Free-range Conditions Research Articles

Effect of different free-range systems on the growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of Yangzhou geese

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different free-range systems on the growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of geese. Grass pasture zones in the study area were selected, and 28 d-old male Yangzhou geese with similar body weights (1.57 ± 0.12 kg) were randomly allocated to one of three conditions: (A) free-range conditions in the apron area during 9:00 a.m.–4:00 p.m. (10–20 m from shed with grass pasture); (B) free-range conditions in the outer range from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. (beyond 50 m from shed with grass pasture); and (C) barn system. Free range-reared geese had higher weight gain after 42 days of age than barn-reared geese, regardless of the range area. A lower feed conversion ratio was found in outer range-reared and apron area-reared geese from 28 to 63 days of age. In addition, the highest percentages of leg and breast muscle weights were observed in outer range-reared and apron area-reared geese, respectively. Finally, outer-range rearing resulted in a lower pH and lower moisture content. Therefore, these data suggest that the outer range system benefits growth performance and feed conversion ratio of geese and results in a higher percentage of leg muscle weight, lower pH, and lower moisture content.

Behavioural Responses and Feeding Preference of Hemiechinus Collaris ( Eulipotyphla: Erinaceidae)

The behavioral aspects of Hedgehog (Hemiechinus collaris) kept in Nocturnal Captive, Nocturnal free range, diurnal captive, and diurnal free-range conditions were recorded and compared with each other. The behavior aspects such as Jumping, aggressiveness, digging, stress, rolling up, immovability, walking, standing, drinking, lying and feeding were observed. Non-significant differences were observed in jumping and feeding behavior of all four types of conditions. Similarly, aggressiveness, digging, stress, roll up, immovability, walking, standing, drinking, and lying behaviors show significant differences in Nocturnal Captive, Nocturnal free range, diurnal captive and diurnal free-range condition. Different feeds such as natural feed, bakery waste, meat waste, and tea stall waste were offered to H. collaris which were arranged in four groups (G-I, G-II, G-III and G-IV). Natural feed consumed constantly by animals of all groups and non-significantly difference observed in percentages of consumed feed. The maximum bakery waste feed consumed by animals of Group-I significantly differed from the other three groups G-II, G-III and G-IV, while percentage of consumed meat waste feed recorded highest in G-I which significantly differed from other groups. The fourth type of feed was tea stall waste which was consumed highest by H. collaris which was kept in G-IV and also shows significant difference with animals of G-I, G-II and G-III.

Phenotypic and genetic diversity of domestic yak (Bos grunniens) in high-altitude rangelands of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.

Due to climate change, irrigated agriculture may become restricted in the mountain valleys in northern Pakistan in the future. Hence, the importance of yak (Bos grunniens) keeping in the mountain ranges as risk-mitigating strategy for mountain dwellers will potentially increase. However, little is known about the current status of the domestic yak in this region. We therefore used phenotypic characteristics and 13 microsatellite loci to determine the phenotypic differences and the level of genetic differentiation between populations of six valleys. Larger body measures and partially different physical appearance were observed in Shimshal and Khaplu yaks, especially when compared with yaks in the Chapurson valley. Overall, the mean observed heterozygosity was similar to the mean expected heterozygosity. Average genetic diversity was highest in the Hopar population and lowest in the Haramosh population. A low FIS value indicated that individuals were less related than expected under a model of random mating. Three distinct genetic clusters were found for the six yak populations under study. Genetic distances were largest between Shimshal and Khaplu populations, and lowest between populations of Phandar and Hopar. It is concluded that yaks of Shimshal, Khaplu and Haramosh valleys were genetically distinct from yak populations in Chapurson, Hopar and Phandar valleys, indicating that the free-range conditions and pastoral yak rearing system in the region have preserved the underlying genetic diversity of the yak populations.

Using Free-Range Laboratory Mice to Explore Foraging, Lifestyle, and Diet Issues in Cancer

As cancer progresses, its impact should manifest in the foraging behavior of its host much like the effects of endo-parasites that hinder foraging aptitudes and risk management abilities. Furthermore, the lifestyle of the host can impact tumor growth and quality of life. To approach these questions, we conducted novel experiments by letting C57BL/6 laboratory mice, with or without oral squamous cell carcinoma, free range in a large outdoor vivarium. Our goals were to: (1) determine whether one could conduct experiments with a mouse model under free range conditions, (2) measure effects of cancer burden on foraging metrics, (3) compare tumor growth rates with laboratory housed mice, and (4) begin to sort out confounding factors such as diet. With or without cancer, the C57BL/6 laboratory mice dealt with natural climatic conditions and illumination, found shelter or dug burrows, sought out food from experimental food patches, and responded to risk factors associated with microhabitat by foraging more thoroughly in food patches under bush (safe) than in the open (risky). We quantified foraging using giving-up densities of food left behind in the food patches. The mice’s patch use changed over time, and was affected by disease status, sex, and microhabitat. Males, which were larger, consumed more food and had lower giving-up densities than females. Relative to cancer-free mice, mice with growing tumors lost weight, harvested more food, and increasingly relied on patches in the bush microhabitat. The tumors of free-ranging mice in the vivarium grew slower than those of their cohort that were housed in mouse cages in animal facilities. Numerous interesting factors could explain the difference in tumor growth rates: activity levels, stress, weather, food intake, diet, and more. To tease apart one of these intertwined factors, we found that tumors grew faster when mice in the laboratory were fed on millet rather than laboratory mouse chow. While just a start, these novel experiments and framework show how free-ranging mice provide a model that can test a broader range of hypotheses and use a broader range of metrics regarding cancer progression and its consequences for the host.

Free-Range Feeding Alters Fatty Acid Composition at the sn-2 Position of Triglycerides and Subcutaneous Fat Physicochemical Properties in Heavy Pigs.

Simple SummaryFat content and the degree of fatty acid unsaturation in meat are two major concerns for consumers. Fat concentration and its molecular structure (fatty acid positional distribution) are related to the nutritional fat value and tissue rheological properties. Changes in fat concentration and/or fatty acid profile related to modifications of dietary treatments are well described in the literature. Nevertheless, studies aimed to control fatty acid positional distribution by dietary intervention in pigs are scarce, and studies have shown that the internal sn-2 position is highly regulated and resistant to dietary manipulation. However, this study demonstrated that heavy pigs fed on free-range with high levels of oleic acid can alter the fatty acid composition of the internal position of the triglyceride, thus affecting the nutritional value of their fat as well as their physicochemical properties.The nutritional value of fat consumption depends on both the fatty acid composition and the positional distribution of fatty acids within the triglyceride molecule. This research studies the effect of feeding with three different diets (4% lard-enriched; 11.5% high-oleic sunflower-enriched; and extensive feeding mainly with acorns) on the composition of fatty acids in the sn-2 position (and sn-1,3) of triglycerides and the textural properties of subcutaneous fat in heavy Iberian pigs (n = 210 castrated males). A moderate dietary enrichment with oleic acid in mixed diets did not alter the regulation of the sn-2 position of triglyceride (69.9% and 13.9% of palmitic and oleic acids, respectively), but the extremely high intake of oleic acid in pigs fed mainly on acorns changed the proportions of palmitic and oleic acids at the sn-2 position in the subcutaneous fat of pigs (55.0% and 27.2%, respectively). Hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness showed the least values in EXT pigs, and the greatest values in LARD-fed barrows. SUN cohesiveness and gumminess did not differ from those fed LARD. In addition, Iberian pigs raised in free-range conditions had a more favorable nutritional lipid profile for human health compared to pigs fed conventional diets.

Screening of Immunostimulatory Activity from Indonesian Kampung (Gallus domesticus) Egg White Water Extract: in vitro study

The most popular Indonesian native chicken, known as kampung chicken, is maintained under free-range conditions therefore it is prone to high environmental stress. Indonesian native chicken and its product are always regarded as having health benefits compared to commercial chicken by Indonesian society. But there is still limited report regarding Indonesian native chicken and its product. This study focused on screening immunostimulatory activity from Indonesian native chicken egg white using in vitro approaches as a functional food. Indonesian native chicken egg white (NEW) was extracted using distilled water supplemented to human-human hybridoma HB4C5 cells to examine the IgM production stimulating activity using ELISA. The gene expression was also examined using qRT-PCR. The ability of NEW on stimulating immunoglobulin production by mouse splenocytes was analyzed. Commercial egg white water extract (CEW) was used as a comparison. The data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA and continued by using post-hoc analysis using Tukey’s multiple comparison test. The results showed that NEW and CEW modulated IgM production by the HB4C5 cells 8.72-fold and 6.75-fold, respectively, compared to control. NEW stimulated immunoglobulin (Ig) production by the mouse splenocytes higher than CEW. To conclude, NEW provides an immunostimulating activity that can potentially act as a health-promoting food.

Effect of two different feeding strategies on energy intake from pasture, feed efficiency and growth performance of growing-finishing pigs in a mobile pasture system

Free-range rearing allows pigs to perform species-specific and normal behavior, and is an important welfare attraction among consumers, but high inputs of concentrate challenge the sustainability of this practice. Exposing pigs to limited access to concentrate followed by ad libitum feeding could reduce feed input while improving average daily gain and feed conversion ratio. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of restricted feeding in the grower phase followed by ad libitum feeding in the finisher phase on growth performance, feed efficiency and intakes from concentrate and the range area in a rotational pasture system. A total of 64 pigs with a mean live weight (LW) of 30 kg (SD 3.9) and an average age of 69 days were randomly assigned to one of two feeding strategies; AL (ad libitum from 30 kg LW to slaughter) or RES-AL (restricted feeding supplying 95–67% of recommended supply from 30 kg to 70 kg followed by ad libitum feeding until slaughter). Slaughter of RES-AL pigs was performed after 84 days, while AL pigs were slaughtered after 76 days. Access to new pasture area was provided twice a week throughout the experiment using mobile paddocks. Results showed that RES-AL pigs partially achieved compensatory growth as their growth rate was numerically greater (71 g/d) than for AL pigs during realimentation from 70 kg to slaughter (1419 vs. 1348 g/d). Daily growth rates from 30 kg to slaughter were high across feeding strategies, 1051 g vs. 1139 g for RES-AL and AL, respectively (P < .001). Concentrate feed conversion efficiencies were also high, 34.2 MJ ME/kg LW gain for RES-AL pigs and 34.5 MJ ME/kg LW gain for AL pigs (P > 0.05). It was estimated that RES-AL pigs covered 25% of daily energy requirements from direct foraging during restricted period and 10% during realimentation. For comparison on the corresponding periods, AL pigs covered 14% and 6%, respectively. Findings indicate a great potential for high growth rates and high feed efficiencies under free-range conditions as well as substantial energy inputs from direct foraging, most pronounced during concentrate restriction. Due to the lack of improved feed efficiency for RES-AL pigs compared with AL pigs, the sustainability was not improved in free-range reared pigs when focusing on concentrate input exclusively.

Resistance and virulence distribution in enterococci isolated from broilers reared in two farming systems

BackgroundThe impact of enterococci in human health has been growing for the last decades, mainly due to their resistance to several antimicrobial agents. Human consumption of contaminated meat, especially poultry, has been identified as a possible route of transmission. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial resistance profiles and virulence genes of enterococci isolated from Portuguese conventional and free-range broiler farms.ResultsAntibiotic susceptibility testing showed high frequencies of resistance to tetracycline in both farming systems. Resistance to erythromycin and gentamicin were detected in about half of the isolates. Resistance to penicillin was the less frequently observed and no vancomycin resistant isolates were identified. The majority of the enterococcal isolates, from either farming systems, were resistant to more than one antibiotic, and no statistical associations were found, except for penicillin resistance which associated with the genetic clusters. No differences were found between farming systems regarding the prevalence of tet(M), erm(B), aac (6′)-Ie-aph (2″)-Ia and pbp5 genes, nevertheless pbp5 prevalence was associated with the different genetic clusters. Hemolytic activity was identified in 26.47% of all isolates and gelatinase activity in 50%. The gelE gene was identified in the majority of the isolates, whereas esp and agg genes were rarely detected. The cylA determinant was not detected in any of the isolates.ConclusionsOverall, results suggest that similar resistance patterns and virulence genes can be found in both farming systems, though enterococci in free-range conditions should be less prone to acquire further resistance genes.

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Blood of Domestic Chickens and Eurasian Magpies (Pica pica).

A physiological equilibrium exists between pro- and antioxidant factors. When the oxidant factors exceed the capacity of their removal or inactivation, oxidative stress (OS) occurs. The OS levels were assayed in plasma obtained from 2 bird species. Blood samples were collected from 20 healthy domestic chicken hens, 10 living in an intensive farming environment and 10 free-range, and from 18 healthy Eurasian magpies (Pica pica; 7 females and 11 males, with an estimated age of >1 year of age). For OS biomarker assessment, the determinable reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) were measured, and the plasmatic antioxidant test (PAT) was performed; the OS index (OSI) was then calculated (d-ROMs/PAT × 1000) as a parameter of overall oxidative stress. Moreover, lipid peroxidation was assessed by measuring plasmatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. A hematological evaluation was also performed on each bird with a hemocytometer, on which a blood sample was placed to obtain both a total and differential white blood cell (WBC) count. In hens, OSI and MDA levels were significantly higher (P = .04, and P = .004) in subjects from intensive farming (14.7 ± 7.1 and 27.2 ± 10.4 nmol/mL) than in those bred in rural conditions (5.6 ± 10.3 and 8.2 ± 13.3 nmol/mL). In magpies, a positive correlation between the total WBC count and OS was found, and both d-ROMs and OSI were significantly higher (P = .03) in subjects with a total WBC count greater than the median value (20.4 × 103 cells/µL) with respect to those with a total WBC count less than the median value. The results generated from this study indicate that higher OS levels occurred in hens bred in an intensive indoor farm environment compared with outdoor free-range conditions. Possibly the higher OS levels could be related to the higher stocking density and dust levels found in the indoor facility. Additionally, the correlation between OS biomarker levels in magpies and total WBC count suggests that OS level is influenced by immune response, in agreement with previous studies. Collectively, present data seem to be promising for the application of OS measurement in avian medicine for health and animal welfare monitoring.

Backyard poultry farming for sustained production and enhanced nutritional and livelihood security with special reference to India: a review

A comprehensive review on backyard poultry farming (BYPF) was carried out with respect to history, status, production systems, management practices, role in socio-economic development, etc., considering the Indian scenario in particular. Backyard poultry is an age-old traditional practice where small numbers of native chickens are reared with or without inputs under the free-range scavenging conditions. Currently, BYPF contributes about 17.8% (18.41 billion) of the total egg production (103.32 billion) of India. The introduction of high yielding chicken varieties, which resemble the native chicken, transformed the BYPF into a highly remunerative farming activity. The BYPF has a proven potential to alleviate poverty, eradicate malnutrition, empower women, and provide subsidiary income, and gainful employment in rural and tribal areas. In India, four types of backyard poultry farming are practiced, i.e., traditional, small-scale rural, small-scale intensive, and native chicken farming. The aspects of breeding and nutritional strategies in the nursery, and free-range conditions, besides the housing and health care practices that are followed in India, are discussed in detail. Backyard poultry farming has huge potential for further expansion as the produce from this system is preferred across the country.

The veal quality of Slovak Simmental breed in relation to sex

Article Details: Received: 2020-11-03 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.118-121 The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of sex on selected fattening, carcass and qualitative veal parameters of Slovak Simmental breed. The comparison was carried out on the 8 male and the 8 female animals. The animals were reared under the same housing conditions and were fed with grass hay (ad libitum) , feed straw and calves feed concentrate, and had a free access to the fresh water. The fattening period started from about 70 days of age to required final weight. Length of the fattening period was 180 days. The slaughter and carcass composition, carcass yield, qualitative, physical and technological characteristics of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle were studied. We found a significantly higher proportion of bones and a significantly higher proportion of separable fat in the carcass half in males. Higher proportion of meat were found in females. At the heifers was found, although not significantly, a higher proportion of internal fat (rumen, intestinal, kidney, pelvic). Significantly different pH measured 24 hours post mortem was found between males and females (P&lt;0.01). Parameter of meat colour – lightness was higher identified in male calves at 24 hour and 7 days post mortem . Higher redness value was identified in female calves at 24 hour and 7 days post mortem . Keywords: Slovak Simmental breed, sex, carcass, veal quality References BARTOŇ, L. et al. (2003). Growth, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics of Czech Pied and Holstein bulls. Czech J. Anim. Sci., 48, (11): 466–474. Czech Journal of Animal Science CAFFERKY, J. et al. (2019) Efect of Breed and Gender on Meat Quality of M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum Muscle from Crossbred Beef Bulls and Steers. Foods 2019, 8, 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8050173 ĆIRIĆ, J. et al. (2017) The relationship between the carcass characteristics and meat composition of young Simmental beef cattle. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 85 012061. 59th International Meat Industry Conference MEATCON 2017, Zlatibor, Serbia , 6; https://doi :10.1088/1755-1315/85/1/012061 DAZA, A. et al. (2014) Effect of gender on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat and fat quality of calves of Avileña-Negra Ibérica breed fattened under free-range conditions. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 12(3): 683-693. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2014123-4693 ISSN: 1695-971X FILIPČÍK, R. et al. ( 2009) The factors influencing beef quality in bulls, heifers and steers. Slovak J. Anim. Sci., 42, (2): 54–61. ISSN 1337-9984 KUČEVIĆ, D. et al. (2019) Influence of Farm Management for Calves on Growth Performance and Meat Quality Traits Duration Fattening of Simmental Bulls and Heifers. Animals, 9, 941; http//doi:10.3390/ani9110941 LI, Q. et al. (2018) Effects of age on slaughter performance and meat quality of Binlangjang male buffalo. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 25, 248–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.10.001 LUKIC, M. et al. (2016) Carcass performance of Simmental and Holstein Friesian beef cattle in Serbia. Meat Technology 57, 2, 95–101. ISSN 2466-4812. ID: 227939852. MARENČIĆ,D. (2018) The effect of sex and age at slaughter on the physicochemical properties of baby-beef meat. Veterinarski Arhiv 88 (1), 101-110. DOI: 10.24099/vet.arhiv.160720 MUIŽNIECE, I. et al. (2020) Effect of sex and age on beef cattle meat pH. Agricultural Science and Practice, Vol. 7, No. 2. ISSN: 2312–3370, UDC 636.2.03 SANTOS, P.V., et al. (2013). Carcass physical composition and meat quality of Holstein calves, terminated in different finishing systems and slaughter weights. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 37(5), 443-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542013000500008 WĘGLARZ, A. (2010) Meat quality defined based on pH and colour depending on cattle category and slaughter season. Czech J. Anim. Sci., 55 (12): 548–556. https://doi.org/10.17221/2520-CJAS

Egg Quality from Nera Atriana, a Local Poultry Breed of the Abruzzo Region (Italy), and ISA Brown Hens Reared under Free Range Conditions.

Simple SummaryThe safeguarding of genetic resources at risk of extinction represents a current topic of considerable interest. In the zootechnical field, one of the strategies that can be applied in order to pursue this scope, can be to highlight the qualitative aspects of the animal product that can attract the attention of both consumers and breeders. This study represents the first attempt to characterize the main physicochemical aspects of the eggs obtained from the Nera Atriana hen, an indigenous Italian laying hen historically bred in restricted areas of the Abruzzo region. In comparison with commercial hybrid hens, Nera Atriana hen eggs were characterized by valuable features mainly associated to the egg structure, fatty acids composition, cholesterol content, and yolk protein profile. This study should therefore be understood as a preliminary approach aimed at ensuring that interest can develop in preserving a genetic resource currently reduced to a few dozen specimens.The selection and diffusion in the poultry sector of hybrid breeds able to produce higher amount of meat and eggs, led over time to the erosion of genetic resources. One of the strategies that can be applied in order to stem such phenomenon, concerns the valorization of the animal products, meat or eggs, obtained from indigenous poultry breeds. Therefore, the aim of this study is to characterize the qualitative aspects of eggs obtained from the Nera Atriana hen, an Italian indigenous laying hen characteristic of the Abruzzo region, making a direct comparison with a commercial hybrid reared in the same environment and applying the same feeding protocol. The trial was conducted for a period of 5 months (from March to July 2019), in which 6 egg samplings were performed (one at the beginning and additional 5 on a monthly basis); each sampling involved the collection of 15 eggs per group of animals for a total of 90 eggs per genotype. Eggs were specifically subjected to evaluations of the physical parameters, including the yolk color, and analyses aimed at determining the content of total lipids, cholesterol, and β-carotene. In addition to this, the fatty acids profile and the electrophoretic pattern of the globular proteins of the yolk were characterized. Eggs from hybrid hens were characterized by higher total weight with significantly higher values specifically associated to albumen and yolk weight and to the albumen percentage. In the eggs obtained from the local hen, higher relative percentages were instead found in the quantity of shell and yolk; furthermore, in the same samples was observed a higher yolk redness, a cholesterol concentration tending to be lower although not significant (p = 0.0521), and a greater amount of saturated fatty acids which could justify a lower susceptibility of the food to oxidative processes following transformation with heat treatments. With regard to the fatty acid composition, differences were specifically observed for palmitic (C16:0) and palmitoleic (C16:1 cis-9) acids that showed higher relative percentages in eggs from local breed, and for the oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9) which was more represented in eggs from commercial hens. In conclusion, some interesting nutritional features, in a preliminary way, have been highlighted that could lead the consumer to prefer these “niche” products over those obtained from commercial hybrids.

Free-Range and Low-Protein Concentrated Diets in Iberian Pigs: Effect on Plasma Insulin and Leptin Concentration, Lipogenic Enzyme Activity, and Fatty Acid Composition of Adipose Tissue.

Simple SummaryRecently, it has been shown that reducing dietary crude-protein levels during the final fattening period prior to slaughter is a suitable strategy to increase intramuscular fat content in Iberian pig meat, without affecting pig growth. Investigating the effect of a low-protein diet on the metabolism, development, and composition of the adipose tissue of Iberian pigs, and the obese porcine breed, was the objective of this study. Three groups of pigs fed under free-range conditions and in confinement with concentrated diets with low- and standard-protein contents were studied. All three groups exhibited the same backfat thickness at the end of the fattening period. The level of hormones and activities of enzymes related to adipogenic metabolism were affected by diet, with differences between free-range and intensive feeding systems. Therefore, we suggest that feeding Iberian pigs on low-protein diets did not result in fatter carcasses, and is thus a useful strategy to improve Iberian pig meat quality.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of diets with different protein contents on carcass traits, plasma hormone concentration, lipogenic enzyme activities, and fatty acid (FA) composition in the adipose tissue of Iberian pigs. Twenty-four castrated male Iberian pigs (eight per feeding diet) were fed under free-range conditions with acorns and grass (FR), and in confinement with concentrated diets with standard (SP) and low-protein contents (LP) from 116.0 to 174.2 kg live weight. Backfat thickness was not affected by diet. The plasma leptin concentration was higher (p < 0.001) in the FR group than in the LP and SP groups, while insulin concentration was higher in the SP group than in the LP and FR groups. The lipogenic enzyme activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were lower in the FR group compared to the LP and SP pigs. The activities of these enzymes were adipose-tissue-specific. No differences were found in FA composition of adipose tissue between the SP and LP groups, while the FR pigs had lower proportions of saturated FA and higher proportions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FA than the SP and LP pigs. In conclusion, feeding low-protein diets in Iberian pigs does not seem to affect adipose carcass traits, strengthening previous findings that indicate that this is a good strategy to improve meat and dry-cured product quality.

Gangba sheep in the Tibetan plateau: Validating their unique meat quality and grazing factor analysis

Gangba sheep are known for having typical sensory characteristics attributed to free range conditions and grazing on wild plants. The genuine Gangba mutton was selected as the experimental group, and the commercial Tibetan mutton was selected as the control group, the nutritive composition of basic chemical components, amino acids and fatty acids in mutton were investigated to correlate its unique meat quality and eating satisfaction. The results showed that fatty acids were significantly higher (P<0.05) in Gangba mutton than in commercial mutton, and the higher content of flavoring amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartame) were primarily responsible for the taste attributes umami of meat juices. Moreover, the trace elements analysis in mutton and grazing factors (forage, water source and soil) were conducted, to explain the source of essential trace elements in mutton. The concentrations of essential trace elements show that the Gangba mutton was a valuable source for highly available Cu and Zn in human nutrition, and well managed with few detected of toxicity metal. The concentrations of essential trace elements in mutton are closely related to the trace elements in environmental grazing factors. In conclusion, the congenital grazing conditions (a highly mineralized water resource, natural forages and clean soils) were shown to contribute to the unique meat characteristics of Gangba sheep.

Glycogen and lactate contents, pH and meat quality and gene expression in muscle Longissimus dorsi from iberian pigs under different rearing conditions

Forty-four pure Iberian pigs were reared under four different rearing systems: i. Free range conditions and fed on acorns and pasture (AGFR), ii. Free range conditions with grass availability and fed on concentrate (CGFR), iii. Intensive system and fed on concentrate supplemented with 100 ppm of α-tocopheryl acetate (α-Tac) (CI) and iv. Intensive system and fed on concentrate supplemented with 200 ppm α-Tac (CEI). The aim was to investigate the effect of rearing system on pH values, glycogen content [GLY] and lactate content [LAC], myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins solubility and metabolic rate (R-value) in muscle Longissimus dorsi (L. dorsi) at 45 min and 24 h postmortem. In addition, at 24 h postmortem, water holding capacity (WHC), cook loss (CL), drip loss (DL) and instrumental color were analysed. mRNA expression of genes related to glycogenolysis (glycogen phosphorylase, muscle associated: PYGM) and glucose metabolism, both aerobic (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4: PDK4) and anaerobic pathways (lactate dehydrogenase A: LDHA) were sampled within 45 min postmortem. AGFR muscles at 45 min postmortem had a significantly higher [GLY] than CI (P < 0.05). CEI and CGFR muscle [GLY] did not differ from CI and AGFR, with intermediate values. [LAC], pH, R-value and protein solubility, both at 45 min and 24 h postmortem, did not differ among groups. Rearing system did not affect meat quality parameters, with the exception of redness (CIE a*) that was significantly higher in muscle from AGFR pigs than in those from CEI and CGFR pigs. Meanwhile, PYGM mRNA showed overexpression in AGFR, CGFR and CEI groups compared to CI. No significant differences were found for LDHA and PDK4 genes between batches. Regarding correlations, pH had significant positive correlations with WHC and negative with CL and lightness (CIEL L*). [LAC] correlated positively with CL and CIE L * and negatively with WHC; while the pH did the opposite. The expression of the LDHA gene was negatively correlated with pH and positively with [LAC]. Positive correlations were found between PDK4 gene expression and pH and negative correlations with [LAC].

Fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of egg yolks from hens under different production systems

AbstractThis study was carried out to compare the egg quality, fatty acid (FA) profiles, and oxidative stability of yolks from hens maintained in cages and fed a conventional diet (CON), those fed a conventional diet with free access to outdoor grassy area (5 m2/hens) under free-range conditions (FR), and those fed an organic diet and free access to outdoor grassy area (10 m2/hens) under in organic system (ORG). Heavier eggs were produced by CON, while percentages of yolk and eggshell were greater in eggs of FR and ORG hens. The FR and ORG hens produced eggs that contained significantly more monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) but less polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) than CON hens. Eggs from FR and ORG hens had a lower concentration of PUFA n-6 because of less C18:2 n-6 (linoleic acid) and a higher percentage of PUFA n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid). Consequently, the ratio of PUFA n-6 to n-3 for eggs from FR and ORG hens was healthier for consumers compared with CON. However, eggs from the ORG hens had a similar FA profile to those from the FR hens. No significant differences were noted in hypocholesterolaemic (HI), atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic indexes. Antioxidant concentration was greatest in eggs from ORG hens (retinol-14.32 μg/g and α-tocopherol-98.7 μg/g/yolk). Thus, the oxidative stability of eggs measured after storage at 4°Cfor 15 or 30 days was improved. The best eggs in terms of nutritional value were from the ORG system in which hens lived in their natural environment.&#x0D; Keywords: antioxidants, conventional production, egg quality, free range production, malonaldehyde, organic production

Performance of Slow-Growing Male Muscovy Ducks Exposed to Different Dietary Levels of Quebracho Tannin.

Simple SummaryDifferent inclusion levels of Quebracho tannin (QT) in the diet of growing male Muscovy ducks of a slow-growing type were explored under free-range conditions. As a result of the dietary treatments tested in this trial, the growth performance or the total blood proteins were not affected. By contrast, dietary QT did not lead birds to produce less moist excreta, as observed in other bird species, as a desirable aspect for intensively raised poultry. A marked improvement in carcass yield was observed as a desirable economic trait in the extensive slow-type duck farming system. The study of the nutritional effects of tannins is complex due to the large chemical diversity; consequently, in poultry nutrition the biological responses may vary greatly. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of dietary Quebracho tannins (QT) on growth and production performance in slow-growing type Muscovy ducks. For this purpose, a 42-d trial was carried out on 126 male ducks (42-d old at start), fed on three levels of dietary QT inclusion in the diet (0% as control diet, vs. 1.5% vs. 2.5% on an as fed basis). Birds were reared under free-range conditions. A linear increase in feed intake as a function of QT inclusion in the diet was observed (p < 0.05). No difference as to final body weight, overall average daily weight gain (ADG) and total feed conversion ratio (FCR) in relation to dietary treatments was observed. Carcass yields were positively improved in QT birds (p < 0.05). No adverse responses were recorded in total blood protein and liver weight. Dietary QT might be safely used up by to 2.5% in 42- to 84-d aged male Muscovy ducks.

Variability in subcutaneous fat composition of Iberian pigs reared in free-range conditions in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula

A total of 80 free-range Iberian pigs reared with acorns and grass in eight different free-range systems (n = 10) in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula were used to determine the relationship between fatty acid, tocopherol, and neophytadiene subcutaneous fat composition. The pigs were fed extensively for 79.1 ± 9.5 d from 110.9 ± 11.9 kg live weight at the beginning of the final fattening phase to 175.0 ± 15.9 kg slaughtered weight. Quercus suber and Quercus rotundifolia acorns were characterised by a high content of C18:1n-9 (58.3 and 63.1%, respectively) and γ-tocopherol [43.7 and 43.0 mg kg−1 dry matter (DM), respectively], while grass exhibited a high content of C18:3n-3 (42.5%), α-tocopherol (366.5 mg kg−1 DM) and neophytadiene (136.2 relative area units). The C18:1n-9 (54.4%–57.7%) and γ-tocopherol (2.7–4.1 mg kg−1 DM) contents in subcutaneous fat from Iberian pigs differed (p &lt; 0.001) between the free-range systems studied. Pasture intake had a significant effect (p &lt; 0.01) on subcutaneous fat content of C18:3n-3 (0.5%–0.8%), α-tocopherol (7.8–13.1 mg kg−1 DM) and neophytadiene (2.6–6.3 relative area units). However, the results demonstrated no correlations between accumulated levels of these compounds throughout the free-range period. In conclusion, the absence of correlations corroborated the heterogeneity of extensive rearing systems, with variations between years and geographical areas where the Iberian pigs were reared.

Environmental and Management Factors Affecting the Time Budgets of Free-Ranging Iberian Pigs Reared in Spain.

Simple SummaryUnderstanding the natural behaviour of pigs in free-range conditions facilitates the interpretation of their behaviour in intensive conditions. The present study aims to study behavioural indicators of activity in the domestic pig, reared free-range and under two feeding regimes, with some help from humans with concentrates and without help, just eating natural resources. Results confirmed that exploratory behaviour was an important behaviour for pigs, but the same animals that dedicated 50% of their time to this activity when they were not fed by humans reduced this activity to 17.8% when they were fed with concentrates. In addition, few social contacts between animals were seen in extensive conditions, with a higher incidence of negative rather than positive social behaviour. It was concluded that: (1) the need for exploring the surroundings in natural environments is of less importance for pigs when they are fed by humans, and (2) bathing areas in outdoor conditions are important for pigs in the event of warm conditions. Overall, it is concluded that natural behaviour of pigs in free-range conditions, such as a reduced foraging behaviour when pigs are fed with concentrates, should be considered when interpreting behavioural needs in intensive conditions.Understanding the natural behaviour of pigs in free-range conditions facilitates interpretation of their behaviour in intensive conditions. Studying six different farms over two years at different seasons, with climatic and management variations, allowed for a general description of Iberian pig behaviour and which factors have an influence on it. The main activity found was resting (56.5% of the time observed), followed by exploratory behaviour. However, this exploratory behaviour was higher when animals were fed only with natural resources than when fed with concentrates (50% versus 17.8%, respectively). In addition, pigs used bathing areas in summer that were not visited in winter. Negative social behaviour was seen more frequently than positive social behaviour, accounting, in total, for 1% of the total activity of animals. Pigs situated at the centre of the groups tended to remain more relaxed, while the peripheral animals remained more alert and vigilant. Our results indicate that foraging behaviour accounts for a significant proportion of pigs’ active time, but this proportion is much more reduced when pigs are fed concentrates. Therefore, behavioural needs in pigs reared in intensive conditions should consider that exploratory behaviour is reduced when pigs are fed with concentrates.

Effects of Dietary Quebracho Tannin on Performance Traits and Parasite Load in an Italian Slow-Growing Chicken (White Livorno Breed).

Simple SummaryAcknowledging that excessive use of chemical synthesis products in all animal fields is damaging for live beings and the environment, there is a need to propose natural elements as substitutes. Quebracho tannin may act against microbes, parasites, viruses and fungi, and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. There are few studies on dietary use of condensed tannins in poultry. In this study, dietary Quebracho tannin was tested in growing laying hens of a local pure breed reared under free-range conditions. We found that 2% dietary Quebracho tannin is the maximum inclusion level, and beyond this level becomes detrimental for a growing hen’s health. Quebracho tannin reduced fecal outputs of Nematodes and Coccidia, and this attribute could be helpful for the maintenance of a better litter quality by making birds produce highly dry droppings.Tannins have shown numerous biological activities and are very appreciated in food animal production, especially for their antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antivirus effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two levels of dietary Quebracho tannin (QT) on growth and performance traits, and possible effects on intestinal parasite load in Italian White Livorno pullets. A 140-day trial was carried out on 180 35-day-old females, fed on two levels of dietary QT inclusion: 0%, 1% and 2%. Birds were reared under free-range conditions. Dietary Quebracho tannin may be used up to 1% in growing female White Livorno chickens without any adverse effects. The results observed in this study on the use of dietary QT at 2% might have not reflected the real effect on performance traits due to the initial inclusion of dietary QT at 3%. Nevertheless, by reducing QT to 2%, a progressive normalization of body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio was observed, resulting in compensatory growth. QT was demonstrated to drastically reduce fecal outputs of Nematodes eggs (Ascaridia spp. and Heterakis spp.) and Coccidia oocytes (Eimeria spp.). The inclusion of 2% produced highly dry droppings.