Free Sugar Content Research Articles

Non-Saccharomyces와 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermivin으로 혼합 발효한 사과와인의 동결농축에 따른 이화학적 특성

The aim of this study was to develop high quality no-sugar-added apple cider. Physicochemical characteristics of the apple cider fermented using a co-culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermivin and non-Saccharomyces yeasts (Pichia anomala JK04 and Issatchenkia orientalis KMBL5774) were investigated after freeze concentration (FC) until alcohol content reached 12% (v/v). Compared with others, JK04 cider showed delayed alcohol fermentation. Soluble solid, reducing sugar, total acidity, and total phenolic compounds including free-sugar content of JK04 cider were considerably increased after FC compared to those of other ciders. Malic acid content was the highest among organic acids in all ciders after FC, while lactic acid content remained unchanged. Methanol, acetaldehyde, and fusel oil content of all ciders increased after FC; but it was lower than the standard of Korean Food Standards Codex. Hue value decreased in Fermivin and JK04 ciders but increased in 5774 cider. Intensity values of all ciders increased. L and a values in all ciders decreased, whereas b value increased remarkably. In total, 20 types of volatile aromatic compounds were detected. High molecular weight compounds increased while low molecular weight compounds decreased after FC. JK04 cider got the highest color and flavor scores, while 5774 cider got the highest taste and overall preferences scores. Therefore, these data show that non-Saccharomyces yeasts and freeze concentration can be used to improve the overall quality of apple cider.

Implications of low-dose e-beam irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment on physicochemical and sensory qualities of grapefruit and lemons during postharvest cold storage

Since irradiation is a proven decontamination measure, it is essential to monitor the shelf-life and quality of agricultural produce. We evaluated the impacts of low e-beam doses (0, 0.4, 1 kGy) on quality of grapefruit and lemons directly after irradiation as well as during storage (4 °C, 20 d) to simulate transport and market conditions. E-beam irradiation doses of 0.4 kGy and 1 kGy did not alter the weight, texture, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), sugars, organic acids, vitamin C, narinrutin, hesperidin, and product preference with the exception of a decrease in citric acid of grapefruit and TSS/TA in lemons at 1 kGy. Besides minimal weight loss, firmness did not change in any samples during storage regardless of irradiation doses. Values of TSS and TA remained constant during 20 d of storage in grapefruit and 1 kGy irradiated lemons. Free sugar contents significantly increased, while vitamin C content decreased in both grapefruit and lemons after 10 d. Organic acids and flavonoids underwent delayed (grapefruit) or no changes (lemons) in 1 kGy irradiated stored fruits. Overall, 1 kGy e-beam used for phytosanitation of grapefruit and lemons minimizes quality deterioration during storage.

호박을 이용한 식사대용식 발효 호박죽 제조

This study was performed to investigate the effects on addition rate of dried pumpkin leaf and seed to pumpkin porridge, as well as to examine the quality characteristics of fermented pumpkin porridge. For enzyme activities amylase and protease from fermented pumpkin porridge were examined. Fermented pumpkin porridge was prepared with different amount of pumpkin leaf and seed powder in the ratio of 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0% according to the quantity of porridge. With an increase in the quantity of fermented pumpkin leaf and seed powder added, the carbohydrate and crude protein contents of pumpkin porridge increased, whereas the crude lipid contents decreased. The total sugar contents in the control sample (without fermented pumpkin powder) was higher (26.23±2.15%) than that of the others (18.31-19.05%). Major free sugars in the samples were sucrose, glucose and fructose. The total free sugar contents in the control samples was higher (36.54±1.41%) than that in the other samples containing fermented pumpkin porridge powders. The Hunter’s L, a, and b value decreased as the contents of fermented pumpkin leaf and seed powder increased. Our results reveal that, adding fermented pumpkin leaf and seed powder could improve the quality of pumpkin porridge and addition of 1% powder is optimal.

Fruits of plants of Amelanchier genus (Amelanchier Medic) as source of biologically active substances and minerals

An interest in plants of Amelanchier genus is stimulated by the necessity of search for plant sources rich in biologically active substances and possessing the ability to influence different physiological processes in a human organism. The article gives information about places of growth of different species of Amelanchier (Amelanchier Medic) and about the fact that its fruits contain high concentration of free sugars, relatively low level of organic acids, sufficient amounts of various vitamins and provitamins and a complex of mineral substances. Nutritive and biological value of Amelanchier fruits in complex may produce a beneficial effect on different biochemical and physiological processes of normal vital activity of a human organism. The data are given about a positive influence of enteral introduction of polysaccharides isolated from Amelanchier fruits, on different physiological processes that enhance adaptational reserves of an organism of experimental animals. In particular, it was shown that watersoluble polysaccharide complex (WSPC) of Amelanchier fruits activates erythropoiesis increasing the amount of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in blood of experimental animals and raises concentration of iron. WSPC improves physical working capacity and increases the body mass of experimental animals. Addition of watersoluble polysaccharide complex of Amelanchier fruits to blood of a healthy donor increases thermal, osmotic and peroxide resistance of erythrocyte membranes thus protecting cells against damage under action of adverse factors in the experiment. Fruits of plants of Amelanchier genus may be recommended to be used as a food additive or a product in dietary and prophylactic therapy.

Fruits of plants of Amelanchier genus (Amelanchier Medic) as source of biologically active substances and minerals

An interest in plants of Amelanchier genus is stimulated by the necessity of search for plant sources rich in biologically active substances and possessing the ability to influence different physiological processes in a human organism. The article gives information about places of growth of different species of Amelanchier (Amelanchier Medic) and about the fact that its fruits contain high concentration of free sugars, relatively low level of organic acids, sufficient amounts of various vitamins and provitamins and a complex of mineral substances. Nutritive and biological value of Amelanchier fruits in complex may produce a beneficial effect on different biochemical and physiological processes of normal vital activity of a human organism. The data are given about a positive influence of enteral introduction of polysaccharides isolated from Amelanchier fruits, on different physiological processes that enhance adaptational reserves of an organism of experimental animals. In particular, it was shown that watersoluble polysaccharide complex (WSPC) of Amelanchier fruits activates erythropoiesis increasing the amount of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in blood of experimental animals and raises concentration of iron. WSPC improves physical working capacity and increases the body mass of experimental animals. Addition of watersoluble polysaccharide complex of Amelanchier fruits to blood of a healthy donor increases thermal, osmotic and peroxide resistance of erythrocyte membranes thus protecting cells against damage under action of adverse factors in the experiment. Fruits of plants of Amelanchier genus may be recommended to be used as a food additive or a product in dietary and prophylactic therapy.

Efficient production of succinic acid from herbal extraction residue hydrolysate

In this study, six different herbal-extraction residues were evaluated for succinic acid production in terms of chemical composition before and after dilute acid pretreatment (DAP) and sugar release performance. Chemical composition showed that pretreated residues of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch (GUR) and Morus alba L. (MAR) had the highest cellulose content, 50% and 52%, respectively. Higher concentrations of free sugars (71.6 g/L total sugar) and higher hydrolysis yield (92%) were both obtained under 40 FPU/g DM at 10% solid loading for GUR. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), GUR was found to show a less compact structure due to process of extraction. Specifically, the fibers in pretreated GUR were coarse and disordered compared with that of GUR indicated by SEM. Finally, 65 g/L succinic acid was produced with a higher yield of 0.89 g/g total sugar or 0.49 g/g GUR. Our results illustrate the potential of GUR for succinic acid production.

Газохроматографическое определение свободных сахаров в изолятах соевого белка

Разработана методика газохроматографического определения свободных сахаров (глюкоза, сахароза, раффиноза, стахиоза) с применением внутреннего стандарта – трикаприна. Для установления коэффициентов чувствительности использовали стандарты сахаров глюкозы, сахарозы, раффинозы и стахиозы компании SigmaAldrich в совокупности с расчетным методом. Результаты исследования представляют интерес в области аналитического контроля производства продуктов переработки сои, в частности, изолятов соевого белка.

Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases-Related Dietary Nutrient Profile in the UK (2008⁻2014).

We described the contribution of ultra-processed foods in the U.K. diet and its association with the overall dietary content of nutrients known to affect the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Cross-sectional data from the U.K. National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2014) were analysed. Food items collected using a four-day food diary were classified according to the NOVA system. The average energy intake was 1764 kcal/day, with 30.1% of calories coming from unprocessed or minimally processed foods, 4.2% from culinary ingredients, 8.8% from processed foods, and 56.8% from ultra-processed foods. As the ultra-processed food consumption increased, the dietary content of carbohydrates, free sugars, total fats, saturated fats, and sodium increased significantly while the content of protein, fibre, and potassium decreased. Increased ultra-processed food consumption had a remarkable effect on average content of free sugars, which increased from 9.9% to 15.4% of total energy from the first to the last quintile. The prevalence of people exceeding the upper limits recommended for free sugars and sodium increased by 85% and 55%, respectively, from the lowest to the highest ultra-processed food quintile. Decreasing the dietary share of ultra-processed foods may substantially improve the nutritional quality of diets and contribute to the prevention of diet-related NCDs.

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE TWO-STAGE METHOD OF DRIED JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE PREPARATION FOR DISTILLATION

For the production of distillates from Jerusalem artichoke, the technical and economic advantages of using dried raw materials are substantiated in comparison with the processing of fresh tubers, consisting in stabilizing the biochemical composition of raw materials and increasing its microbiological characteristics, eliminating seasonality, simplifying the technological process. The fractional composition of fructose containing carbohydrates of raw materials was studied and it was shown that in the process of obtaining dried Jerusalem artichoke, the main carbohydrates of raw materials depolymerize and, as a result, their accessibility to enzymatic hydrolysis is increased. The content of free reducing sugars (fraction FI) increases by 3–5 times, low molecular weight fraction of inulin (fraction FII) by 1.5 times. The albumin complex of dried Jerusalem artichoke is analyzed and it is established that the main protein fractions are albumins (58.2–61.5 % of total protein nitrogen), prolamines and glutelins are not found in the raw material. The factors influencing the technological parameters of the two-stage method for preparing dried artichoke for distillation are determined. At the first stage, when obtaining the sugared wort, a hydromodule (1 ÷ 4.5) was installed, the norm of the microbial inulinase task (3.0–4.5 units in/g inulin of the raw material), the duration of the enzymatic treatment (3 hours at a temperature of 52 ± 2 °С). Based on the study of the dynamics of CO 2 emissions, the evaluation of the strength of fermented wort and the determination of volatile components in it, it is recommended to use dry alcoholic yeast Fermiol in the amount of 100 mg /100 g of wort, the process at a temperature of 28–30 °С, the fermentation time is 72 hours. it is shown that acidification of the medium in the wort preparation stage to pH 4.5 allows to reduce methanol content in the fermented wort.

Gradual reduction of free sugars in beverages on sale by implementing the beverage checklist as a public health strategy

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are a major source of free sugar intake and contribute to obesity and obesity-related diseases. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of a gradual sugar reduction strategy within the so-called 'beverage checklist' on free sugar content in beverages on sale in Austria. From 2010 until 2017, data on the amount of free sugar of sweetened beverages (sweetened with sugars, fruit juice and artificial sweeteners) with 0.20-0.75l serving sizes in all main supermarkets and from industry was collected. These data were published annually as the beverage checklist, which displays beverages on sale in Austria. The checklist aims to encourage beverage production with a free sugar content of ≤7.4 g/100 ml and no artificial sweeteners. Free sugar content in the total supply decreased significantly [7.53 (2.86) vs. 6.75 (2.79) g/100 ml; 10.4%; P < 0.001] over time and also in those for which follow-up data were available until 2017 (n = 100) [7.55 (2.46) vs. 7.28 (2.44) g/100 ml; 3.5%; P < 0.001]. The percentage of beverages fulfilling the guiding criteria increased by 12.8% (P < 0.001) and of those containing sweeteners decreased by 13.3% (after 2012; P = 0.034). This public health strategy, conducted by a small non-profit organization, showed a reduction in the mean free sugar content by working with the industry to voluntarily reformulate beverages. More beverages with less added sugar were brought to the market, which implies healthier choices. The challenge now is to further engage the industry and also policy makers to achieve a greater reduction in the future.

Sugar yield and composition of tubers from Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) irrigated with saline waters.

Currently, major biofuel crops are also food crops that demand fertile soils and good-quality water. Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus, Asteraceae) produces high tonnage of tubers that are rich in sugars, mainly in the form of inulin. In this study, plants of the cultivar "White Fuseau" grown under five salinity levels were evaluated for tuber yield. Results indicated that this cultivar is moderately salt-tolerant if the goal is tuber production. Hydraulic pressings of the tubers produced juice that contained 15% (wet weight) or 55% (dry weight) free sugars, with 70% of these in the form of inulin and the rest as fructose, sucrose, and glucose. Importantly, salinity did not affect the total free sugar or inulin content of the tubers. Tubers were composed of about 12% dry washed bagasse (wet weight) or 44% (dry matter basis) and bagasse retained such high quantities of free sugars after pressing that washing was required for complete sugar recovery. Chemical composition analysis of tuber bagasse suggested that it had low lignin content (11-13 wt%), and its structural sugar composition was similar to chicory root bagasse. Because of the high hemicellulose and pectin content of the bagasse, adding xylanase and pectinase to cellulase substantially improved sugar yields from enzymatic hydrolysis compared to at the same protein loading as cellulase alone. In addition to the high total sugar yield of tuber, these first findings on the sugar and lignin content and enzymatic hydrolysis of tuber bagasse can lead to low-cost production of ethanol for transportation fuels.

Changes in the Functional Components and Radical Scavenging Activity of Korean Maize Hybrids According to Different Cropping Seasons

We evaluated the proximate composition, free sugar content, fatty acid composition, carotenoid content, total phenol content, and radical scavenging activity of the grain from various Korean maize hybrid cultivars grown in two different cropping seasons. The moisture, crude ash, crude fat, crude protein, total starch, and amylose contents were significantly higher in most of the maize hybrid cultivars when grown in the early-season than when grown in the late-season. The free sugar content, fatty acid composition, carotenoid content, and total phenol content differed significantly between cultivars and cropping seasons. The highest unsaturated fatty acid compositions of maize hybrids of early-season and late-season were 86.05 and 86.29%, respectively, in the Daanok cultivar. The carotenoid contents were significantly higher in maize hybrids of late-season compared to those of early-season. The highest total phenol content was 108.09 mg/100 g in Singwangok of the late-season. The radical scavenging activity of maize hybrids differed significantly between cultivars and cropping seasons.

Effects of different types of soy sauce on the formation of heterocyclic amines in roasted chicken

ABSTRACTThe objective of the study was to determine the effect of different types of soy sauce and marinating time on the formation of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in roasted chicken. Chicken breast samples were marinated with sweet, salty, light and dark soy sauce at 0, 3, 6 and 12 h (control treatment was the chicken without marinade). The concentrations of free amino acids, sugars and creatinine were determined before roasting while HCA concentrations were determined after roasting. All types of soy sauce significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) the concentration of HCAs in roasted chicken with increasing marinating time. The highest increment of total concentration of HCAs was found in samples marinated with light soy sauce (887%) followed by dark (375%), salty (193%) and sweet (169%) at 12 h. PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine) showed a substantial reduction in samples only momentarily marinated with sweet, salty and dark soy sauce (0 h). Free amino acids were found to be more strongly correlated with the formation of HCAs than reducing sugars or creatinine.

Plant cells as food – A concept taking shape

Plant cell cultures from cloudberry, lingonberry and stoneberry were studied in terms of their nutritional properties as food. Carbohydrate, lipid and protein composition, in vitro protein digestibility and sensory properties were investigated. Dietary fibre content varied between 21.2 and 36.7%, starch content between 0.3 and 1.3% and free sugar content between 17.6 and 33.6%. Glucose and fructose were the most abundant sugars. High protein contents between 13.7 and 18.9% were recorded and all samples had a balanced amino acid profile. In vitro protein digestion assay showed hydrolysis by digestive enzymes in fresh cells but only limited hydrolysis in freeze-dried samples. The lipid analysis indicated that the berry cells were rich sources of essential, polyunsaturated fatty acids. In sensory evaluation, all fresh berry cells showed fresh odour and flavour. Fresh cell cultures displayed a rather sandy, coarse mouthfeel, whereas freeze-dried cells melted quickly in the mouth. All in all the potential of plant cells as food was confirmed.

Nutritional Value, Chemical Characterization and Bulb Morphology of Greek Garlic Landraces.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important vegetable crop throughout the world. In Greece there are many areas which have specialized in garlic cultivation through the last decades, considered the main production areas. However, despite the significance of garlic as a food product and the high annual income of this crop, there is a decreasing trend in total cultivated area in Greece, and the local landraces are gradually neglected in favor of new imported genotypes. In the present study, garlic genotypes (local landraces/varieties, imported genotypes, commercial cultivars) from the main production regions of Greece were assessed for their chemical composition and quality (total soluble solids, dry matter content, nutritional value, mineral composition, organic acids, fatty acids content and free sugars content), and bulb morphology. The results of the present study showed significant diversity in quality features and bulb morphology, not only between the genotypes from different growing regions, but also between those of the same region. This result is interesting since it could be implemented for further improvement and valorization of this important vegetable crop through extensive breeding programs within the framework of sustainability and genetic, material conservation.

Total and Free Sugar Content of Pre-Packaged Foods and Non-Alcoholic Beverages in Slovenia.

Scientific evidence of the association between free sugar consumption and several adverse health effects has led many public health institutions to take measures to limit the intake of added or free sugar. Monitoring the efficiency of such policies and the amount of free sugar consumed requires precise knowledge of free sugar content in different food products. To meet this need, our cross-sectional study aimed at assessing free sugar content for 10,674 pre-packaged food items available from major Slovenian food stores during data collection in 2015. Together, 52.6% of all analyzed products contained free sugar, which accounted for an average of 57.5% of the total sugar content. Food categories with the highest median free sugar content were: honey and syrups (78.0 g/100 g), jellies (62.9 g/100 g), chocolate and sweets (44.6 g/100 g), jam and spreads (35.9 g/100 g), and cereal bars (23.8 g/100 g). Using year-round sales data provided by the retailers, the data showed that chocolate, sweets, and soft drinks alone accounted for more than 50% of all free sugar sold on the Slovenian market. The results of this study can be used to prepare more targeted interventions and efficient dietary recommendations.

Effect of Storage Period on Free Sugar and Starch Contents of Six Sweet Potato Varieties with Different Taste on Baking, and Quantification of Sweetness and Texture

Effect of Storage Period on Free Sugar and Starch Contents of Six Sweet Potato Varieties with Different Taste on Baking, and Quantification of Sweetness and Texture

Changes in the functional components and radical scavenging activity of maize under various roasting conditions.

The phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts from maize at various roasting conditions were evaluated in this research. The free sugar contents in roasted maize significantly decreased with higher roasting temperature and longer roasting time. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents in roasted maize significantly increased with higher roasting temperature and longer roasting time. The predominant phenolic acid in the roasted maize was homogentisic acid. The contents of homogentisic acid and myricetin in roasted maize significantly increased with higher roasting temperature and longer roasting time. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of roasted maize significantly increased with higher roasting temperature and longer roasting time. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were positively correlated with phenolic compounds. The activities of these components increased following heat treatments because of the low molecularization effects of the heating process, which resulted in active, low-molecular-weight components that were readily extracted.

건조방법을 달리한 유자껍질 티백차의 품질특성 비교

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of drying methods for Citrus junos peels on quality characteristics of the hot-water leachate from teabags containing those peels. Fresh peels were hot-air (50°C), cold-air (30°C), or freeze-dried (-45°C), powdered to a size of 40 mesh, packaged with a paper sachet, and then the packaged teabags were leached for 10 min with hot-water (70°C). L*value (lightness) and -a* value (greenness) of the peel powder were the highest in the freeze-dried samples. Soluble solids and titratable acidity of the teabag leachate were in the following order; cold-air, freeze, and hot-air dried samples. Among free sugar contents in all samples, fructose content was the highest, followed by glucose and sucrose. Fructose and glucose contents were not affected by drying methods. There was no significant difference in the flavonoid content among the peels dried using three drying methods. DPPH radical-scavenging activity of the leachate was the highest in the cold-air dried sample. These results suggest that cold-air drying would be an effective method to enhance the quality of hot-water leachate of teabags prepared from C. junos peels.

Free Sugar and Organic Acid Contents of Pollens from Quercus spp. in Korea

Free Sugar and Organic Acid Contents of Pollens from Quercus spp. in Korea