Free Variables Research Articles

A robust and efficient hybrid solver for crystal plasticity

Conventional crystal plasticity (CP) solvers are based on a Newton-Raphson (NR) approach which use an initial guess for the free variables (often stress) to be solved. These solvers are limited by a finite interval of convergence and often fail when the free variable falls outside this interval. Solution failure results in the reduction of the time increment to be solved, thus convergence of the CP solver is a bottleneck which determines the computational cost of the simulation. The numerical stability of the slip law in its inverted form offers a solver that isn't vulnerable to poor pre-conditioning (initial guess) and can be used to progress to a solution from a stable starting point (i.e., from zero slip rate γ˙pk=0 s−1). In this paper, a novel formulation that enables the application of the slip law in its inverted form is introduced; this treats all slip systems as independent by approximating the Jacobian as a diagonal matrix, thus overcomes ill-defined and singular Jacobians associated with previous approaches. This scheme was demonstrated to offer superior robustness and convergence rate for a case with a single slip system, however the convergence rate for extreme cases with several active slip systems was relatively poor. Here, we introduce a novel ‘hybrid scheme’ that first uses the reverse scheme for the first stage of the solution, and then transitions to the forward scheme to complete the solution at a higher convergence rate. Several examples are given for pointwise calculations, followed by CPFEM simulations for FCC copper and HCP Zircaloy-4, which demonstrated solver performance in practise. The performance of simulations using the hybrid scheme was shown to require six to nine times fewer increments compared to the conventional forward scheme solver based on a free variable of stress and initial guess based on a fully elastic increment.

Finitary Type Theories With and Without Contexts

We give a definition of finitary type theories that subsumes many examples of dependent type theories, such as variants of Martin–Löf type theory, simple type theories, first-order and higher-order logics, and homotopy type theory. We prove several general meta-theorems about finitary type theories: weakening, admissibility of substitution and instantiation of metavariables, derivability of presuppositions, uniqueness of typing, and inversion principles. We then give a second formulation of finitary type theories in which there are no explicit contexts. Instead, free variables are explicitly annotated with their types. We provide translations between finitary type theories with and without contexts, thereby showing that they have the same expressive power. The context-free type theory is implemented in the nucleus of the Andromeda 2 proof assistant.

Pengaruh Latihan Zig-Zag Run Dan Shuttle Run Terhadap Kemampuan Dribbling Bola Siswa Sekolah Sepak Bola (SSB) Mahayana Usia 10-11 Di Senggreng Kecamatan Sumberpucung Kabupaten Malang

This study aims to determine the effect of Zig-zag run and shuttle run training on ball dribbling abilities in soccer games. The subjects used were SSB Mahayana Senggreng participants, Suberpucung District with a total of 18 participants. This study used an experimental method with the independent variable zig-zag run training, the free variable shuttle run training, and the dependent variable (Y) ball dribbling ability. This type of research is an experiment with a pre-test and post-test group research design. The instruments used are: Ball dribbling test, while for data analysis the t-test is used. Based on the results of testing the hypothesis of the zig-zag run exercise variable, the t-table value at a significance level of 5% and db = 8 is 1.86. Meanwhile, the t-count value is 3.2. And by testing the hypothesis of the shuttle run training variable, the t-table value at a significance level of 5% and db = 8 was 1.86. The t-count value is 1.023. Furthermore, the results of the mean difference test obtained the t-table value at the 5% significance level of 1.75 and the 1% significance level of 2.58 with db = 16. The t-count value was obtained at 0.748. So it can be concluded: (1) There is a significant effect of zig-zag run training on the ability to dribbling the ball in a soccer game (2) There is no significant effect of the shuttle run exercise on the ability to dribbling the ball in a soccer game (3) There is a significant difference in the effect There is a significant difference between zig-zag run and shuttle run training on ball dribbling ability in soccer games.

Beyond islands: a free probabilistic approach

We give a free probabilistic proposal to compute the fine-grained radiation entropy for an arbitrary bulk radiation state, in the context of the Penington-Shenker-Stanford-Yang (PSSY) model where the gravitational path integral can be implemented with full control. We observe that the replica trick gravitational path integral is combinatorially matching the free multiplicative convolution between the spectra of the gravitational sector and the matter sector respectively. The convolution formula computes the radiation entropy accurately even in cases when the island formula fails to apply. It also helps to justify this gravitational replica trick as a soluble Hausdorff moment problem. We then work out how the free convolution formula can be evaluated using free harmonic analysis, which also gives a new free probabilistic treatment of resolving the separable sample covariance matrix spectrum.The free convolution formula suggests that the quantum information encoded in competing quantum extremal surfaces can be modelled as free random variables in a finite von Neumann algebra. Using the close tie between free probability and random matrix theory, we show that the PSSY model can be described as a random matrix model that is essentially a generalization of Page’s model. It is then manifest that the island formula is only applicable when the convolution factorizes in regimes characterized by the one-shot entropies. We further show that the convolution formula can be reorganized to a generalized entropy formula in terms of the relative entropy.

Exact traveling wave solutions of the generalized fifth‐order dispersive equation by the improved Fan subequation method

In this paper, the improved Fan subequation method is employed to construct exact traveling wave solutions for a generalized fifth‐order dispersive equation. By making use of bifurcation theory of dynamical systems, we have succeeded to obtain the phase portraits of the subequations involving all possible parameter conditions, and many different types of traveling wave solutions as well, which include more general soliton solutions, kink solutions, triangular function solutions, rational solutions, and Jacobian elliptic function solutions with double periods and so on. Furthermore, as all parameters in the representations of exact solutions are free variables, the solutions obtained show more complex dynamical behaviors and could be applicable to explain diversity in qualitative features of wave phenomena.

A direct solution to linear constraints in the finite element analysis and its application illustrations

PurposeThis article aims to present a direct solution to handle linear constraints in finite element (FE) analysis without penalties or the Lagrange multipliers introduced.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the system of linear equations corresponding to the linear constraints is solved for the leading variables in terms of the free variables and the constants. Then, the reduced system of equilibrium equations with respect to the free variables is derived from the finite-dimensional virtual work equation. Finally, the algorithm is designed.FindingsThe proposed procedure is promising in three typical cases: (1) to enforce displacement constraints in any direction; (2) to implement local refinements by allowing hanging nodes from element subdivision and (3) to treat non-matching grids of distinct parts of the problem domain. The procedure is general and suitable for 3D non-linear analyses.Research limitations/implicationsThe algorithm is fitted only to the Galerkin-based numerical methods.Originality/valueThe proposed procedure does not need Lagrange multipliers or penalties. The tangential stiffness matrix of the reduced system of equilibrium equations reserves positive definiteness and symmetry. Besides, many contemporary Galerkin-based numerical methods need to tackle the enforcement of the essential conditions, whose weak forms reduce to linear constraints. As a result, the proposed procedure is quite promising.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Tingkat Kemiskinan Di Provinsi Jawa Timur Tahun 2014-2022

Poverty is one of the problems in the complex and fundamental Indonesian economy. Need to find a solution to overcome or at least reduce the level of poverty. This study was conducted to determine the influence of gross regional domestic product variables, unemployment, education, the minimum wage of the province and the human development index as a free variable against the level of poverty in East Java as a bound variable. The analysis used is quantitative analysis with the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) method in Panel Data with time series data from 2014 to 2022 and cross section 38 district/city data in East Java and the conclusion is that all free variables used in this study have significant effect on the number of poor population in East Java, both simultaneous and partial.

The Effect of Nickel Electroplating Time on Alumunium 2024 to ITS Mechanical Property

The purpose of this nickel electroplating research on aluminum is to determine the effect of time on mechanical properties in the form of hardness values from specimens and then the SEM-EDX Test is carried out on specimens with the highest hardness test values to find out the microstructure and composition in the coating. The materials used in this study are nickel as the coating and aluminum 2024 as the coated material. The fixed variables used in this study include voltage (25 V), electrode distance (20 cm), water (2400 ml), salt (40gr), vinegar (1600 ml), aluminum 2024, and nickel. The free variables are variation in coating time, namely 10, 15, and 20 minutes. The results of this study showed that the highest hardness value was found in specimens with 10 minutes of immersion time with a value of 198.31 HV and the lowest in specimens with 20 minutes of immersion time with a value of 132.81 HV. After the SEM-EDX test, it was found that the micro layer structure contained pitting (defects) and the element with the highest presentation in the layer was Ni with a mass of 84.07% and an atomic number of 55.29%.

Free Random Variables Followed by the Semicircular Law

Free Random Variables Followed by the Semicircular Law

Pengaruh Layanan COD dan Gratis Ongkir Terhadap Minat Beli Konsumen Pada e-commerce Shopee

The purpose of this study is to find out how much impact COD services and free of charge are on student purchasing interest in Shopee e-commerce. The type of research is field research with a quantitative approach. Data Collection Technique using questionnaires. The population in this study is students of Sharia Business Management Study Program Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business UIN Mahmud Yunus Batusangkar force 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 who use and shop at e-commerce Shopee with criteria have made a minimum purchase of five times and a minimum of spending Rp.200,000. The sample in the study was determined by the Slovin formula, which is 145 respondents. Data processing is done with the help of SPSS applications. The results of the study showed that partially the variable COD (X1) service had a significant effect on the interest of buying (Y) students in e-commerce Shopee in Sharia Business Management Study Program students FEBI UIN Mahmud Yunus Batusangkar, the free variable of the disk (X2) also had a significant effect on the interest of buying (Y) student of Shopee e-commerce at students of Sharia Business Management Study Program FEBI UIN Mahmud Yunus Batusangkar. Simultaneously, COD (X1) and free (X2) services together affect the variable interest of purchasing (Y) students in e-commerce Shopee on study in Sharia Business Management Study Program FEBI UIN Mahmud Yunus Batusangkar

ANALYSIS OF DOMINANT RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE

Background: Hypertension is a non-communicable disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate. This disease frequently triggers the iceberg phenomenon as numerous individuals remain unaware of the affliction. Aim: This study determines the most dominant risk factors for the incidence of hypertension. Methods: The quantitative study method used was conducted in September 2022. The study population utilized secondary data sourced from the Visit data at the Johar Baru Health Center in South Jakarta during 2021. The initial dataset consisted of 102,647 patients, out of which 13,946 had hypertension. Furthermore, data analysis involved employing the Chi-square test and Multiple Logistic Regression, with a significance level of 95%. Results: The Chi-Square test yielded significant results, indicating a relationship between risk factors for hypertension and seven out of the nine free variables examined. These variables included Body Mass Index (BMI) (p-value=0.000), excess salt consumption (p-value=0.000), underfeeding fruits and vegetables (p-value=.000), lack of physical activity (p-value=0.000), excess fat consumption (p-value=0.000), gender (p-value=0.000), and age (p-value=0.000), with a p-value of <0.05. Meanwhile, smoking (p-value=0.516) and drinking alcohol (p-value=0.859) variables, with a p-value of >0.05 had no relationship. Conclusion: The result showed that BMI was the most dominant risk factors for hypertension, with an OR of 1,610. Therefore, people with an abnormal BMI have a 1,610 times risk of developing hypertension.

Ab initio quantification of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Uptake of oxygen by hemoglobin (Hb), described by the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve, is obviously important for the existence of all vertebrates. Its sigmoidal curve shape indicates that oxygen binds more tightly if sites already are occupied, commonly referred to as the cooperative effect. The effect has been challenging to understand and quantify ever since its experimental demonstration in 1904. Here, we derive an ab initio analytical expression for the dissociation curve based on the fundamental principle of uniform oxygen chemical potential and absolute activity throughout the system at equilibrium using the grand partition function. The resulting analytical dissociation expression therefore only has four molecular oxygen-Hb binding energies as free variables, which are determined by fitting the analytical expression to measured data. The corresponding resulting negative reaction enthalpies identified in increasing magnitude are, ΔH1=−41.6, ΔH2=−48.8, ΔH3=−51.2, andΔH4=−51.8kJ/mol, in the range observed experimentally. The difference between ΔH1 and ΔH4 is ∼10kJ/mol, smaller than the maximum enthalpy difference measured experimentally, ∼16.7kJ/mol. Hence, the cooperative effect can therefore be explained, from an energy point of view, as caused by the reaction enthalpy difference between ΔH1 and the three subsequent enthalpy values. No impact of Hb’s spatial and structural properties is assumed. The finding highlights the importance of identifying the ligand-receptor molecular binding energies, and thereby the reaction enthalpies, under different conditions as a way for calculating not only the oxygen-Hb but ligand-receptor dissociation curves in general under various conditions, a priori, since the procedure for determining these curves ab initio has been established.

Thermal leptogenesis in the minimal gauged U1Lμ−Lτ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \ extrm{U}{(1)}_{L_{\\mu }-{L}_{\ au }} $$\\end{document} model

We discuss the thermal leptogenesis mechanism within the minimal gauged U1Lμ−Lτ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \ extrm{U}{(1)}_{L_{\\mu }-{L}_{\ au }} $$\\end{document} model to explain the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe (BAU). In such framework, the phases of the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata neutrino mixing matrix and the sum of the Standard Model neutrino masses are predictable because of a restricted neutrino mass matrix structure. Additionally, in the context of thermal leptogenesis, the BAU can be computed in terms of the three remaining free variables that parameterise the right-handed neutrino masses and their Yukawa couplings to the Higgs and lepton doublets. We identify the ranges of such parameters for which the correct BAU can be reproduced. We adopt the formalism of the density matrix equations to fully account for flavour effects and consider the decays of all the three right-handed neutrinos. Our analysis reveals that thermal leptogenesis is feasible within a wide parameter space, specifically for Yukawa couplings ranging from approximate unity to O\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{O} $$\\end{document}(0.03–0.05) and mass of the lightest right-handed neutrino M1 ≳ 1011−12 GeV, setting a leptogenesis scale in the considered model which is higher than that of the non-thermal scenario.

An improved parametric model for marine propeller: iPM4MP

This paper proposes an improved parametric model called iPM4MP to construct the CAD model of the marine propeller. iPM4MP is established through the marine structure feature parameters such as Diameter (D), Number of blades (Z), Area Ratio (AR) and Pitch (P). The series of radial feature curves are applied to represent the geometry of propellers. The designer can obtain the geometric definition of the propeller by setting these radial feature curves. Setting the marine structure feature parameters and the feature curves is the initial step of iPM4MP. The uniform Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) method is combined with the radial feature curves to obtain the 3D point cloud of the propeller. Finally, the CAD model of the propeller is obtained through Point Cloud to NURBS technique. Numerous numerical experiments to reconstruct the geometric model of the propeller illustrate that the iPM4MP is competitive with the other method. A numerical investigation of inaccuracies in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations caused by CAD models built using the iPM4MP and other methods was performed. Moreover, iPM4MP is applied to two propeller geometry generation works. The results demonstrate that the iPM4MP can build a valid CAD geometric and maintaining the generality of the shape while decreasing the number of free variables. iPM4MP is flexible and versatile. Furthermore, the CFD results show that iPM4MP has certain advantages in outlining the shape of the blade tip.

Determinants of Stunting in Toddlers In Gatak Subdistrict, Sukoharjo Regency

<span>Indonesia faces nutritional problems that have an impact on the quality of human resources. One of the nutritional problems is the incidence of stunting experienced by more than half of stunting toddlers in the world who come from ASIA (55%). The highest number of stunting cases is based on e-PPGBM data for 2020-2021 in Sukoharjo Regency in Gatak District. In Gatak District, from 2020 to 2021, there has been an increase in stunting cases in toddlers. In 2020 in Gatak District, the number of stunted toddlers was 414 toddlers while in 2021 the number of stunted toddlers increased to 463 toddlers. </span><span>This research is a quantitative research with a cross-sectional approach. The bound variables in this study are the incidence of stunting in toddlers, while the free variables in the study are maternal knowledge about nutrition, exclusive breastfeeding status, parental income, BBLR history and child care. The research sample was taken with a sampling quota with a total sample of 96 respondents who were toddlers in Gatak District, Sukoharjo Regency in 2021. The analysis used by researchers to determine the relationship of each variable using chi square analysis. The value of P is said to be related if the Value of P is <0.05. Based on the frequency distribution is mostly on productive age, higher education level, mostly employed, and income level is largely less than the UMR. There is a significant relationship between maternal knowledge, exclusive breastfeeding status, BBLR history and parenting with stunting events (p value = 0.000 < 0.05), while parental income has nothing to do with stunting events (p value = 0.067 > 0.05).</span>

Analisis Pengaruh Economic Value Added (EVA), Return On Asset (ROA) Dan Return On Equity (ROE) Terhadap Market Value Added (MVA)

This study aims to find out the influence of EVA, ROA, and ROE on MVA both partially and simultaneously on companies listed in the highway, airport, port, and allied products sub-sector on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in 2017-2021. The sum of EVA, ROA, and ROE as free variables (independent), while MVA variables as bound variables dependent). The population in this study is listed in the Sub-sector of toll roads, airports, ports, and allied products on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2017-2021. Three companies used samples. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistics. The results of the data obtained will be processed using IBM SPSS 26. Research results show that EVA partially has no significant relationship with MVA, while ROA and ROE have significant relationships with MVA. And EVA, ROA, and ROE simultaneously have no effect on MVA. The results of this study are expected to provide new knowledge to readers. Especially investors who will start investing are expected to pay attention to other factors besides EVA, ROA, and ROE.
 
 Keywords: Economic Value Added, Return On Assets, Return On Equity, Market Value Added, IBM SPSS 26

A generalized trial equation scheme: A tool for solving thin films constructed from the ferroelectric materials

In this paper, the thin-film ferroelectric material equation (TFFME) which enables the propagation of solitary polarization in thin-film ferroelectric materials is investigated, and also illustrated through the nonlinear evolution equations. Ferroelectrics are dielectric materials that exhibit nonlinear behaviors in wave propagation. Thin films constructed from the ferroelectric materials are utilized in different modern electronic devices. To investigate the characteristics of new waves, the solitary wave dynamics of the mentioned equation is used in the generalized trial equation scheme. The bright and periodic solutions are obtained by semi-inverse variational principle scheme. Many alternative responses may be obtained through different formulae; each of these solutions offers a distinct graph. The validity of such methods and solutions may be demonstrated by assessing how well the relevant techniques and solutions match up. The effects of free variables on the behavior of few achieved solutions for nonlinear rational exact cases are also plotted and explored depending upon the nature of nonlinearities. The dynamic properties of the obtained results are shown and analyzed by some density, two- and three-dimensional images. The results provide a way for future research on generating optical memories based on the nonlinear solitons.

Pengaruh Promosi Online dan Brand Ambassador terhadap Minat Beli Produk Scarlett Whitening

This study aims to test the effect of online promotion through Instagram and brand ambassadors on the buying interest of Scarlett Whitening products. This study used a non-probability sampling technique with a total sample of 96 respondents. Using quantitative methods with a quantitative approach through a simple linear regression test as a statistical test calculation. The results of this study can be identified that the free variables in this study (Instagram social media and brand ambassadors) had a significant positive effect on the buying interest of Scarlett Whitening products.
 
 Keywords: Promotion Online; Brand Ambassador; Purchase Intention

Pengaruh Advertising, Personal Selling dan Sales Promotion terhadap Keputusan Mahasiswa untuk Kuliah di STIKOM PROSIA

This research aims at analyzing some of the influences of Advertising (X1), Personal Selling (X2), Sales Promotion (X3) as independent variables, either independently or individually concerning Decision for Lectures (Y) as the independent variables in STIKOM Prosia. The research uses a survey method with the application of the association as a result of using quantitative data, whereas the research describes the relationship between the dependent variable (Independent Decision and Sales Promotion) through the testing of the hypothesis. The questionnaire given to the respondent responders was made sideways by looking at the actual conditions behind the adoption of the second category of conditioning, personal selling, sales promotion, and institutional study. The data is collected in a conversation with weights that vary based on the response of the respondent for a valid test and reliability. testing of the prerequisite using a multiple correlations which aims to find the relationship between the two and the free variable (X) against the dependent variable (Y). The results of the study with the title of Affairs Advertising, Personal Selling, and Sales Promotion on the Decision for Lecture in STIKOM Prosia can be said to have a significant effect

Trade-offs in Static and Dynamic Evaluation of Hierarchical Queries

We investigate trade-offs in static and dynamic evaluation of hierarchical queries with arbitrary free variables. In the static setting, the trade-off is between the time to partially compute the query result and the delay needed to enumerate its tuples. In the dynamic setting, we additionally consider the time needed to update the query result under single-tuple inserts or deletes to the database. Our approach observes the degree of values in the database and uses different computation and maintenance strategies for high-degree (heavy) and low-degree (light) values. For the latter it partially computes the result, while for the former it computes enough information to allow for on-the-fly enumeration. We define the preprocessing time, the update time, and the enumeration delay as functions of the light/heavy threshold. By appropriately choosing this threshold, our approach recovers a number of prior results when restricted to hierarchical queries. We show that for a restricted class of hierarchical queries, our approach achieves worst-case optimal update time and enumeration delay conditioned on the Online Matrix-Vector Multiplication Conjecture.