawing and views expressed by its representatives regarding drawing and teaching of architecture. From the very beginning, the school appealed to the classics and for many years preserved traditional didactic methods. Moved to the present day, artistic academicism has undergone a thorough transformation in recent years thanks to a change in the approach to didactics and redefining of the understanding of the most important feature of the drawing. The change of understanding of the meaning of drawing in the educational process from primary school to academic level requires teachers and students to change the perception of the essence of a drawing activity. This is not an easy process because the common understanding of drawing reduces it to the area of aesthetics. Meanwhile, a freehand drawing made by the nature fulfills a fundamental role in the process of developing and shaping an independent creative personality. It is probably the most important skill alongside reading and writing. Acquainting and promoting the meaning of a freehand drawing is a task and a challenge for the current School of Drawing at WAPW. An indication of the essence of a drawing activity as a method that harnesses the processes of reasoning and information processing of an independent drawing record seems to be an innovative look at the drawing and its role in creating culture and civilization. We are therefore facing the task of defining drawing anew and rebuilding of proper artistic education based on a hand drawing from the nature.

SketchHelper: Real-Time Stroke Guidance for Freehand Sketch Retrieval

Text-based retrieval systems have been popular, but content-based retrieval systems have gained widespread acceptance in recent years to directly retrieve diverse media based on their visual content, such as color, texture, and shape. Among many content-based retrieval systems, sketch-based media retrieval systems have attracted attention recently with the proliferation of tablet PCs and smart mobile devices. Sketch-based retrieval requires the user to draw a freehand sketch query, but freehand drawing can be challenging for those with limited drawing skills. This degrades retrieval performance, since successful retrieval depends on the quality of the sketch query image drawn by the user. To address this issue, we propose a real-time stroke guidance for freehand sketch retrieval that continuously displays next-stroke shadow sketches on the canvas based on the user's step-by-step partial strokes. We train a stroke guidance network that learns the mapping between the step-wise stroke relations to predict the user's next stroke. The proposed stroke guidance for freehand sketch retrieval system runs on a five step next-stroke prediction model that identifies candidate next-stroke sketches from a database of millions of sketches. The system retrieves variable number of sketch object classes at different drawing stages. During the initial sketching stage, diverse drawing possibilities are covered by retrieving multiple sketch classes; as the sketching progresses, the intended sketch class is narrowed down to one. Deep binary hashing is employed for efficient similarity matching of relevant next-stroke sketches. We extend the Google QuickDraw dataset to create a five step sketch stroke database. Qualitative and quantitative experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system, which can be utilized for drawing guidance, tracing, and sketch retrieval. Tracing refers to the act of copying the shadowed line of a guiding image by drawing over its lines.

NEPHROBLASTOMA ANALYSIS IN MRI IMAGES

The annotation of the tumour from medical scans is a crucial step in nephroblastoma treatment. Therefore, an accurate and reliable segmentation method is needed to facilitate the evaluation and the treatments of the tumour. The proposed method serves this purpose by performing the segmentation of nephroblastoma in MRI scans. The segmentation is performed by adapting and a 2D free hand drawing tool to select a region of interest in the scan slices. Results from 24 patients show a mean root-mean-square error of 0.0481 ± 0.0309, an average Dice coefficient of 0.9060 ± 0.0549 and an average accuracy of 99.59% ± 0.0039. Thus the proposed method demonstrated an effective agreement with manual annotations.

Students’ perceptions of interprofessional education and collaborative practice: analysis of freehand drawings

ABSTRACT There is a global shortage of healthcare professionals, but in the social economic environment of Africa workforce numbers are lower than the global average per head of population. It is argued that interprofessional and collaborative care may offer a solution to this problem, and therefore interprofessional education has become a requirement for accreditation. This paper reports on an innovative initiative of a South African university, which implemented four two-hour education sessions of which the two middle sessions were simulated with standardised patients. The 28 interprofessional student groups each created a freehand drawing of their perception of collaborative practice during the fourth and final session. Four out of the 28 images were randomly selected and analysed according to specified steps by three researchers using qualitative methods. Seven themes emerged, which identify the characteristics and principles of collaborative practice and suggest that culture plays an important role. The findings also reveal the tensions arising from the difficult and uphill battle to attain collaborative practice due to silo based training models, multidisciplinary care, and fragmented healthcare services. Educational planners may need to consider the challenges of implementation of the theory of IPE into the real world of practice as well as how to overcome the hidden cultural issues that may impede success.

Understanding corruption through freehand drawings: a case study of undergraduate business students’ visual learning in the classroom

Interest in the role of visual literacy within education has grown significantly over the last 50 years. Many scholars maintain that living in an image-rich culture in the twenty-first century requires preparing visually literate graduates who are capable of a critical reading and understanding of visual texts, as well as constructing images through critical thinking. However, nowadays, discussion about visual learning and development of visual literacy competencies of students studying business and management remains quite limited. This paper presents a case study of a visual learning activity introduced to 1st year undergraduate students which are often referred to as ‘digital natives’. This activity aims to develop students’ visual critical thinking about a complex social phenomenon of corruption through their engagement with a non-digital activity such as freehand drawing.

Online separation of handwriting from freehand drawing using extreme learning machines

Online separation between handwriting and freehand drawing is still an active research area in the field of sketch-based interfaces. In the last years, most approaches in this area have been focused on the use of statistical separation methods, which have achieved significant results in terms of performance. More recently, Machine Learning (ML) techniques have proven to be even more effective by treating the separation problem like a classification task. Despite this, also in the use of these techniques several aspects can be still considered open problems, including: 1) the trade-off between separation performance and training time; 2) the separation of handwriting from different types of freehand drawings. To address the just reported drawbacks, in this paper a novel separation algorithm based on a set of original features and an Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) is proposed. Extensive experiments on a wide range of sketched schemes (i.e., text and graphical symbols), more numerous than those usually tested in any key work of the current literature, have highlighted the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Finally, measurements on accuracy and speed of computation, during both training and testing stages, have shown that the ELM can be considered, in this research area, the better choice even if compared with other popular ML techniques.

Gender Disparity Competence in Drafting Technology among Government Secondary Learning Institutions

This study determined the level of competencies between male and female students in drafting technology as a subject of Grade 8 in secondary schools in Leyte. It assessed the profile of the students along with their age, grade in drafting technology and family income. It also looked into their attitude and study and work habits towards drafting technology. Likewise, it looked into the level of competencies along the different areas such as: Freehand drawing, lettering, geometric construction, orthographic drawing, pictorial drawing, and commercial Arts. The descriptive survey research method was used in this study. It was conducted in selected public secondary learning institutions in Leyte, Philippines with 345 randomly chosen respondents. Structured questionnaires were administered to generate the needed primary data. Findings revealed that majority of the students were 14- 15 years old with satisfactory rating. They belong to families below poverty threshold. Both male and female students were moderately favourable towards drafting technology and exhibited satisfactory study and work habits. Their level of drafting competency was satisfactory having similar levels of competences for both male and female respondents. Inadequate drafting facilities were the top problems met by the students. In conclusion, both male and female students possessed good competency level in drafting technology course, exhibited moderately favourable attitudes and satisfactory in their study and work habits towards drafting technology. The study recommends that students should improve their attitude and study habits. State of the art facilities have to be provided by the administration to upgrade students’ knowledge and skills in drafting technology.

Filtration-histogram based magnetic resonance texture analysis (MRTA) for glioma IDH and 1p19q genotyping

Background: To determine if filtration-histogram based texture analysis (MRTA) of clinical MR imaging can non-invasively identify molecular subtypes of untreated gliomas.Methods: Post Gadolinium T1-weighted (T1+Gad) images, T2-weighted (T2) images and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps of 97 gliomas (54 = WHO II, 20 = WHO III, 23 = WHO IV) between 2010 and 2016 were studied. Whole-tumor segmentations were performed on a proprietary texture analysis research platform (TexRAD, Cambridge, UK) using the software’s freehand drawing tool. MRTA commences with a filtration step, followed by quantification of texture using histogram texture parameters. Results were correlated using non-parametric statistics with a logistic regression model generated.Results: T1+Gad performed best for IDH typing of glioblastoma (sensitivity 91.9%, specificity 100%, AUC 0.945) and ADC for non-Gadolinium-enhancing gliomas (sensitivity 85.7%, specificity 78.4%, AUC 0.877). T2 was moderately precise (sensitivity 83.1%, specificity 78.9%, AUC 0.821). Excellent results for IDH typing were achieved from a combination of the three sequences (sensitivity 90.5%, specificity 94.5%, AUC = 0.98). For discriminating 1p19q genotypes, ADC produced the best results using unfiltered textures (sensitivity 80.6%, specificity 89.3%, AUC 0.811).Conclusion: Preoperative glioma genotyping with MRTA appears valuable with potential for clinical translation. The optimal choice of texture parameters is influenced by sequence choice, tumour morphology and segmentation method.