Free Radical Production Research Articles

Dietary plant flavonoid supplementation for poultry as a potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals and antioxidants: a review

The poultry industry is paying more attention to plant-based feed additives. Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites derived from fruits, grains, vegetables, herbs, and medicinal plants. One of the most significant environmental stressors affecting the poultry industry worldwide is heat stress, which lowers the quality and safety of production. An imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body’s natural antioxidant defenses leads to oxidative stress in cells. These reactive species can damage proteins, lipids, DNA, and cellular structures. Improving the antioxidant status of poultry bodies by feeding them antioxidant-supplemented feed can increase productivity and health. Plant flavonoid compounds have drawn attention from researchers as possible natural antioxidant sources because of their potential for use as feed additives in poultry production. Numerous studies have demonstrated that dietary flavonoids have strong antioxidant effects and can be utilized as a tonic in poultry to improve health and productivity. Overall, research on the antioxidant capacity of plant flavonoids has generally shown promising results; however, there are still significant issues regarding the detrimental effects of flavonoids to be resolved, and measuring oxidative damage in vivo is challenging. This review summarizes the current understanding of dietary plant flavonoid supplementation for poultry as a potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals and antioxidants.

Role of Antioxidant Therapy in the Treatment and Prognosis of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

BackgroundA significant aspect of the SARS-CoV-2 pathology involves oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between the production of harmful free radicals and the body’s antioxidant defenses. With the ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2, the investigation into non–virus-specific therapeutic options, such as antioxidant therapy, has gained importance. ObjectivesThis systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize data from randomized control trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of antioxidant therapy in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. MethodsWe searched the peer-reviewed indexed literature on MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), CINAHL, EMBASE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Scopus, from inception to July 2023. ResultsThe search identified 3306 articles from which 25 were included for quantitative synthesis, with 5 studies eligible for meta-analysis. Antioxidant therapies included zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, and combination treatments. Zinc interventions showed mixed results regarding intensive care unit admissions and hospital stays. Vitamin A studies indicated improvements in inflammatory markers. Vitamin C studies displayed inconsistent effects on clinical improvement and hospitalization. Combination treatments suggested benefits in symptom clearance and cytokine storm reduction. Meta-analysis of vitamin C studies found no significant difference in C-reactive protein concentrations (−0.50; 95% CI: −3.63, 2.63; I2 = 0%), intensive care unit stay duration (pooled mean difference: 1.44; 95% CI: 0.07, 2.81; I2 = 0%), or mortality (pooled odds ratio: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.28, 1.09; I2 = 0%), with a slight trend favoring reduced hospitalization duration (pooled mean difference: −2.37; 95% CI: −2.99, −1.76; I2 = 49%). Of the 25 studies, 8 were high quality with low bias, 6 had some concerns, and 11 were low quality with high bias. ConclusionsThe review presents mixed efficacy of antioxidant therapies for SARS-CoV-2, with some studies indicating potential benefits. Further well-designed large-scale RCTs are warranted to determine the definitive role of antioxidants in SARS-CoV-2 treatment.This systematic review was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42023430805.

The effect of Channa striata, Moringa oleifera, and Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract on accelerating recovery in a ventilated patient with hemorrhagic shock grade 3 due to prolonged retained placenta: a case report

BackgroundMost of critically ventilated patients with severe hemorrhagic shock experience metabolic acidosis, hypoalbuminemia, electrolyte imbalance, and increased production of free radical. Channa striata has a high content of albumin, an essential binding protein that contributes to homeostasis, and when combined with Moringa oleifera and Curcuma xanthorrhiza, they act as powerful antioxidants. Administration of C. striata, M. oleifera, and C. xanthorrhiza extract orally may benefit patient with hemodynamic issues, including significant blood loss.Case reportA 40-year-old Indonesian woman came to emergency department with decreased consciousness resulting from hemorrhagic shock grade 3 due to prolonged placenta retention for 10 days after delivery of her third child. She had an emergency hysterectomy and was sent to the intensive care unit with a hemoglobin level of 4.2 gr/dL, despite already receiving two bags of packed red blood cells during operation, and she continued with four more bags within her first day in the intensive care unit. The patient was ventilated, was supported by vasopressors, and had a low albumin level of 2.1 gr/dL. Her hemodynamic profile was difficult to stabilize, with persistent gastric residue and periodic urine output less than 1 cc/kg/hour, thereby slowing the ventilator and vasopressor weaning process. Oral supplementation of C. striata, M. oleifera, and C. xanthorrhiza was given in the second day divided in three doses every 6 hours. After the second dose, gastric residue started to subside and disappeared after the third dose. The patient’s condition improved in the next 24 hours; she was extubated and discharged from the hospital in the fourth day.ConclusionThis is the first case report describing the effect of C. striata, M. oleifera, and C. xanthorrhiza extract in a patient with severe hemorrhagic shock due to a prolonged placenta. Accelerated recovery showed the possibility benefit of C. striata, M. oleifera, and C. xanthorrhiza extract in stabilizing oncotic pressure, neutralizing free radicals, and preventing further damage in hypoxic cells.

Effect of modifiable lifestyle risk factors on the incidence and prevention of cancer in modern society: A review

Human society has been influenced by modernization, which has altered our pattern of living. It is believed that several environmental and lifestyle factors, including urbanization, employment linked to socioeconomic transition, increased affluence, and altered social and family structures, are partially to be blamed for cancer. Lifestyle changes associated with urbanization such as smoking, alcohol consumption, excessive body weight, and being physically inactive are well-known risk factors for cancer. Anxiety due to stressful events can increase the production of free radicals, which in turn causes oxidative damage and the emergence of cancer. Economic liberty provides more leisure time and inclination toward ready-to-eat food, more screen time, and sedentary habits to some extent. All these factors have a positive impact on cancer initiation and development. Hence, a healthy lifestyle, together with nutritious food and regular exercise should be prioritized for cancer prevention. A healthy lifestyle has been associated with a decreased risk of different types of cancer, involving the lungs, liver, colon, breast, endometrium, and kidney. To outline this review, searches were performed with PubMed and Scopus databases up to August 2022. The lifestyle risk factors for cancer have been described in this review, along with recommendations for improving lifestyle choices for human welfare.

The mechanism underlying correlation of particulate matter-induced ferroptosis with inflammasome activation and iron accumulation in macrophages

Particulate matter (PM) is a global environmental hazard, which affects human health through free radical production, cell death induction, and immune responses. PM activates inflammasomes leading to excessive inflammatory responses and induces ferroptosis, a type of cell death. Despite ongoing research on the correlation among PM-induced ferroptosis, immune response, and inflammasomes, the underlying mechanism of this relationship has not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated the levels of PM-induced cell death and immune responses in murine macrophages, J774A.1 and RAW264.7, depending on the size and composition of particulate matter. PM2.5, with extraction ions, induced significant levels of cell death and immune responses; it induces lipid peroxidation, iron accumulation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which characterize ferroptosis. In addition, inflammasome-mediated cell death occurred owing to the excessive activation of inflammatory responses. PM-induced iron accumulation activates ferroptosis and inflammasome formation through ROS production; similar results were observed in vivo. These results suggest that the link between ferroptosis and inflammasome formation induced by PM, especially PM2.5 with extraction ions, is established through the iron-ROS axis. Moreover, this study can effectively facilitate the development of a new therapeutic strategy for PM-induced immune and respiratory diseases.

Oxidative Stress Status in Heat Shock Sheep Controlled Shearing and Ascorbyl Palmitate Administration

Indonesia has very hot temperatures and high humidity, making it unfavorable for sheep whose covered with thick fur. Shearing enlarges and accelerates heat dissipation from the sheep's body, giving antioxidants that help reduce the negative effects of excessive free radical production. Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant but is easily decomposed when it enters the digestive system of ruminants. Ascorbyl palmitate (AP) is ascorbic acid in the form of an ester which is insoluble in water. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of shearing and administration of AP antioxidants on oxidative stress conditions in Padjadjaran sheep subjected to heat shock. The shaving treatment consisted of not shaving (s0) and shearing (s1),and the treatment of giving the antioxidant ascorbyl palmitate consisted of not being given (a0) and being given (a1). Sheep were subjected to shearing, their hair was trimmed until ± 10 mm in length was left, and sheep as object of study were treated with ascorbyl palmitate at a dose of 400 mg head-1 day-1. The combination treatment was not shaved – not given the antioxidant ascorbyl palmitate (s0a0), only shaved (s1a0), only given the antioxidant ascorbyl palmitate (s0a1), and sheared – given the antioxidant ascorbyl palmitate (s1a1). Heat shock is given by exposing the sheep to the sun. The oxidative stress observed and analyzed was the profile of endogenous antioxidants consisting of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The results showed that the combination of shearing and Ascorbyl Palmitate had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the levels of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px in Padjadjaran sheep receiving heat stress. The conclusion from this study, the shearing treatment and the administration of Ascorbyl palmitate, both independently and in combination, had a beneficial effect on Padjadjaran sheep.

Host-parasite interaction in severe and uncomplicated malaria infection in ghanaian children.

During malarial infection, both parasites and host red blood cells (RBCs) come under severe oxidative stress due to the production of free radicals. The host system responds in protecting the RBCs against the oxidative damage caused by these free radicals by producing antioxidants. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant enzyme; superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and cytokine interactions with parasitaemia in Ghanaian children with severe and uncomplicated malaria. One hundred and fifty participants aged 0-12 years were administered with structured questionnaires. Active case finding approach was used in participating hospitals to identify and interview cases before treatment was applied. Blood samples were taken from each participant and used to quantify malaria parasitaemia, measure haematological parameters and SOD activity. Cytokine levels were measured by commercial ELISA kits. DNA comet assay was used to evaluate the extent of parasite DNA damage due to oxidative stress. Seventy - Nine (79) and Twenty- Six (26) participants who were positive with malaria parasites were categorized as severe (56.75 × 103 ± 57.69 parasites/µl) and uncomplicated malaria (5.87 × 103 ± 2.87 parasites/µl) respectively, showing significant difference in parasitaemia (p < 0.0001). Significant negative correlation was found between parasitaemia and SOD activity levels among severe malaria study participants (p = 0.0428). Difference in cytokine levels (IL-10) amongst the control, uncomplicated and severe malaria groups was significant (p < 0.0001). The IFN-γ/IL-10 /TNF-α/IL-10 ratio differed significantly between the malaria infected and non- malaria infected study participants. DNA comet assay revealed damage to Plasmodium parasite DNA. Critical roles played by SOD activity and cytokines as anti-parasitic defense during P. falciparum malaria infection in children were established.

Application of Photodynamic Therapy in Cardiology.

The origins of photodynamic therapy (PDT) date back to 1904. Since then, the amount of research proving PDT and, consequently, its applicability to various disease states has steadily increased. Currently, PDT is mainly used in oncology to destroy cancer cells. It is being worked on for possible use in other medical fields as well, including cardiology. It can be used in the prevention of restenosis, often occurring after vascular surgical interventions, for destroying atherosclerotic plaques and as a new ablative method of ectopic centers in the treatment of atrial fibrillation. The purpose of this review is to summarize the knowledge to date regarding the therapeutic potential of using PDT for various pathological conditions in cardiology. The review also focuses on the current limitations associated with the use of PDT and identifies areas where more research is needed to develop better drug regimens. Materials and methods: The study analyzed 189 medical articles. The articles came from PubMed, Frontiers, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Web of Science databases. Through the excitation of light, a photosensitizer (PS) introduced into the body, the destruction of pathological cells occurs. PTD is widely used in oncology of the central nervous system (CNS). This process is made possible by the production of free oxygen radicals (ROS) and singlet oxygen, which generate oxidative stress that destroys sensitive cancer cells. In recent years, photosensitizers have also been discovered to have a strong affinity for macrophages that fill atherosclerotic plaques, making these compounds suitable for treating atherosclerosis. By inducing apoptosis of smooth muscle cells, inactivating basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-β) and inhibiting endothelial cell hyperplasia, PDT can be used to prevent restenosis after surgical proceduresPDT appears to be a minimally invasive and highly effective therapeutic method, especially when combined with other therapeutic methods. Unfortunately, the small number of animal model studies and human clinical trials greatly limit the applicability of PDT on a wider scale. Current limitations, such as the depth of penetration, delivery of photosensitizer particles to the direct site of the lesion or the appropriate choice of photosensitizer in relation to the nature of the pathology, unfortunately make it impossible to replace current therapeutic approaches.

Aqueous Ozone Exposure Inhibits Sporulation in the Cyclospora cayetanensis Surrogate Eimeria acervulina

Ozone is a potent disinfecting agent used to treat potable water and wastewater, effectively clearing protozoa such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. It is unclear whether ozone treatment of water or fresh produce can reduce the spread of the emerging parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis, which causes cyclosporiasis in humans. Obtaining viable C. cayetanensis oocysts to evaluate inactivation methods is challenging because we lack the means to propagate them in vitro, because of delays in case reporting, and because health departments typically add inactivating fixatives to clinical specimens. Research in various surrogate organisms has sought to bolster understanding of the biology of C. cayetanensis. Among these surrogates is the poultry parasite Eimeria acervulina, a closely related and easily cultured parasite of economic significance. We used this surrogate to evaluate the consequences of ozone treatment, using the sporulation state as an indicator of infectious potential. Treating with ozonated water acidified with citric acid reduced sporulation ability in a dose-dependent manner; treatment with up to 4.93 mg/L initial concentration of ozone resulted in a 93% inactivation of sporulation by 7 days posttreatment. This developmental arrest was accompanied by transcriptional changes in genes involved in regulating the response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a time course that is consistent with the production of oxygen free radicals. This study shows that ozone is highly effective in preventing sporulation of E. acervulina, a model coccidian used as a surrogate for Cyclospora. Furthermore, ozone exposure induced molecular responses to general oxidative stress, documented with several well-characterized antioxidant enzymes.

Effects of Different Capsulotomy and Fragmentation Energy Levels on the Generation of Oxidative Stress Following Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different capsulotomy and fragmentation energy levels on the production of oxidative free radicals following femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) with a low-energy platform. The experimental study included 60 porcine eyes (12 groups). In each group, capsulotomies with 90% or 150% energy, and fragmentations with 90%, 100%, or 150% energy or 150% with high spot density, respectively, were performed. Control samples were obtained from non-lasered eyes at the beginning (five eyes) and end (five eyes) of the experiment. In the clinical study, 104 eyes were divided into 5 groups, and they received conventional phacoemulsification (20 eyes), FLACS with 90% capsulotomy and 100% fragmentation energy levels without NSAIDs (16 eyes), FLACS with 90% (26 eyes) or 150% (22 eyes) capsulotomy energy levels, respectively, with a 100% fragmentation energy level and NSAIDs, and FLACS with 90% capsulotomy and 150% fragmentation energy levels and NSAIDs (20 eyes). Aqueous samples were analyzed for their malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. In the experimental study, there were no significant differences in the MDA and SOD levels between the groups with different capsulotomy energy levels. An increase in the fragmentation energy from 100% to 150% led to significantly higher MDA levels in the groups with both 90% (p = 0.04) and 150% capsulotomy energy levels (p = 0.03), respectively. However, increased laser spot densities did not result in significant changes in MDA or SOD levels. In the clinical study, all four of the FLACS groups showed higher MDA levels than the conventional group. Similarly, the increase in the fragmentation energy from 100% to 150% resulted in significantly elevated levels of MDA and SOD, respectively. Although increasing the FSL capsulotomy energy level may not have increased free radicals, higher fragmentation energy levels increased the generation of aqueous free radicals. However, fragmentation with high spot density did not generate additional oxidative stress. Increased spot density did not generate additional oxidative stress, and this can be helpful for dense cataracts.

The Iron Metabolism with a Specific Focus on the Functioning of the Nervous System.

Iron is the micronutrient with the best-studied biological functions. It is widely distributed in nature, and its involvement in the main metabolic pathways determines the great importance of this metal for all organisms. Iron is required for cellular respiration and various biochemical processes that ensure the proper functioning of cells and organs in the human body, including the brain. Iron also plays an important role in the production of free radicals, which can be beneficial or harmful to cells under various conditions. Reviews of iron metabolism and its regulation can be found in the literature, and further advances in understanding the molecular basis of iron metabolism are being made every year. The aim of this review is to systematise the available data on the role of iron in the function of the nervous system, especially in the brain. The review summarises recent views on iron metabolism and its regulatory mechanisms in humans, including the essential action of hepcidin. Special attention is given to the mechanisms of iron absorption in the small intestine and the purpose of this small but critically important pool of iron in the brain.

Oxidative Products of Catecholamines During Heightened Sympathetic Activity Due to Congestive Heart Failure: Possible Role of Antioxidants.

The past several decades have shown the functional status of sympathetic activity in congestive heart failure. The results, particularly through clinical and basic studies in heart failure, indicate an increased sympathetic neural activity. The definitive and compelling evidence of the involvement of catecholamines is the demonstration that many drugs that are therapeutically useful in the treatment of heart failure also affect the sympathetic nervous system at various sites, including its synthesis, release and uptake of catecholamines and a decreased plasma norepinephrine level. Although it is not surprising that the sympathetic system is altered as cardiac function is compromised in heart failure, it now appears that this system may overreact in chronic situations. The detrimental cardiovascular problems result in the production of aminochrome and free radicals. Antioxidant therapy to target the production of aminochrome from autooxidation of catecholamines should provide an insight into the future therapeutic goal in situations like congestive heart failure.

Oxidative Stress in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess and compare the oxidative stress status in STEMI and NSTEMI patients by measuring markers of free radical production and levels of antioxidant. The research was designed as an observational study with a cohort of 83 AMI hospitalized patients divided into a case (STEMI) and control (NSTEMI) group. In the study, we used the data from the patients’ electronic medical records and paper files and two scores (TIMI, and GRACE) analyzed routine biochemical parameters and biochemical assays for ROS. The statistical analysis included descriptive methods, hypothesis testing and bivariate correlation. In our research, the results clearly showed that patients with STEMI had an increased activity of vSOD compared with NSTEMI patients (p&lt;0.01). Also, the levels of TBARS in plasma of patients with STEMI were significantly increased compared to the NSTEMI patients (p&lt;0.01). Importantly, there were no differences between STEMI patients and NSTEMI patients, for the levels of O2 −, H2O2, NO, CAT, GSH. In STEMI patients, we found a positive correlation between TBARS and troponin level and a positive correlation between SOD and troponin level. In addition, our results also showed a positive correlation between AST levels and TBARS and a positive correlation between AST levels and SOD. We also found a positive correlation between GRACE score values and TBARS and SOD. Our study demonstrated that the levels of TBARS and SOD were significantly higher in STEMI patients than in NSTEMI.

Chronic Kidney Disease and Oxidative Stress

Disturbance of the balance between production of oxygen free radicals (or some other radical species) and activity of antioxidative system of protection causes the so called oxidative stress Protection of an organism from oxygen free radicals implies activity of enzymatic (catalase, SOD, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase etc.) and nonenzymatic (vitamin E. vitamin C. glutathione, uric acid etc.) systems of protection.

Insights on aspects of apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders: a comprehensive review

Nerve cell death is the central aspect of human neurodegenerative disorders. Neuronal death in results leads to the onset of various human neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and stroke. In developing neurons, apoptosis is assumed to provide a counterbalance to overexuberant cell replication. Numerous signals may induce apoptosis in neurons, such as the absence of neurotrophic factor support, increased levels of metabolic and oxidative stress, and overstimulation of glutamate receptors (leading to the calcium influx). Cell death and neurological disorders have been related to oxidative stress, which creates an imbalance between antioxidant defenses and free radical production. In this paper, a summary of the engrossment of oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders has been discussed. Antioxidant therapy’s potential assistance for neurodegenerative illnesses in human beings is still up for dispute, despite encouraging pre-clinical research findings. One elucidation for this disparity could be the non-existence of an accurate way to assess oxidative stress in the brain. The explosion in research on apoptosis in neurodegeneration has stemmed from the conception that persuading neuronal apoptotic death may be crucial to the progression of a disease and that anti-apoptotic approaches may be useful in the prevention of neurodegenerative processes. A deeper understanding of the role that apoptosis plays in neurodegenerative processes will serve as the foundation for future research into the development of focused, effective treatment modalities.

Lactobacillus species modulates TNF-α and Nrf2 expression in carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema

BackgroundThe buildup of activated immune cells at injury sites accelerates the production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species which further promotes oxidative stress, leading to an inflammatory response that can in turn intensify oxidative stress. This study evaluates the activity of three Lactobacillus species sourced from Nigerian locally fermented drink products for acute inflammatory regulation potentials in Wistar rats using paw oedema model induced by carrageenan. Material and methodsOedema was induced with 1% iota-carrageenan in experimental groups and thereafter received 5 × 107 CFU/mL of L. fermentum CIP 102980, L. fermentum NBRC 15885 and L. plantarum CIP 103151 treatments while positive control group received diclofenac sodium (150 mg/kg body weight of rats). The occurrence of inflammation, oxidative stress were assessed at intervals (t = 1, 4, 24, and 72 hrs) on rat paw tissues via biochemical estimation of NO, MPO, MDA and GSH. Routine haematoxylin and eosin stain was used to investigate neutrophil infiltration and immunostaining of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) was performed to evaluate inflammation and oxidative stress respectively. ResultsLactobacillus treated groups showed significant control to mitigate the influx of infiltrating neutrophils to rat paws, as well as interacting with non-enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione) to act as antioxidants by increasing their levels, regulating lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase compared to diclofenac sodium group. LAB treatments also downregulated the production of TNF-α cytokine and upregulated Nrf2 compared to untreated group. ConclusionLactobacillus exert potent therapeutic benefits against oxidative stress damage and influx of neutrophil cells in inflamed rats.

Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on the morphology, intracellular calcium concentration, free radical generation, apoptosis and necrosis of human mesenchymal stem cells-an in vitro study.

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of multiwave locked system (MLS M1) emitting synchronized laser radiation at 2 wavelength simultaneous (λ = 808nm, λ = 905nm) on the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Human MSCs were exposed to MLS M1 system laser radiation with the power density 195-318 mW/cm2 and doses of energy 3-20J, in continuous wave emission (CW) or pulsed emission (PE). After irradiation exposure in doses of energy 3J, 10J (CW, ƒ = 1000Hz), and 20J (ƒ = 2000Hz), increased proliferation of MSCs was observed. Significant reduction of Fluo-4 Direct™ Ca2+ indicator fluorescence over controls after CW and PE with 3J, 10J, and 20J was noticed. A decrease in fluorescence intensity after the application of radiation with a frequency of 2000Hz in doses of 3J, 10J, and 20J was observed. In contrary, an increase in DCF fluorescence intensity after irradiation with laser radiation of 3J, 10J, and 20J (CW, ƒ = 1000Hz and ƒ = 2000Hz) was also shown. Laser irradiation at a dose of 20J, emitted at 1000Hz and 2000Hz, and 3J emitted at a frequency of 2000Hz caused a statistically significant loss of MSC viability. The applied photobiomodulation therapy induced a strong pro-apoptotic effect dependent on the laser irradiation exposure time, while the application of a sufficiently high-energy dose and frequency with a sufficiently long exposure time significantly increased intracellular calcium ion concentration and free radical production by MSCs.

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates and Individual Ageing.

Anti-ageing biology and medicine programmes are a focus of genetics, molecular biology, immunology, endocrinology, nutrition, and therapy. This paper discusses metabolic therapies aimed at prolonging longevity and/or health. Individual components of these effects are postulated to be related to the energy supply by tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates and free radical production processes. This article presents several theories of ageing and clinical descriptions of the top markers of ageing, which define ageing in different categories; additionally, their interactions with age-related changes and diseases related to α-ketoglutarate (AKG) and succinate SC formation and metabolism in pathological states are explained. This review describes convincingly the differences in the mitochondrial characteristics of energy metabolism in animals, with different levels (high and low) of physiological reactivity of functional systems related to the state of different regulatory systems providing oxygen-dependent processes. Much attention is given to the crucial role of AKG and SC in the energy metabolism in cells related to amino acid synthesis, epigenetic regulation, cell stemness, and differentiation, as well as metabolism associated with the development of pathological conditions and, in particular, cancer cells. Another goal was to address the issue of ageing in terms of individual characteristics related to physiological reactivity. This review also demonstrated the role of the Krebs cycle as a key component of cellular energy and ageing, which is closely associated with the development of various age-related pathologies, such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular or neurodegenerative diseases where the mTOR pathway plays a key role. This article provides postulates of postischaemic phenomena in an ageing organism and demonstrates the dependence of accelerated ageing and age-related pathology on the levels of AKG and SC in studies on different species (roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, mice, and humans used as models). The findings suggest that this approach may also be useful to show that Krebs cycle metabolites may be involved in age-related abnormalities of the mitochondrial metabolism and may thus induce epigenetic reprogramming that contributes to the senile phenotype and degenerative diseases. The metabolism of these compounds is particularly important when considering ageing mechanisms connected with different levels of initial physiological reactivity and able to initiate individual programmed ageing, depending on the intensity of oxygen consumption, metabolic peculiarities, and behavioural reactions.

Nanomaterials-Induced Redox Imbalance: Challenged and Opportunities for Nanomaterials in Cancer Therapy.

Cancer cells typically display redox imbalance compared with normal cells due to increased metabolic rate, accumulated mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated cell signaling, and accelerated peroxisomal activities. This redox imbalance may regulate gene expression, alter protein stability, and modulate existing cellular programs, resulting in inefficient treatment modalities. Therapeutic strategies targeting intra- or extracellular redox states of cancer cells at varying state of progression may trigger programmed cell death if exceeded a certain threshold, enabling therapeutic selectivity and overcoming cancer resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Nanotechnology provides new opportunities for modulating redox state in cancer cells due to their excellent designability and high reactivity. Various nanomaterials are widely researched to enhance highly reactive substances (free radicals) production, disrupt the endogenous antioxidant defense systems, or both. Here, the physiological features of redox imbalance in cancer cells are described and the challenges in modulating redox state in cancer cells are illustrated. Then, nanomaterials that regulate redox imbalance are classified and elaborated upon based on their ability to target redox regulations. Finally, the future perspectives in this field are proposed. It is hoped this review provides guidance for the design of nanomaterials-based approaches involving modulating intra- or extracellular redox states for cancer therapy, especially for cancers resistant to radiotherapy or chemotherapy, etc.

ASSOCIATION OF OBESITY AND PSORIASIS: A TEN YEARS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background: Psoriasis as a chronic inflammatory condition is often linked with metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and fatty liver disease. Research indicates a strong association between obesity and psoriasis, with obese individuals having a higher risk and severity of the condition. This study aims to systematically the association between psoriasis and obesity in literatures of the last 10 years. Methods: This systematic review complied with the PRISMA 2020 standards and focused on full-text English literature published between 2014 and 2024. Articles such as editorials and review papers from the same journal, as well as submissions lacking a DOI, were excluded from consideration. Literature was sourced from online platforms like PubMed and SagePub. Result: We found 698 articles on PubMed and 1157 articles on SagePub. Restricting our search to the past decade (2014-2024), PubMed presented 606 articles, whereas SagePub presented 633 articles. From these, we selected 5 papers meeting our criteria, with 2 from PubMed and 3 from SagePub. Conclusion: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease caused by a complex interplay between immune and host cells. Obesity and nutrition play pivotal roles in its onset and severity through adipocytokin levels. Inflammation in psoriasis increases free radical production, necessitating antioxidants to maintain redox balance, suggesting that diets rich in antioxidants may help alleviate symptoms.