Free Radical Scavenging Properties Research Articles

Chemical components and antioxidant potential of essential oil of Rhanterium epapposum growing in sandy habitat in Saudi Arabia: In silico study on cytochrome P450 1A1 and xanthine oxidase

Rhanterium epapposum Oliv. (Family: Asteraceae) is a common plant in Saudi Arabia, possessing a variety of traditional uses. The current targets were studying the comparative chemical profile and antioxidant of the essential oil (EO) of R. epapposum collected from a sandy habitat at Qareenah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The EO profiling was constructed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Forty-eight compounds were found, including monoterpenes (hydrocarbons 3.25% and oxygenated 48.64%), sesquiterpenes (hydrocarbons 12.64 % and oxygenated 32.38%), which are the backbone of the oil along with a minor of other non-terpenoid compounds (1.31%). Linalool (18.02%), α-eudesmol (11.98%), trans-sesquisabinene hydrate (11.63%), aromadendrene oxide-(1) (7.68%), nerol (6.88%), and α-terpineol (5.01%) were identified as the dominant components. The EO was evaluated for its antioxidant activity using in vitro DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods. The results demonstrated that R. epapposum EO possesses a dosage-dependent ability for antioxidant scavenging activity as per all three techniques. This EO exhibited IC50 values of 517.59, 350.24, and 713.72 μg/mL for the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, respectively, through the comparison with the ascorbic acid with respective values of 36.10, 26.12, and 44.58 μg/mL. The main compounds were subjected to docking analysis on cytochrome P450 1A1 and xanthine oxidase. All evaluated compounds exhibited good binding affinities especially α-eudesmol and linalool for both enzymes, respectively. The current research confirmed the potent free radical scavenging properties of R. epapposum EO. More research on the antioxidant content of this oil and/or its primary constituents in pure form on the two enzymes, cytochrome P450 1A1 and xanthine oxidase, is proposed to develop a better understanding of the oxidative action routes in vivo and in vitro.

Exploring Curcumin-Loaded Lipid-Based Nanomedicine as Efficient Targeted Therapy for Alzheimer's Diseases.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological condition currently with 47 million people suffering from it globally. AD might have many reasons such as genetic issues, environmental factors, and Aβ accumulation, which is the biomarker of the disease. Since the primary reason is unknown, there is no targeted treatment at the moment, but ongoing research aims to slow its progression by managing amyloid-beta peptide production rather than symptomatic improvement. Since phytochemicals have been demonstrated to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, they may target multiple pathological factors and can reduce the risk of the disease. Curcumin, as a phytochemical found in turmeric known for its antioxidant, free radical scavenging properties, and as an antiamyloid in treating AD, has come under investigation. Although its low bioavailability limits its efficacy, a prominent drug delivery system (DDS) is desired to overcome it. Hence, the potency of lipid-based nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin (LNPs-CUR) is considered in this study as a promising DDS. In vivo studies in animal models indicate LNPs-CUR effectively slow amyloid plaque formation, leading to cognitive enhancement and reduced toxicity compared to free CUR. However, a deeper understanding of CUR's pharmacokinetics and safety profile is crucial before LNPs-CUR can be considered as a medicine. Future investigations may explore the combination of NPs with other therapeutic agents to increase their efficacy in AD cases. This review provides the current position of CUR in the AD therapy paradigm, the DDS suggestions for CUR, and the previous research from the point of analytical view focused on the advantages and challenges.

Synthesis, structure of the N-(Alkyl/Arylsulfonyl) substituted 5-(Bromo/Iodo)-3-methylindazoles and bioactivity screening against some of the biochemical targets linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus

The indazole scaffold and sulfonamide moiety have evoked high interest in medicinal chemistry especially in the context of antidiabetic drug development. A series of the C-5 unsubstituted (2a–f), 5‑bromo (2g–l) and 5-iodo (2m–r) substituted 1-(alkyl/arylsulfonyl)-3-methylindazoles were prepared, characterized and then evaluated through enzymatic assay in vitro for anti-α-glucosidase activity and for potential free radical scavenging properties. Compounds 2b, 2d, 2f–h, 2k, 2p and 2q exhibited strong activity against α-glucosidase compared to acarbose (IC50 = 1.30 ± 0.02 µM) with IC50 values in the range of 0.72 ± 0.03 – 1.20 ± 0.01 µM. These compounds exhibited increased or strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and/or nitric oxide (NO) free radical scavenging activities. The compounds were, in turn, evaluated through enzymatic assays in vitro for the potential to inhibit or activate superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipoxygenase-15 (LOX-15) and/or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) activities. An in vitro cell-based antioxidant activity assay involving lipopolysaccharide induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the human breast (MCF-7) cancer cell line revealed that compounds 2d, 2f and 2h exhibit moderate activity (35.5 %, 47 % and 28 %, respectively) compared to staurosporine (24 %). Compounds 2d, 2f and 2h significantly reduced the ROS level in the human embryonic kidney (HEK293-T) cells (65.5 %, 58 % and 48 %, respectively) compared to staurosporine (34 %). The planar benzo-fused heterocyclic scaffold and the distorted tetrahedral geometry of the N-sulfonyl moiety are predicted to facilitate hydrophobic and/or hydrogen bonding interactions to stabilize protein-ligand interaction in the receptors. The ADME analysis predicted that the test compounds have drug-like properties, a safe toxicity profile in silico without any carcinogenic and mutagenicity side effect. Molecular modelling was also used to attempt to rationalize the biological activity of these compounds and to correlate the results of in vitro and in silico studies.

Chemical Composition of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Ethanol Extract and Its Antimicrobial Activities and Free Radical Scavenging Capacities.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a perennial tuberous plant from the genus Curcuma (Zingiberaceae) and has been widely used in foods for thousands of years. The present study examined the ethanol extract of turmeric for its chemical composition, antimicrobial activity, and free radical scavenging properties. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis tentatively identified eight compounds in the turmeric extract. Potential antimicrobial effects of 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg turmeric equivalents (TE)/mL were evaluated in vitro against a variety of Gram-negative bacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas sp.) and Gram-positive bacteria (i.e., Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria innocua, and Staphylococcus aureus). Concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 mg TE/mL inhibited the growth of S. aureus and significantly suppressed that of Pseudomonas sp., E. faecalis, and L. innocua. The growth of all strains, including E. coli, was inhibited by 10 mg TE/mL. Moreover, free radical scavenging capacities were determined using HO●, ABTS●+, and DPPH● (HOSC, ABTS, and RDSC, respectively) radicals. The turmeric ethanol extract had a TPC value of 27.12 mg GAE/g, together with HOSC, RDSC, and ABTS values of 1524.59, 56.38, and 1.70 μmol TE/g, respectively. Our results suggest that turmeric extract has potential applications for use in functional foods to reduce microbial burdens and oxidative stress-related health problems.

In Vitro Digestion of Polyphenolic Compounds and the Antioxidant Activity of Acorn Flour and Pasta Enriched with Acorn Flour

Acorn flour is a rich source of nutrients and is beneficial to human health due to, among other things, its low glycemic index and polyphenol content. In order to obtain more accurate data on the levels and activities of the substances tested after ingestion and digestion, it may be beneficial to use a simulated in vitro digestion method. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to elucidate the content of polyphenols, individual phenolic acids, flavonoids and antiradical properties of acorn flour and pasta enriched with acorn flour before and after simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The results indicate that the total polyphenol content (TPC), flavonoid content and radical scavenging activity exhibited an increasing trend following the initial digestion stage and a decreasing trend following the second stage. Nevertheless, the levels of phenolic acids demonstrated an increase in both digestion phases. The digestion processes of polyphenols in acorn flour differ significantly from those in pasta. In the case of pasta, total polyphenols , phenolic acids and flavonoids, as well as free radical scavenging properties, demonstrated a decreasing trend following each digestion stage.

Evaluation of antioxidant potential of crude extract of metabolites from endophytic fungi isolated from <i>Annona senegalensis</i> Pers

Degenerative diseases resulting from free radicals can be prevented through the use of natural antioxidants. This study aimed to assess the free radical scavenging potential of the underexplored endophytic fungal metabolites from Annona senegalensis Pers (wild custard apple). Freshly collected root, midrib, and leaf tissues were planted on malt extract agar following surface sterilization with 70% ethanol for 3 minutes, washed twice with distilled water, immersed in a sodium hypochlorite solution (4%) for 5 minutes, and subsequently rinsed with sterile water. Seven endophytic fungi were isolated, and the antioxidant activity of their metabolites was evaluated using the 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging method, with ascorbic acid serving as a reference antioxidant. The crude extract from the seven endophytic fungal isolates demonstrated concentration- dependent antioxidant activities. LB2 exhibited a strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 38.15 μg/ml. Extracts from RT1 and LB1 showed antioxidant activities, with the highest inhibition of 60% and 65%, respectively, observed at a concentration of 1000 μg/ml. This was compared favorably to ascorbic acid, which exhibited 94% inhibition. This indicates that the crude extract from endophytic fungi isolated from A. senegalensis possesses free radical scavenging properties. Further purification and elucidation of the crude extract will reveal the bioactive compounds responsible for the antioxidant activities.

10-(6-Plastoquinonyl) decyltriphenylphosphonium imparts anti-colitogenic protection through recovery of mitochondrial dysfunction in ulcerated murine colon: Implications in ulcerative colitis

AimsTo elucidate the impact of 10-(6-plastoquinonyl) decyltriphenylphosphonium (SkQ1) as an anti-colitogenic agent for maintenance of colon epithelial tract in ulcerated mice through recovery of mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial stress by virtue of its free radical scavenging properties. Main methodsDSS induced ulcerated BALB/c mice were treated with SkQ1 for 14 days @ 30 nmol/kg/body wt./day/mice. Post-treatment, isolated colonic mitochondria were utilized for spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric biochemical analysis of various mitochondrial functional variables including individual mitochondrial respiratory enzyme complexes. Confocal microscopy was utilized for measuring mitochondrial membrane potential in vivo. ELISA technique was adapted for measuring colonic nitrite and 3–nitrotyrosine (3-NT) content. Finally in vitro cell line study was carried out to substantiate in vivo findings and elucidate the involvement of free radicals in UC using antioxidant/free radical scavenging regimen. Key findingsTreatment with SkQ1 in vivo reduced histopathological severity of colitis, induced recovery of mitochondrial respiratory complex activities and associated functional variables, improved oxidative stress indices and normalized mitochondrial cardiolipin content. Importantly, SkQ1 lowered nitrite concentration and 3–nitrotyrosine formation in vivo. In vitro SkQ1 restored mitochondrial functions wherein the efficacy of SkQ1 proved equal or better compared to SOD and DMSO indicating predominant involvement of O2− and OH in UC. However, NO and ONOO− also seemed to play a secondary role as MEG and L-NAME provided lesser protection as compared to SOD and DMSO. SignificanceSkQ1 can be considered as a potent anti-colitogenic agent by virtue of its free radical scavenging properties in treating UC.

Phytochemical profiling, cytotoxic, anti-migration, and anti-angiogenic potential of phenolic-rich fraction from Peganum harmala: in vitro and in ovo studies.

Peganum harmala has been extensively employed in Algerian traditional medicine practices. This study aimed to explore the impact of n-butanol (n-BuOH) extract sourced from Peganum harmala seeds on cell proliferation, cell migration, and angiogenesis inhibition. Cytotoxic potential of n-BuOH extract was evaluated using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay against human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells, cell migration was determined using scratch assay, and anti-angiogenic effect was evaluated through macroscopic and histological examinations conducted on chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Additionally, this research estimated the phytochemical profile of n-BuOH extract. Fifteen phenolic compounds were identified using Ultra-performance liquid chromatography UPLC-ESI-MS-MS analysis. In addition, the n-BuOH extract of P. harmala exhibited potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. The n-BuOH extract showed potent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cell with an IC50 value of 8.68 ± 1.58 μg/mL. Furthermore, n-BuOH extract significantly reduced migration. A strong anti-angiogenic activity was observed in the groups treated with n-BuOH extract in comparison to the negative control. Histological analysis confirmed the anti-angiogenic effect of the n-BuOH extract. This activity is probably a result of the synergistic effects produced by different polyphenolic classes.

IN SILICO, PREPARATION AND IN VITRO STUDIES OF BENZYLIDENE-BASED HYDROXY BENZYL UREA DERIVATIVES AS FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Objective: The study focuses on the benzylidene-based hydroxy benzyl urea derivative as free radical scavengers in PD. Methods: The derivatives were designed, synthesized, and characterized using FTIR, 1H, 13C-NMR, and Mass spectrometry. Further in vitro studies were performed on the SHSY-5Y cell lines. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic studies were performed at 100 ns to predict the binding affinity and stability of the ligand/protein complex. Results: Among the nine derivatives, compounds HBU-2, and HBU-4were found to have the highest binding affinity-9.699 kcal/mol, and-9.020 kcal/mol with the amino acid interactions SER 149, PHE 157, ARG 158, SER 159, ILE 230, and ASP 231. Further, this HBU-1 to HBU-9 derivatives were produced using a synthesis route. The neurotoxicity studies were performed on the SHSY-5Y cells, where the % cell viability for the compound HBU-2, and HBU-4 was 91.22 %, and 90.42 %at a minimal concentration of 125 µg/ml with a p-value<0.011. Further, the cell counts and LDH assay for the compound HBU-2, and HBU-4 with MPP+treatment predicted 0.72-fold change and 0.66-fold change. The ROS % activity was also measured for compounds HBU-2 and HBU-4 in conjunction with the MPP+induction. In the SHSY-5Y cell line, compound HBU-2 downregulated the ROS level to 45%. Conclusion: The synthesized compounds were found to have good free radical scavenging properties on SHSY-5Y neuroblastoma cell lines, considering these derivatives could be further assessed using appropriate PD models.

GC–MS based antioxidants characterization in Saussurea heteromalla (D. Don) Hand-Mazz by inhibition of nitric oxide generation in macrophages

For centuries, medicinal plants have served as the cornerstone for traditional health care systems and same practice is still prevalent today. In the Himalayan region, Saussurea heteromalla holds a significant place in traditional medicine and is used to address various health issues. Despite its historical use, little exploration has focused on its potential for scavenging free radicals and reducing inflammation. Hence, our current study aims to investigate the free radical scavenging capabilities of S. heteromalla extracts. The n-hexane extract of entire plant revealed promising activity. This extract underwent extensive extraction on a larger scale. Subsequent purification, employing column chromatography, HPLC–DAD techniques, led to the identification of active compounds, confirmed via GC–MS and the NIST database as 1-O-butyl 2-O-octyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate and 2,4-ditert-butylphenol. Assessing the free radical scavenging properties involved utilizing RAW-264.7 macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharides. Notably, the compound 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol exhibited remarkable scavenging abilities, demonstrating over 80% inhibition of Nitric oxide. This study stands as the inaugural report on the isolation of these compounds from S. heteromalla.

Melatonin in energy control: Circadian time-giver and homeostatic monitor.

Melatonin is a neurohormone synthesized from dietary tryptophan in various organs, including the pineal gland and the retina. In the pineal gland, melatonin is produced at night under the control of the master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. Under physiological conditions, the pineal gland seems to constitute the unique source of circulating melatonin. Melatonin is involved in cellular metabolism in different ways. First, the circadian rhythm of melatonin helps the maintenance of proper internal timing, the disruption of which has deleterious effects on metabolic health. Second, melatonin modulates lipid metabolism, notably through diminished lipogenesis, and it has an antidiabetic effect, at least in several animal models. Third, pharmacological doses of melatonin have antioxidative, free radical-scavenging, and anti-inflammatory properties in various in vitro cellular models. As a result, melatonin can be considered both a circadian time-giver and a homeostatic monitor of cellular metabolism, via multiple mechanisms of action that are not all fully characterized. Aging, circadian disruption, and artificial light at night are conditions combining increased metabolic risks with diminished circulating levels of melatonin. Accordingly, melatonin supplementation could be of potential therapeutic value in the treatment or prevention of metabolic disorders. More clinical trials in controlled conditions are needed, notably taking greater account of circadian rhythmicity.

Pyrolytic oil from Muli bamboo (Melocanna baccifera, Roxb.): Biological potential and possible functional attributes

Bamboos with over 160 different species are important sources of food and other value-added products especially among the tribal communities of Northeast India. In the study, bio-oil was extracted from Melocanna baccifera through pyrolysis process and was evaluated for their biological properties. The characterization of the functional attributes responsible for the activities was achieved using advance techniques. The extracted bio-oil was found to be smoky dark brown in colour with a pH of 2.46 ± 0.2. Bio-assays showed that the bio-oil was efficient in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungal and bacterial strains such as Fusarium udum, F. proliferatum, Micrococcus luteus, and Salmonella typhimurium in a concentration dependent manner. The bio-oil also exhibit excellent free radical scavenging properties even at concentration of 1% and tend to increase with the concentration of the extract. Similar to previous reports, the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the bio-oil were attributed to bioactive compounds like Guaiacol, Catechins, Catechol, Quinol, 2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol, etc. which were further validated by gas chromatography, ICP-MS and FTIR characterization techniques. While the extract did not show any significant phytotoxicity effect either on the seed germination rate or root elongation, they were found to promote the development of secondary roots in Vigna radiate. The present findings offer valuable insights for the further exploration and evaluation of bamboo biomass as possible sources of novel bioactive compounds and also extraction of other high-value added products.

Measurement of Antioxidant Activity Against Superoxide Radical Anions by Sonochemiluminescence

Abstract This paper, for the first time, reports on an alternative method for measuring the free radical-scavenging properties of phenolic compounds, specifically against superoxide anion radicals (O2•−) by sonochemiluminescence (SCL) of lucigenin (Luc2+). A miniaturized sonochemical reactor is developed for the SCL observation under pulsed 450 kHz ultrasound irradiation.

Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antioxidant properties of extracts from leaves, stem-barks and roots of <i>Pterocarpus Erinaceus</i>

Oxidative stress is found to be associated with the etiology of several human diseases. Free radicals are the causative agent of oxidative stress, and can be scavenged by either natural (plants) or synthetic antioxidants. Synthetic antioxidants have some side effects which push a lot of research focuses on natural antioxidants. Pterocarpus erinaceus is a medicinal plant employed as traditional remedy for the treatment of several diseases associated with oxidative stress. This basis, the present study aimed at screening phytochemical and evaluating antioxidant properties of extracts from leaves, stem-barks and roots of Pterocarpus erinaceus. Leaves, stem-barks and roots of Pterocarpus erinaceous after collection were air-dried and pulverized. Each was extracted with methanol and the methanolic extracts were used. Phytochemicals were screened, in vitro, and in vivo antioxidant studies conducted. Rats were grouped into; Group 1: Normal control (liquid paraffin, vehicle 1 ml.kg), Group 2: Negative control (received 1 ml/kg CCl4), Group 3: Positive control (received 1ml/kg CCl4 +1 ml/kg Silymarin), Group 4-6: Extract treated rats (received 1 ml/kg CCl4 + varied doses of Extracts at 100, 200, and 400mg/kg body weight of rats). The treatment was done daily via oral means for 14 days. The results of the study showed Pterocarpus erinaceus rich in different phytochemicals which possess free radicals scavenging properties. In vivo study revealed that Pterocarpus erinaceus could ameliorate CCl4 toxicity in a way that seem to be via elevation of endogenous antioxidant activities. In conclusion, the leaves of Pterocarpus Erinaceus possessed more of the components rich with antioxidant properties hence its recommendation for further study to identify molecules enshrined therein.

Statistical optimization for greener synthesis of multi-efficient silver nanoparticles from the Hypocrea lixii GGRK4 culture filtrate and their ecofriendly applications

The culture filtrate of Hypocrea lixii GGRK4 played a vital role as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using silver nitrate (AgNO3). The extracellular extract derived from fungi emerged as a noteworthy option for synthesizing AgNPs due to its potential composition of metabolites, including enzymes and other bioactive substances. Hence, the presence of a dark brown color serves as a key indicator for the biosynthesis of AgNPs through the reduction of Ag (I) ions to Ag by the fungal culture filtrate. To facilitate the synthesis of AgNPs, a combination of hybrid technologies, specifically the “one factor at a time” approach and statistical tools such as response surface methodology, was used using a face-centered central composite design (FCCCD). Utilizing a modified CX medium with pH of 5.02 supported the fungi synthesizing AgNPs at a temperature of 30°C. The multi-efficient AgNPs were characterized through various techniques, including UV–visible spectrophotometry, zeta size and potential analysis using a zeta size analyzer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and fluorescence spectroscopy. The biosynthesized AgNPs have significant associated functional groups, revealed by FTIR analysis. TEM histogram analysis showed that these multi-efficient AgNPs have a size of 17.34 nm. Similarly, they have emission and excitation spectra of 450 nm and 390 nm, respectively, revealed by fluorescence spectrum analysis. Compared to the standard, the biosynthesized AgNPs have significant antibacterial and free radical scavenging properties and dye degradation capability. Additionally, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was found statistically significant based on t-test analysis. Finally, the biosynthesized AgNPs could be used in potential applications encompassing ecofriendly degradation, antimicrobial activity, and therapeutic applications, such as free radical scavenging properties.

Antioxidant and antibacterial evaluation of leaf extracts of Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don; An In Vitro and In Silico study

BackgroundMany infectious bacteria have changed throughout time and there are alarmingly large number of antibiotic resistant species that can withstand the inhibitory impact of these treatments., Plants are new sources of antibacterial agents hence there is a need to determine and evaluate the antioxidant activity, antibacterial properties of medicinal plants ObjectiveThe present study focuses on qualitative, quantitative phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antimicrobial evaluation of leaves’ extracts of Prunus cerasoides Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don. Materials and methodsThe Antioxidant activity of leaves extracts of Prunus cerasoides Buch. -Ham. ex D.Don was determined by DPPH method. Antibacterial activity was determined by serial dilution method. Further docking interactions were investigated using Maestro 12.7 (Schrodinger 2021) and ADME by using QikProp tool of Schrodingers 2021. ResultsThe leaves’ extracts of Prunus cerasoides Buch. -Ham. ex D.Don showed potent antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Methanol extract was found to be the most active against all the four strains of bacteria and showed MIC value (3.125 μg/mL) against both E. coli and S. aureus. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts had the highest radical scavenging activity. Further molecular docking and ADME studies for phytoconstituents of Prunus cerasoides Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don. using different bacterial protein targets of reported phytoconstituents of Prunus cerasoides Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don. and found that emodin, amygdalin and aromadendrin were the phytoconstituents having good docking score and drug likeliness properties. ConclusionsThe leaves extracts of Prunus cerasoides Buch. -Ham. ex D.Don showed potent free radical scavenging property as well as antibacterial activity.

Therapeutic potential and chemo-morphological characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous extracts of Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag.

In present study, bioreduction of silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles was carried out using leaf extracts of Monarda citriodora plant. Different reaction parameters viz: inorganic silver salt (AgNO3) concentration, monarda extract concentration, pH and reaction time were varied to optimize the conditions for maximum recovery of silver nanoparticles. Monarda citriodora plant could efficiently bio-reduce silver ions. The efficiency of process increased with increasing salt concentration. Maximum recovery of AgNO3 was attained at 5 mM concentration with 5% concentration of MC leaf extract. The mixture incubated for 24 h at pH 8 gave maximum recovery. The images from scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirmed the dispersed state of silver nanoparticles. The energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) graphs depicted that silver nanoparticles comprised 91.97% of silver mixed with some groups like N and Al acting as capping agents. Presence of organic groups like –OH was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) graphs. The x-ray diffractometer (XRD) peaks corroborated with presence of silver in mixture. Antimicrobial and anti-oxidant activities of nanoparticles were studied. From the results it was observed that silver nano-particles are potential agonistics to many microbial strains and also have efficient free radical scavenging properties when compared with ascorbic acid.

In vitro validation of anti-diabetic and free radical scavenging property of Naaval Kottai Mathirai, a promising Siddha drug for the management of Diabetes mellitus

In vitro validation of anti-diabetic and free radical scavenging property of Naaval Kottai Mathirai, a promising Siddha drug for the management of Diabetes mellitus

Exploratory Studies on Chrysin via Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, ADMET, PASS and Molecular Docking evaluations

IntroductionChrysin, a flavonoid found in Feng Jiao (Chinese name for propolis), exhibits a wide array of pharmacological activities and is recognized for the significant roles it plays in traditional Chinese medicine. The present study aimed to explore the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of chrysin and provide mechanistic insights via in silico experiments. MethodsThe in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of chrysin, a natural flavone found in propolis was investigated. Molecular docking interactions, the Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination and Toxicity (ADMET) and Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) were used to predict the biological activities of chrysin. ResultsChrysin exhibited a considerable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant capacity. Chrysin demonstrated inhibition against S. typhi, and B. subtilis with lowest MIC value of 1.25 mg/mL which was similar to that of chloramphenicol. Drug-likeness and ADMET study of the two compounds showed their physicochemical properties as non-toxic, non-mutagenic, high permeability, good solubility and absorption characteristics. DiscussionThe research below shows that chrysin and silymarin had antioxidant, free radical scavenging, antibacterial, hepatoprotective and anticarcinogenic properties based on PASS prediction of biological activities. Molecular docking of chrysin and silymarin, a standard hepatoprotective drug, with tumour necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme (TACE) and manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (SOD 2) showed interactions with LEU 401, VAL 402, HIS 405 amino acid residues at the active sites of TACE. Chrysin non-covalently interacted with amino acids of SOD 2 at the active site while silymarin non-covalently interacted at a site different from the active site. Silymarin demonstrated a minimum binding energy of – 9.7 Kcal/mol and – 7.0 Kcal/mol for TACE and SOD 2, respectively while chrysin showed a minimal binding energy of – 9.0 Kcal/mol and – 6.8 Kcal/mol for TACE and SOD2 respectively. ConclusionThe study concluded that chrysin exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activity via inhibition and regulation of TACE and SOD2 and possibly offer protection against hepatotoxicity in animal experimental models.

Therapeutic potential of salidroside in preserving rat cochlea organ of corti from gentamicin-induced injury through modulation of NRF2 signaling and GSK3β/NF-κB pathway.

Salidroside (SAL) is a phenol glycoside compound found in plants of the Rhodiola genus which has natural antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. SAL are able to protect against manganese-induced ototoxicity. However, the molecular mechanism by which SAL reduces levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is unclear. Here, we established an in vitro gentamicin (GM) ototoxicity model to observe the protective effect of SAL on GM-induced hair cells (HC) damage. Cochlear explants of postnatal day 4 rats were obtained and randomly divided into six groups: two model groups (treatment with 0.2 mM or 0.4 mM GM for 24 h); two 400 μmol/L SAL-pretreated groups pretreatment with SAL for 3 h followed by GM treatment (0.2 mM or 0.4 mM) for 24 h; 400 μmol/L SAL group (treatment with SAL for 24 h); control group (normal cultured cochlear explants). The protective effects of SAL on GM-induced HC damage, and on mRNA and protein levels of antioxidant enzymes were observed. HC loss occurred after 24 h of GM treatment. Pretreatment with SAL significantly reduced GM-induced OHC loss. In cochlear tissues, mRNA and protein levels of NRF2 and HO-1 were enhanced in the GM alone group compared with the SAL pretreatment GM treatment group. SAL may protect against GM-induced ototoxicity by regulating the antioxidant defense system of cochlear tissues; SAL can activate NRF2/HO-1 signaling, inhibit NF-κB activation, activate AKT, and increase inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3β to decrease GSK3 activity, all of which exert antioxidant effects.