Free Radical Scavenging Properties Research Articles

Protective effect of vanillic acid against diabetes and diabetic nephropathy by attenuating oxidative stress and upregulation of NF-κB, TNF-α and COX-2 proteins in rats.

Diabetes is the most prevalent disorder in the world characterized by uncontrolled high blood glucose levels and nephropathy is one of the chief complications allied with hyperglycemia. Vanillic acid; the main bioactive compound derived from natural sources such as vegetables, fruits and plants possesses various pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative. The current study was designed to investigate the antidiabetic and renoprotective effects of vanillic acid by its various pharmacological activities. Streptozotocin (50 mg/kg)/nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) was used to induce diabetes in rats. Oral administration of vanillic acid once daily for 6 weeks (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly reduced the hyperglycemia, increased liver enzymes and normalized lipid profile that was altered in diabetic rats. Moreover, vanillic acid attenuated the impaired renal function as evidenced by a reduction in serum creatinine, urea, uric acid and urinary microproteinuria levels with a concomitant increase in urinary creatinine clearance in the nephropathic rats. Diabetic rats showed a marked increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and superoxide anion generation (SAG) along with decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) in the renal tissue which was ameliorated in the vanillic acid-treated rats. Histopathologically, vanillic acid treatment was associated with reduced damage with normalized structural changes in renal tissue. Furthermore, treatment groups showed the suppression of upregulation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 and up-regulation of Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) in the renal tissue. In conclusion, vanillic acid's ameliorative impact on diabetic nephropathic rats may be attributed to its powerful free radical scavenging property, down-regulation of NF-κB, TNF-α, COX-2 and up-regulation of Nrf-2 proteins in renal tissue.

Evidence against involvement of kynurenate branch of kynurenine pathway in pathophysiology of Fuchs’ dystrophy and keratoconus

Kynurenine aminotransferases (KAT) are enzymes catalyzing formation of kynurenic acid (KYNA) from kynurenine. KYNA is a Janus-faced molecule of high biological activity. On the one hand KYNA was identified as a UV filter and neuroprotectant with free radical scavenging properties, but on the other hand it may contribute to photodamage of lens proteins resulting in cataract formation. Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) and keratoconus (KC) are common, vision threatening corneal dystrophies whose etiology is not fully understood. In our previous works, we confirmed the presence of KATs in the human cornea together with GPR35, a receptor for KYNA. This prompted us to investigate the potential changes in the expression of three isoforms: KAT I, KAT II, and KAT III in normal and FECD- and KC-affected corneas. Immunohistochemistry accompanied by gene expression data mining revealed that the levels of neither KAT I, KAT II, nor KAT III are affected in FECD and KC. This constitutes evidence against the involvement of KATs in the pathophysiology of FECD and KC.

Synthesis, characterization, superoxide dismutase, and antimicrobial activities of Co (II) complexes with Schiff base ligand and their hybrid proteins

AbstractMetal complexes have been reported to possess excellent free radical scavenging and antimicrobial properties. In the present study, seven linear trinuclear complexes were synthesized based on bis Schiff base ligand and complexes 1, 3–7 are reported for the first time. Their structure was characterized by IR spectroscopy and single crystal diffraction. BSA was used as carrier to hybridize the synthesized complexes to construct hybrid proteins. The interaction between metal complex and BSA was studied by UV–Vis spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectroscopy. Static quenching was the main mechanism identified for the interaction between metal complex and BSA. In the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity test, IC50 values of complexes and hybrid proteins range between 2.89 and 26.53 μM, with hybrid proteins demonstrating a stronger activity than the complexes. Among all the complexes studied, complex 5 exhibited the strongest inhibition against Candida albicans (MIC 12.5 μg ml−1) and Cryptococcus neoformans (MIC 6.5 μg ml−1).

Effect of Ocimum sanctum in Sodium fluoride (NaF) induced Fluorosis in Rats: A Study with Respect to Antioxidant Enzymes and Fluorosis Markers

Abstract: Introduction: Fluoride contamination was observed in groundwater’s of India, Pakistan, China, Indonesia and several other countries. In India the states like Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Rajasthan, Haryana etc are contaminated with fluoride. Approximately 68 million people are suffering from fluorosis in India. The current study was done to know the antioxidant effect, anti-fluorosis and free radical scavenging property of Ocimum sanctum (OS). Methods: Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), alanine aminotransferase (AAT), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and flurosis markers phosphorus (P4) and calcium (Ca) are estimated in all groups. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH), hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was analyzed in methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum. Results: SOD, GR, GSH, GPx CAT, activities and Ca levels are decreased in sodium fluoride (NaF) intoxicated rats. Whereas MDA, ALKP AST, AAT, and P4 levels are increased in NaF rats. However, Ocimum phenolic fraction treatment normalized the antioxidant enzymes, hepatic markers and flurosis markers in NaF intoxicated rats. DPPH, H2O2 and hydroxyl radical of ocimum posses potent free radical scavenging activities. GC – MS studies of Ocimum sanctum showed the presence of many bioactive compounds like Caryophyllene oxide, 2-(2-Propenyl)-m-anisidine, 2H-Pyan-2-one, 5,6-Dihydro-4-(2-methyl-3-methylene- 1-buten-4-yl etc. Further, histopathological observations prove that ocimum protects the hepatic tissue from NaF intoxication. Conclusion: Our study proves that Ocimum sanctum phenolic fraction protects the hepatic tissue from Na F induced fluorosis in rats. Key words: Ocimum sanctum, Antioxidant Enzymes, Fluorosis markers, Liver markers, GC-MS analysis, Rats.

Antioxidant Activities of Hot Water Extracts from Mycelial Biomass of Different Combinations of Medicinal Agaricomycetes Mushrooms.

This study aimed to determine the free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass of medicinal mushrooms. Total phenolic compounds, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were evaluated for combined crude hot water extracts from medicinal higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms belonging to ten genera. The results demonstrate that almost all tested combinations were good sources of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, ranging between 16.42 and 18.83 gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.5 and 4.34 mg rutin equivalents/g, respectively. Moreover, free radical scavenging properties were evaluated with the DPPH and ABTS assays and metal chelating effects were investigated. All tested samples and/or extracts demonstrated significant free radical scavenging properties and antioxidant potential.

Anti-aging effects of Lasia spinosa L. stem extract on Drosophila melanogaster

Anti-aging effect is a stimulating topic that attracting serious consideration from many researchers. Medicinal plants with anti-aging properties thereby have become common research subjects in various fields of science. This study aims to determine phytochemical constituents, specifically the total of phenolic and flavonoid contents and evaluate the anti-aging activity of ethanolic extracts from the stem of Lasia spinosa L. The DPPH and ABTS assays were applied to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. Drosophila melanogaster Canton-S was used as the model organism to evaluate in vivo antioxidant activity, lifespan extension, climbing, and reproduction abilities. The results indicated that Lasia spinosa L. extract presented the phenolic and flavonoid contents, which were 271.65 mg GAE/g and 579.57 mg QE/g, respectively. The EC50 values of antioxidant activity was 23.80 µg/mL in DPPH assay and was 3.56 µg/mL for the assay of ABTS. The result also showed that the lifespan of adult fruit flies fed on extracts from Lasia spinosa L. was increased in oxidative stress conditions induced by H2O2. In lifespan assays, Drosophila melanogaster fed on the ethanolic extract from Lasia spinosa L. stem at 0.5 mg/mL of concentration in combination with standard food showed their mean lifespan increased to 22.9%, 50% survival increased to 22.2%, and the maximum lifespan of last flies increased to 20.7% compared with the control. The research results demonstrated a potential property among its natural compounds of Lasia spinosa L, which is capable of anti-aging through antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo conditions.

Treatment efficacy of Thunbergia laurifolia, Curcuma longa, Garcinia mangostana, and Andrographis paniculata extracts in Staphylococcus aureus-induced rabbit dermatitis model.

Background and Aim:Dermatitis is a soft-tissue infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The recurrence of inflammatory skin is linked to clinical manifestations. Anti-inflammatory cytokines, which are essential for tissue damage, are released by bacteria through skin tissues. Oxidative stress causes inflammatory cells to necrotize and reduces their antioxidant profile, resulting in toxic damage to surrounding tissues. Although studies on the antibacterial effects of Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl., Curcuma longa L., Garcinia mangostana L., and Andrographis paniculata (Burm.). Bacterial infection of S. aureus have been conducted, most of these studies have been in vitro and were not related to the rabbit model. In addition, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant studies need to be evaluated. Thus, this study aims to compare the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of four local herbs with a standard antibiotic in S. aureus-induced rabbit dermatitis model.Materials and Methods:The skin of New Zealand white rabbits were artificially wounded using a sterile blade and then infected with S. aureus. The rabbits were divided into seven groups, each with three rabbits (Total 21 rabbits): The first group was the no infection group (no infection and no treatment with scarification), the second group was the no treatment group (S. aureus infection of the wound but no treatment), and the other five treated groups were T. laurifolia, C. longa, G. mangostana, A. paniculata, and bacitracin cream, all of which involved wound infection and treatments. The treatment lasted for 7 days. The antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties after treatment were measured.Results:The efficacy of T. laurifolia, C. longa, G. mangostana, and A. paniculata was similar to that of an antioxidant and free radical scavenging property. The bacterial infection process gradually reduced the activities of antioxidant systems (i.e., enzymatic levels and gene expressions) and total glutathione. However, the activities of the antioxidant system were steadily increased when treated with herbal extracts. During bacterial invasion of the skin, the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive molecules, the level of lipid peroxidation, and the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine genes were increased. All these were decreased when herbal extracts were used to treat the lesion.Conclusion:It can be concluded that T. laurifolia, C. longa, G. mangostana, and A. paniculate extract have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties and are effective antibacterial agents. G. mangostana is the most effective herbal extract for antidermatitis and has the potential to be used as an alternative topical treatment.

Tuber Minerals and Phenolic Compounds in Calcium Nitrate foliar-sprayed Dioscorea alata var. Agbodo and D. rotundata var. Amula.

Calcium Nitrate foliar spray for the management of anthracnose disease was assessed in Dioscorea alata variety Agbodo and D. rotundata var. Amula in two experiemental plots in COLPANT Farms, College of Plant Science and Crop Production, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State in Nigeria. The design in each plot was randomized complete block (RCBD) with three replications. Mounds were 1 metre (m) by 1m and about 80cm high, with inter-replicate inter-row and intra-row spacing of 1m, 1m and 0.5m respectively. One metre (1m) clear border was maintained on each of the four sides of each plot. Each replicate had 18 plants. Calcium Nitrate foliar spray at the rates 0mgl-1, 5mgl-1 and 10mgl-1 was applied without surfactant at twelve weeks after planting (12 WAP). Anthracnose incidence and severity results are presented in another paper. But tubers in the plots were sampled at 24 WAP in order to determine, Calcium nitrate foliar spray of 5mgl-1 and 10mgl-1 without surfactant, effect on tuber minerals, namely Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) and Sulphur (S), as well as Tuber Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) and yield. The results of yield, TPC and the tuber minerals are presented in this paper. Statistical analysis was carried out separately for each plot. Tuber Number Per Plant (TNPP) and Tuber Weight Per Plant (TWPP) were similar across treatments for water Yam Agbodo and white guinea yam Amula. TNPP overall means are 4.43 and 3.16 for Agbodo and Amula respectively. TWPP overall means are 2.00kg (or 20.00 tonsha-1) and 1.91kg (or 19.10 tonsha-1) for Agobdo and Amula respectively. Yield (tuber fresh weight) is similar to that obtained in a report of Calcium nitrate foliar spray for anthracnose control in Dioscorea species (two improved and one local variety), but which had relatively higher spray concentrations of 0 to 12000 milligram per litre and with surfactant in the spray liquid. Tuber Ca, Mg, N and P were significantly higher in the treatments than the control in water yam Agbodo as follows: Ca in mg/100g dm is 21.48 (10mgl-1) > 19.16 (5mgl-1) > 16.31 (Control); Mg in mg/100gdm is 24.53 (10mgl-1) > 21.22 (5mgl-1) > 19.02 (control); N in percent (%) is 1.86 (10mgl-1) > 1.37 (5mgl-1) > 0.95 (control); P in mg/100g dm is 56.27 (10mgl-1) > 53.14 (5mgl-1) > 49.76 (control). K in mg/100g dm in Agbodo is 807.70 (10mgl-1) higher than 770.60 (control). S and Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) of Agbodo were overall means 4.68% and 5.58mg Gallic Acid Equivalent per gram dry matter (5.58mgGAE/gdm) respectively. In white guinea Yam Amula, TPC and five of the minerals were higher significantly in the treatments than the control as follows: TPC in mgGAE/gdm is 5.92 (10mgl-1) > 5.39 (5mgl-1) > 4.82 (control); Ca in mg/100gdm is 18.22 (10mgl-1) > 16.45 (5mgl-1) > 14.49 (Control); N in % is 1.80 (10mgl-1) > 1.11 (5mgl-1) > 0.91 (control); P in mg/100gdm is 54.82 (10mgl-1) > 50.84 (5mgl-1) > 48.59 (control); K in mg/100gdm is 812.44 (10mgl-1) > 793.29 (5mgl-1) > 759.22 (control); S in % is 6.42 (10mgl-1) > 5.23 (5mgl-1) > 4.48 (control). Mg in white Yam Amula was overall mean of 20.19mg/100gdm, similar across treatments. A numerical comparison may be made of the two species (two varieties) because statistical analysis was carried out separately in the two experimental plots. Thus numerically (not statistically) overall means were higher in Agbodo in yield (TNPP and TWPP), TPC, Ca, Mg, N, P and K, than Amula. Amula was numerically higher in Sulphur only than Agbodo. Phenolic compounds reports of association with defence mechanisms in crop plants because they exhibit anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties is discussed. Phenolic compounds reports of exhibition of antioxidant or free radical scavenging properties that boost immunity against diseases caused by free radical reactions such as cancer, diabetes, aging and cardio vascular diseases, as well as analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties  is also discussed. This is to draw attention to inputs during Crop Protection Research such as this study which will effect synthesis of, or increase phenolic compounds in the edible food yams for disease resistance as well as for health benefits. Increase in calcium in this study would enhance disease resistance due to calcium role in the enhancement of the integrity of intracellular cementing materials. Magnesium and phosphorus requirement in yams is reported to be low, thus the increase in this study will ensure yams receive the optimum of the two elements. Lastly, Nitrogen and Potassium increase is to be emphasized for recommendation of 5mgl-1 and 10mgl-1 calcium nitrate foliar spray in Dioscorea species as the two are the most important for optimum yield in yams.

In vitro antioxidant and cytochrome p450 inhibitory activity of dark chocolate mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles

Dark chocolate provides enormous health benefits owing to its enriched antioxidants, such as polyphenols and flavonoids, which can encounter free radicals in the body. These antioxidants can lower blood cholesterol, lowering your risk of heart attacks, cancer, high blood pressure, and stroke. This study was aimed to investigate both the free radical scavenging property and inhibitory property of dark chocolate mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles on activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform. The DC-ZnO was evaluated against free radicals formation using DPPH and ABTS free radical assays. Besides, the ZnO nanoparticles were also evaluated for CYP34A inhibitory activity. From the results it was demonstrated that there was a dose dependent increase in the inhibition of DPPH and ABTS free radicals and CYP3A4 inhibitory activity by the dark chocolate formulation mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles. The maximum inhibitory activity was observed at maximum concentration of 160µL. It may be thus concluded that the synthesized dark chocolate mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles possess potent antioxidant activity with significant inhibitory effect on Cytochrome P3A4 enzyme.

Nephroprotective activity of naringin against chemical-induced toxicity and renal ischemia/reperfusion injury: A review.

Objective:The kidney is well-known as the vital organ which is responsible for maintaining body homeostasis and secretion of toxic metabolites. Renal injury is accompanied by oxidative stress which results in cellular apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, and reduction of antioxidant levels. Plant extracts and their phytoconstituents, owing to free radical scavenging properties, seem to be valuable against modern synthetic and chemical drugs. Naringin is a flavonoid present in citrus fruits with pharmacologic effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. This review summarizes the renoprotective effects of naringin and discusses mechanisms of its action against renal injury.Materials and Methods:For this paper, original subject-related articles published up to October 2020 have been reviewed in the databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Results:Naringin increases antioxidant enzyme activity, and glutathione content, reduces lipid peroxidation and inhibits inflammatory cytokines. In the molecular investigation, naringin activates the Nrf-2 signaling, prevents apoptosis signaling, and inhibits the autophagy pathway. Besides, naringin could protect the kidney through modulating microRNA-10a in the kidney tissue in an acute kidney injury model. Conclusion:This review recommends that naringin can be considered a promising candidate to treat kidney dysfunction induced by oxidative stress in the future.

Phytochemical analysis, biological activities, and GC profiling of extracts of some medicinal plant growing in Nepal

The present study was aimed to determine the antioxidant, α amylase inhibition, and antibacterial activities on ten traditionally used medicinal plant extracts, namely Cyperus rotundus, Citrus medica, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Jasminum humile, Osyris wightiana, Buddleja asiatica, Berberis aristata, Robus ellipticus, Schima wallichii, and Smilax ovalifolia growing in Nepal. The bioactive fraction of J. humile was subjected for GC analysis. The free radical scavenging properties of plant extracts were assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and antibacterial activity was performed by the well diffusion method. The antidiabetic activity was assessed α amylase inhibition assay. The chemical compounds were isolated from the active plant fraction by silica column chromatography, and the collected fractions were analyzed by GC and FTIR. The phytochemical analysis showed that plant extracts were rich sources of secondary metabolites. The in vitro antioxidant activity showed IC50 ranging from 30.57±0.02 to 155.65±0.10 µg/mL. The promising antioxidant activity was demonstrated by S. wallichii of IC50 30.57±0.02 µg/mL and J. humile 35.28±0.54 µg/mL, respectively whereas, the S. ovalifolia, exhibited the moderate antioxidant activity of IC50 155.65±0.10 µg/mL. The J. humile showed significant antidiabetic activity of IC50 59.4±23.47 µg/mL. The antidiabetic activities exhibited ranged from IC50 of 77.29±2.05 (S. wallichii to 608.28±71.50 µg/mL (C. rotundus). The R. ellipticus showed maximum ZOI (22 mm) against the Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), whereas J. humile (20 mm), O. wightiana (18 mm), and G. fragrantissima (16 mm) showed moderate antibacterial activity against the S. aureus. The C. rotundus, J. humile, S. ovalifolia, O. wightiana, and B. asiatica showed promising antibacterial activity against E. coli (ATCC 25922) with ZOI 15, 17, 14, 17, and 18 mm respectively. These findings provide partial scientific support for traditional uses of these medicinal plants against diabetes and infectious diseases. Therefore, the J. humile could be a promising source of natural antidiabetic and antioxidant compounds that may be drug candidates for future drug development. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first attempt to perform all these biological activities and phytochemical analyses growing in the particular region of Nepal.

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF CASSIA SOPHERA LINN LEAF EXTRACTS

Cassia sophera Linn (C. sophera) is a medicinally important plant belonging to the family of Caesalpiniaceae. The whole part of the plant is used as traditional folk medicine and is reported to possess analgesic, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective and antiasthmatic activity. The objective of this study was to screen the phytochemicals, estimate the content of alkaloids, phenolic and flavonoids compounds and determine the antioxidant capacity of the C. sophera leaves. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total alkaloids, phenol and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. The ethanolic extract of leaves of C. sophera was studied for antioxidant activity on different in vitro models namely 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging method. Phytochemical analysis of ethanol and aqueous extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, proteins and amino acids, carbohydrate, diterpenes. The total alkaloids, phenolic and flavonoids content of C. sophera leaves of ethanolic extract were 0.439, 0.864, and 1.014/100mg respectively. Ascorbic acid used as standards was also evaluated for comparison. The extract showed dose dependent free radical scavenging property in the tested models. C. sophera leaves extract showed IC50 value 78.10μg/ml for DPPH method, which was comparable to that of ascorbic acid (IC50=17.68μg/ml). For hydrogen peroxide method, IC50 value was found to be 73.17μg/ml, which compares favourable with ascorbic acid (IC50=36.613μg/ml). In nitric oxide model, IC50 value was found to be 92.29μg/ml, which was comparable to that of ascorbic acid (IC50=24.63μg/ml). The present study describes the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of C. sophera which can be further used for medicinal applications.

Comparative In-vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Miliusa tomentosa

Green medicine, the drugs derived from plants attained a wide spread interest, as believed to be safe and dependable, compared with costly synthetic drugs that have adverse effects. The present study aimed to analyze a comparative in vitro free radical scavenging and antimicrobial potentials of leaf hydroalcoholic extract fractions of Miliusatomentosa (Roxb.) J. Sinclair (M. tomentosa, Annonaceae) commonly known as hoom, kari.It is a large deciduous tree, growing up to 20 m tall and are given to children to cure the weakness in summer. The hydroalcoholicextract of leaves of M. tomentosa was studied for antioxidant activity on different in vitro models namely 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging method. Agar well diffusion method has been used to determine the antimicrobial activities of plant extracts against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella Bongori,Propionibacterium acnes), and fungus (Aspergillusflavus). In the investigated models, the extract showed dose-dependent free radical scavenging properties. For the DPPH technique, M. tomentosa leaves extract had an IC50 value of 335.92g/ml, which was close to that of ascorbic acid (IC50=17.68g/ml). The IC50 value for hydrogen peroxide was determined to be 96.42g/ml, which compares favourably to ascorbic acid (IC50=36.61g/ml). The IC50 value for nitric oxide was 105.87g/ml, which was close to that of ascorbic acid (IC50=24.63g/ml). The extracts exhibited both antibacterial and antifungal activities against tested microorganisms using standardampicilin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin and fluconazole (10-30μg/ml). The antimicrobial activity was determined by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition in term of millimeter (mm). The antimicrobial activity of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves against all microorganisms was concentration dependent but less than standard drug. On the basis of results obtained, it is suggested that both M. tomentosa leaves extracts may be a potential source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds to be used in the treatment of various oxidative disorders, infectious diseases caused by resistant microorganisms.

Extraction, Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Potential of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Viola odorata Linn

Bioactive chemicals found in medicinal plants are used to treat a variety of human ailments and serve a vital part in healing. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, saponin, steroids, and tannins are examples of secondary components. Anticancer, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-diuretic, and anti-inflammation properties are all found in medicinal plants. The growing interest in secondary metabolites' significant biological action has highlighted the need of assessing their presence in therapeutic plants. Viola odorata (Viola odorata, Violaceae) is a Viola species native to Europe and Asia that has recently been introduced to North America and Australasia. In India, the plant is known as Banafsa, Banafsha, or Banaksa, and it's often used to treat sore throats and tonsillitis. It was known to be used to treat cancer-related pain. It has traditionally been used to treat anxiety, sleeplessness, and high blood pressure. Alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, methyl slicylate, mucilage, and vitamin C are all found in it. Antioxidant, analgesic, antihypertensive, and diuretic properties have been documented for the plant. The goal of this research is to identify phytochemicals, assess phenolic and flavonoid content, and measure the antioxidant potential of V. odorata flowers. The well-known test methodology was used to determine qualitative analysis of various phytochemical elements as well as quantitative analysis of total phenol and flavonoids. The antioxidant activity of a hydroalcoholic extract of V. odorata flowers was tested in vitro using the 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging technique. Phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and other phytochemicals were discovered by phytochemical investigation. The total phenolic and flavonoids content of the hydroalcoholic extract of V. odorata flower was 0.521 and 0.637 mg/100 mg, respectively. In the investigated models, the extract showed dose-dependent free radical scavenging properties. For the DPPH technique, the IC50 value of V. odorata floral extract was 109.78g/ml, which was close to that of ascorbic acid (IC50=27.82g/ml). The IC50 value for hydrogen peroxide was discovered to be 85.85g/ml, which compares well to ascorbic acid (IC50=16.48g/ml). The present study describes the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of V. odorata flower which will further used for medicinal applications.

Antioxidant Activity from Cymodocea serrulata Seagrass Crude Extract

Introduction: Cymodocea can be found in clear water and in the high intertidal areas.The antioxidant study of the extract of C. serrulata shows the highest free radical scavenging property on ethanol extract. This may be due to the presence of high phenolic compounds. The study brings out the medicinal value of C. serrulata which can be used as a nutraceutical compound in various food and pharmaceutical industries.Antioxidants are defending your body cell from damage caused by free radicals when they accumulated may cause oxidative stress. The synthetic antioxidants are producing more side effects, while natural antioxidants play a major role in scavenging free radicals without side-effects.
 Aim: To analyse the antioxidant activity from cymodocea serrulata sea grass from crude extract.
 Materials and Methodology: The fresh leaves of Cymodocea serrulata were collected from parangipettai coastal area, Tamil Nadu. The seagrass are washed thoroughly with tap water then shade dried on table tissue paper for 2-3 weeks and turn into a fine power. And 10g of dried powdered seagrass samples were mixed with 100ml of methanol/Ethanol.
 Using DPPH assay, to extract 0.1ml add equal volume of DPPH 0.1 ml . After 20 min, absorb at 517 nm. Ascorbic acid is used as a standard concentration and DPPH was calculated.
 Results: The result concludes that Cymodocea serrulata showed good antioxidant activity. when concentration increases the percentage of the zone of inhibition is also increased, which shows that it shows a good antioxidant activity.
 Conclusion: In this study antioxidant activity was checked by using Cymodocea serrulata. Using DPPH assay, it has concluded that it has strong antioxidant activity from crude extract. In the future it can be used for medication and further studies can be done by using individual components for various particles.

Evaluation of in vitro cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of Tinospora cordifolia in cultured HepG2 cells

IntroductionTinospora cordifolia is a popular medicinal plant containing a variety of phytochemicals including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and polyphenols, which have shown various pharmacological activities. The present study is aimed at comparing the cytoprotective and antioxidant potential of aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of T. cordifolia stem, in HepG2 cells cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with high concentrations of glucose and fructose, both alone and in combination, to mimic diabetic conditions. MethodsThe antioxidant potential and free radical scavenging properties of extracts of T. cordifolia were measured by DPPH and ferric ion reducing power (FRAP) assays. The cytoprotective potential of extracts against HepG2 cells cultured in DMEM supplemented with 5 mM, 10 mM and 50 mM of glucose, 1 mM, 5 mM and 20 mM of fructose and their combinations, was measured by MTT and SRB assays and also lactate dehydrogenase release in the culture medium, while the antioxidant potential was evaluated by measuring decrease in oxidative damage of lipids and proteins. ResultsVarious extracts of T. cordifolia, viz., aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic, show free radical scavenging properties, thus are also effective in increasing the viability of cells which was decreased by supplementation of excess sugars in the medium. Treatment of extracts also reduced the levels of damaged lipids and proteins in HepG2 cells. ConclusionsThe results indicated that the naturally occurring phytoconstituents of T. cordifolia stem are potentially cytoprotective and antioxidant. Furthermore, the constituents show potential in reversing the diabetes-induced changes in HepG2 cells, thus improving their survival and functional integrity.

Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Phyto-Constituents and Antioxidant Potential of Rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga, Kaempferia parviflora and Kaempferia pulchra

Medicinal plants are the potent source of biologically active compounds and have always been of field of interest for the effective chemotherapeutic agents and offering a broad spectrum of activity with greater emphasis on preventive action. The objective of this study was to screen the phytochemicals, estimate the content of phenolic, flavonoids and alkaloids compounds and determines the antioxidant capacity of the rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga Linn, Kaempferia parviflora and Kaempferia pulchra (K. galanga, K. parviflora and K, pulchra, Zingiberaceae). Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenol, flavonoids and alkaloids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. The ethanolic extract of rhizomes of K. galanga, K. parviflora and K, pulchra was studied for antioxidant activity on different in vitro models namely 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and Nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging method. Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of all three plants revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenolics, carbohydrate, and tannin. The total phenolic, flavonoids and alkaloids content of ethanolic extract of K. galanga, K. parviflora and K, pulchra rhizomes were 0.813, 1.146; 1.047, 1.237, 0.285; 0.755, 0.822, 0.975/100mg respectively. All extracts showed dose dependent free radical scavenging property in the tested models, which was comparable to that of ascorbic acid. The present study concluded that the crude extract of K. galanga, K. parviflora and K, pulchra rhizomes is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant potential. It is expected that the important phytochemical properties recognized by our study in the indigenous medicinal plants will be very useful in the curing of various diseases when taken along with our food.

Rescuing ischemic stroke by biomimetic nanovesicles through accelerated thrombolysis and sequential ischemia-reperfusion protection

Rational design of nanomedicine to accelerate thrombolysis and sequentially avoid thrombolysis-mediated reperfusion injury is still a challenge. Here, we develop a biomimetic nanovesicle (tPA/MNP@PM, tMP) by simple encapsulating melanin nanoparticles (MNP) and tPA with a platelet membrane vesicle (PM), which integrates the thrombus targeting property of PM, the photothermal conversion performance and free radical scavenging property of natural melanin for cascaded ischemic stroke treatment. Benefiting from natural thrombus-targeted adhesion capability of PM, nanovesicles could efficiently target thrombus site. Then near-infrared (NIR) mediated photothermal of MNP could lead to rupture of nanovesicles, thus achieving precise release of tPA in thrombus. Interestingly, local hyperthermia also increases the activity of tPA for accelerating thrombolysis. Afterwards, site specific released MNP (4.5 nm) accompanied by hemoperfusion can cross the BBB and accumulate in cerebral ischemia site, scavenging various free radicals and suppressing inflammation- and immune response–induced injury to achieve neuroprotection after thrombolysis. In addition, the biomimetic nanovesicle could block tPA-induced brain hemorrhage after stroke to improve thrombolytic therapy. The evaluation in ischemic stroke mice confirmed that the simple-prepared nanomedicine with cascaded thrombus targeting, precise thrombolysis and ischemia-reperfusion protection properties can significantly enhance the treatment effect of ischemic stroke. Statement of significanceIschemic stroke is recognized as a leading cause of death and disability in the world. Rational design of nanomedicine to accelerate thrombolysis and sequentially avoid thrombolysis-mediated reperfusion injury is still a challenge. Herein, a biomimetic nanovesicle (tMP) was developed for sequential ischemic stroke treatment. It could overcome the drawbacks of free tPA for safe thrombolysis: i) platelet membrane biomimetic coating significantly increases thrombus targeting; ii) NIR-mediated photothermal of natural melanin precise controlled release of tPA in thrombus in situ, and local hyperthermia also increases the thrombolytic activity of tPA. Notably, released melanin nanoparticles (4.5 nm) accompanied by hemoperfusion can across BBB and avoid ischemia-reperfusion injury through free radical scavenging and inflammation/immune response suppression.

Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Potential of Plumbago indica Root Extracts

Due to their well-known attribute of having minimal side effects as compared to medicines, natural items with medical potential are progressively gaining prominence in clinical research. The roots of Plumbago indica (P. indica, Plumbaginaceae) are commercially significant since they are the primary source of plumbagin and its derivatives. Plumbagin is well-known for its many pharmacological properties. P. indica roots yielded three naphthoquinones: plumbagin, 3, 30-biplumbagin, and elliptinone, which were employed as standard markers for quantitative HPLC analysis. The goal of this research was to screen phytochemicals, assess alkaloids, phenolic and flavonoid content, and measure the antioxidant potential of P. indica roots. The well-known test methodology was used to determine qualitative analysis of several phytochemical ingredients as well as quantitative analysis of total alkaloids, phenol, and flavonoids. The antioxidant activity of an ethanolic extract of P. indica roots was investigated in vitro using the 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test technique. Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, proteins, and glucose were found in the ethanol and aqueous extracts, according to phytochemical study. P. indica roots ethanolic extract had 5.55, 0.930, and 3.940 mg of total phenolic, flavonoids, and alkaloids respectively. For comparative purposes, ascorbic acid was employed as a benchmark. In the investigated models, the extract showed dose-dependent free radical scavenging properties. For the DPPH technique, P. indica roots extract had an IC50 value of 23.02 µg/ml, which was equivalent to that of ascorbic acid (IC50=17.68 µg/ml). These researches contributed to the accurate identification of this plant material. The plant's broad variety of phytochemicals implies that it has medicinal potential, which might be investigated in the pharmaceutical sector as well as in traditional medicine.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of proteins isolated from Melipona beecheii honey

Proteins from Melipona beecheii honey were purified by concanavalin A (conA) affinity chromatography and eluted with a stepwise glucose gradient into fractions named F2-F5. The conA-unbound fraction (F1) was further separated by molecular exclusion into fractions named MbF1-1,2 and MbF1-3. All fractions were evaluated for antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens and antioxidant capacity. F1 fraction possessed highest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, S. Typhimurium, E. coli and P. aeruginosa with MIC’s 1.4 ± 0.2, 15 ± 1, 39 ± 2, 1 ± 0.1, and 75 ± 2 µg/mL, respectively. F1, MbF1-1,2 and MbF1-3 had bactericidal effect except against P. aeruginosa. When the antioxidant capacity of the fractions was determined, F2 had the highest antioxidant activity measured by DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 2.4 ± 0.4 µg/µL) and reducing power of Fe(III) (IC50 = 1.8 ± 0.2 µg/µL). We provide evidence that M. beecheii honey proteins possess broad spectrum antibacterial and antioxidant activity, the latter probably through their reducing agent and free radical scavenger properties.