Free Radical Scavenging Activity Assay Research Articles

Relationship between Flavonoid Chemical Structures and Their Antioxidant Capacity in Preventing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Formation in Heated Meat Model System.

The relationship between the chemical structures of six flavonoids and their abilities to inhibit the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a heated meat model system was investigated. The PAH8 forming in samples was analyzed by using QuEChERS coupled GC-MS. Inhibitory effects of PAHs were myricetin (72.1%) > morin (55.7%) > quercetin (57.3%) > kaempferol (49.9%) > rutin (32.7%) > taxifolin (30.2%). The antioxidant activities of these flavonoids, assessed through (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity assay (DPPH), [2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] free radical scavenging activity assay (ABTS) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) assays, exhibited a significant negative correlation with PAH reduction. Notably, myricetin that contained three hydroxyl groups on the B-ring, along with a 2,3-double bond in conjugation with a 4-keto moiety on the C-ring, demonstrated strong antioxidant properties and free radical scavenging abilities, which significantly contributed to their ability to inhibit PAH formation. However, rutin and taxifolin, substituted at the C-3 position of the C-ring, decreased the PAH inhibitory activity. The ABTS assay proved the most effective in demonstrating the correlation between flavonoid antioxidant properties and their capacity to inhibit PAH formation in heated meat model systems. Thus, the inhibition of PAHs can be achieved by dietary flavonoids according to their chemical structures.

In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic properties of leaves aqueous extract of Sonchus maritimus

One of the most serious health issues facing worldwide today is diabetes mellitus. Although they have inevitable adverse effects, conventional antidiabetic medications are effective. However, plants might also provide an alternate source of anti-diabetic chemicals. This study was focused on determining the antioxidant activities of the leaves aqueous extract of Sonchus maritimus using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing ability assay power (FRAP), as well as its antidiabetic activities, which were performed using different protocols, including alpha-amylase inhibitory properties, glucose uptake by yeast cell’s ability, and glucose adsorption capacity. It was noted that S. maritimum extract exhibited moderate activities to scavenge the free radical DPPH and to reduce ferric iron to ferrous iron compared to standard (ascorbic acid). However, the aqueous extract of S. maritimus showed better alpha-amylase inhibitory activity compared to acarbose. It also showed good adsorption strength for binding to glucose molecules. Moreover, the extract showed excellent improvement in glucose uptake by yeast cells at different glucose concentrations in the medium compared to metformin. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of S. maritimus leaves is a promising source of potential antidiabetic compounds that can help prevent diabetes complications and alleviate associated oxidative stress.

<em>In-Vitro</em> antioxidant activity of essential oils and oleoresins of cinnamon, clove bud, ginger and their synergistic interactions

Essential oils (EOs) and oleoresins (ORs) are well distinguished for their antioxidant properties and they can be widely used in the food industry as preservatives. The present study was executed for evaluating the synergistic interactions on antioxidant efficacy of EOs and ORs of cinnamon, clove bud and ginger and their combinations. EOs and ORs were obtained by hydro-distillation and solvent extraction. In-vitro antioxidant properties were investigated by DPPH free radical scavenging assay, phosphomolybdenum method (Total Antioxidant Capacity, TAC) and ABTS radical scavenging activity assay. EOs and ORs which consisted with different chemical constituents and different Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavanoid Content (TFC) exhibited a range of variation in the inhibition percentage of DPPH and IC50 values (0.1645-6.5181 mg/mL). The TAC of EOs and ORs was within the range of 0.27-3.94 mg AAE/mg. The ORs showed higher inhibition percentages and TAC compared to EOs of the same spice. This study revealed that clove buds contains higher antioxidant properties than cinnamon and ginger. Significant reductions in IC50 values were shown in EO blends compared to the ORs blends. The combination of cinnamon EO/clove bud EO and combination cinnamon EO/ginger EO showed strong synergy in tested samples. Therefore, both EOs and ORs of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Syzygium aromaticum, Zingiber officinale and their blends are excellent sources for natural and effective natural antioxidant agents in the food industry.

Can tree leaves be used as an alternative source of synthetic antioxidants? Use of jujube leaf extract in laying hens.

This study was carried out to determine the antioxidant activity of jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) leaf extract (JLE) and to evaluate the effects of its use as an extract in laying hen diet (Nick Brown; 32 weeks old) on performance, egg quality and lipid peroxidation. A total of 4 groups (24 replicates/group), one control (JLE-0) and three experimental groups (JLE-1, JLE-2, JLE-3), were formed and the hens were individually distributed in cages. The groups were fed with 0, 45, 90 and 135 mg/kg extract, respectively. The total phenolic content of the extract was 118.60 g gallic acid aquivalent/kg (GAE/kg) and the IC50 value was determined as 332.01 as a result of the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity assay. Performance parameters except for feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected by the extract in the diet. Compared to the control group, FCR decreased (p < 0.05) and feed conversion improved in all experimental groups. The linear effect was significant for egg production (EP) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, egg quality parameters except for the albumen index (AI), Haugh unit (HU), shell weight (SW), and shell thickness (ST) were not affected by the extract in the diet. The highest AI and HU were in the JLE-2 group (p < 0.05). Besides, SW was found to increase in all experimental groups (p < 0.001). The highest ST was in JLE-1 (p < 0.001). The addition of the extract was found to slow down lipid oxidation by decreasing Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive substances (TBARs) levels on days 0 and 28 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, JLE can be used as a natural extract in laying hen diets.

In Vitro α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibition, Cytotoxicity and Free Radical Scavenging Profiling of the 6-Halogeno and Mixed 6,8-Dihalogenated 2-Aryl-4-methyl-1,2-dihydroquinazoline 3-Oxides.

Series of the 6-bromo/iodo substituted 2-aryl-4-methyl-1,2-dihydroquinazoline-3-oxides and their mixed 6,8-dihalogenated (Br/I and I/Br) derivatives were evaluated for inhibitory properties against α-glucosidase and/or α-amylase activities and for cytotoxicity against breast (MCF-7) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines. The 6-bromo-2-phenyl substituted 3a and its corresponding 6-bromo-8-iodo-2-phenyl-substituted derivative 3i exhibited dual activity against α-glucosidase (IC50 = 1.08 ± 0.02 μM and 1.01 ± 0.05 μM, respectively) and α-amylase (IC50 = 5.33 ± 0.01 μM and 1.18 ± 0.06 μM, respectively) compared to acarbose (IC50 = 4.40 ± 0.05 μM and 2.92 ± 0.02 μM, respectively). The 6-iodo-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-substituted derivative 3f, on the other hand, exhibited strong activity against α-amylase and significant inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 0.64 ± 0.01 μM and 9.27 ± 0.02 μM, respectively. Compounds 3c, 3l and 3p exhibited the highest activity against α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 1.04 ± 0.03, 0.92 ± 0.01 and 0.78 ± 0.05 μM, respectively. Moderate cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 and A549 cell lines was observed for these compounds compared to the anticancer drugs doxorubicin (IC50 = 0.25 ± 0.05 μM and 0.36 ± 0.07 μM, respectively) and gefitinib (IC50 = 0.19 ± 0.04 μM and 0.25 ± 0.03 μM, respectively), and their IC50 values are in the range of 10.38 ± 0.08-25.48 ± 0.08 μM and 11.39 ± 0.12-20.00 ± 0.05 μM, respectively. The test compounds generally exhibited moderate to strong antioxidant capabilities, as demonstrated via robust free radical scavenging activity assays, viz., DPPH and NO. The potential of selected derivatives to inhibit superoxide dismutase (SOD) was also investigated via enzymatic assay in vitro. Molecular docking revealed the N-O moiety as essential to facilitate electrostatic interactions of the test compounds with the protein residues in the active site of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The presence of bromine and/or iodine atoms resulted in increased hydrophobic (alkyl and/or π-alkyl) interactions and therefore increased inhibitory effect against both enzymes.

Formulation of Botanical Shampoo Infused with Standardised Mangosteen Peel Extract for Healthy Hair and Scalp

In recent decades, there has been a growing demand for shampoos derived from botanical sources due to their avoidance of synthetic and highly allergenic chemicals used as bioactives and excipients. These hair care products are free from sulfates, parabens, silicones, synthetic fragrances, and artificial colours. Natural shampoos are sustainable, skin-friendly, and eco-friendly to the environment. Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen) peel is usually discarded as agricultural waste. It consists of numerous bioactives which exhibit promising activities for hair care and scalp maintenance. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a novel hair shampoo containing standardised mangosteen peel extract. The formulation of the mangosteen shampoo utilised botanical ingredients and naturally derived components. It underwent an evaluation to assess its physicochemical properties, including visual inspection, pH, surface tension, percentage solid content, wetting time, foam ability and stability, as well as dirt dispersion. These properties were then compared to those of two commercially available hair shampoos. Its antimicrobial activity towards Malassezia furfur ATCC 14521 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was also examined and compared with the commercial shampoo using the microbroth dilution method. Its antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay. It was noticed that all formulations (F1–F4) had acceptable physicochemical properties, and they fell within the standard range. F2 had the best antifungal activity (MIC 0.039 mg/mL, MFC 0.156 mg/mL), and moderate antibacterial (MIC 2.50 mg/mL, MBC 5.00 mg/mL) and antioxidant activities (IC50 21.9 ± 3.27 mg/mL; AEAC 26.3 ± 4.06 mg AA/100 g sample). A microscopic examination of hair strands after washing revealed the successful removal of artificial sebum, signifying a good detergency effect. The physical and chemical properties of the hair shampoo formula remained stable without phase separation. In conclusion, the formulated clean hair shampoo with standardised mangosteen peel extract has good cleansing properties, and it is effective in inhibiting dandruff-causing microbial and scavenging free radicals.

Synthesis, Computational Studies, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Bio-Evaluation of 2,5-Disubstituted-1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives.

The 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives Ox-6a-f have been synthesized by incorporating flurbiprofen moiety with the aim to explore the potential of target molecules to decrease the oxidative stress. The title compounds Ox-6a-f were prepared by simple reactions in which a flurbiprofen -COOH group was esterified with methanol in an acid-catalyzed medium, which was then reacted with hydrazine to afford the corresponding hydrazide. The acid hydrazide was then cyclized into 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol by reacting with CS2 in the presence of KOH. The title compounds Ox-6a-f were synthesized by the reaction of an -SH group with various alkyl/aryl chlorides, which involves an S-alkylation reaction. The structures of the synthesized Ox-6a-f derivatives were ascertained by spectroscopic data. The in silico molecular docking was performed against target proteins cyclooxygenase-2 COX-2 (PDBID 5KIR) and cyclooxygenase-1 COX-1 (PDBID 6Y3C) to determine the binding affinity of the synthesized compounds with these structures. It has been inferred that most of the synthesized compounds bind well with an active binding site of 5KIR compared to 6Y3C, and especially compound Ox-6f showed excellent binding affinity (7.70 kcal/mol) among all synthesized compounds Ox-6a-f. The molecular dynamic (MD) simulation has also been performed to check the stability of docking complexes of ligands with COX-2 by determining their root mean square deviation and root mean square fluctuation. Little fluctuation was observed in case of Ox-6f, which forms the most stable complex with COX-2. The comprehensive antioxidant potential of the synthesized compounds has been evaluated by determining their free radical scavenging activity, including DPPH, OH, nitric oxide (NO), and iron chelation assay. The derivative Ox-6f showed promising results with 80.23% radical scavenging potential at a dose of 100 µg/mL while ascorbic acid exhibited 87.72% inhibition at the same dose. The anti-inflammatory activity of the final products has also been performed, and inflammatory markers were assayed, such as a thiobarbituric acid-reducing substance, nitric oxide, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and COX-2. The derivatives Ox-6d and Ox-6f displayed higher anti-inflammatory activity, exhibiting 70.56% and 74.16% activity, respectively. The results were compared with standard ibuprofen, which showed 84.31% activity at the same dose, 200 µg/mL. The anti-inflammatory potential has been performed by following the carrageen-induced hind paw edema model, and results showed that derivative Ox-6f exhibited 79.83% reduction in edema volume compared to standard ibuprofen, which reduced 84.31% edema volume. As dry lab and wet lab results confirm each other, it has been deduced that derivative Ox-6f may serve as the lead structure to design potent compounds to address oxidative stress.

Clitoria Ternatea Floral Mediated Synthesis, Characterization, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles

Background: Green silver nanoparticles offer a reliable and secure alternative to drugs and prevent cancer. The floral part of Clitoria ternatea is traditionally well known for its application as a medicine and food in various cultures around the world. Phytochemicals of these floral extracts are enriched with various properties. Floral extracts can be utilized as an alternative that can target the proteins and other molecules involved in the progression of cancer. Methods: Silver nanoparticles (CT-AgNPs) were synthesized from the extracts of blue flowers of Clitoria ternatea (CT). The synthesized CT-AgNPs were characterized by various physicochemical methods that revealed the size, shape, and stability of the nanoparticles. Docking was performed between the phytocompounds of Clitoria ternatea and apoptotic proteins involved in breast cancer such as APAF-1, BCL-2, and BAX, to determine the ability of phytocompounds present in the floral extract to control breast cancer by binding with the targets. Results: Based on the docking results, the binding energies were ranging from -6.2 Kcal/mol to -7 Kcal/mol with Quercetin having the highest binding energies. Toxicity analysis of CT-AgNPs in Artermia nauplii and Vigna radiata seedlings confirmed that these nanoparticles were not toxic to both the model systems. Free radical scavenging activity assay revealed the antioxidant nature of CT-AgNPs were similar to that of standard ascorbic acid. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis by using MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines revealed that CT-AgNPs were cytotoxic. Conclusion: In vitro antioxidant and cytotoxicity analysis by using MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines revealed that CT-AgNPs were potent antioxidant and cytotoxic, correlating with the results of in silico analysis and hence demonstrating the anticancer potential of Clitoria ternatea floral mediated nanoparticles.

Investigation of antioxidant and antibacterial effects of citrus fruits peels extracts using different extracting agents: Phytochemical analysis with in silico studies

The peels extracted from various citrus species are major source of phenols, flavonoids and anti-microbial agents. The purpose of this study was a detailed investigation of the phytochemical and pharmacological character of the ethanolic (80%), methanolic and acetone extracts of the peel of local variants of orange (lemon, grape fruit, mousami, fruiter, and shikri malta). The extracts were studied to find out the total phenolic contents (TPC), and total flavonoids (TF) present. The antioxidant activities were assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging effect, and the reducing power was determined through free radical scavenging activity (FRAP) assays. The sensitivity of four bacterial strains to peels extracts was examined by applying the diffusion disc on agar medium method. It was found that ethanol was the best extracting agent for TPC and TF in fruit peels under study. The highest TPC (21.33 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g) was quantified in orange peels, whereas fruiter contained the lowest TPC (20.40 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g) in ethanolic extract. The highest amount of TF (2.02 ± 0.08 mg QE/g) was quantified in lemon peels, whereas shikri malta contained lowest quantity of TF (1.04 ± 0.02 mg QE/g). The highest free radical scavenging activity (93.1%) of DPPH was exhibited by lemon peels, whereas the least activity (78.6%) was shown by mousami peels. Ethanolic extract of orange peels demonstrated more reducing power while showing an absorption of 1.98, followed by methanolic (1.11) and acetone (0.81) extracts. The inhibition effect of methanolic extract of lemon peels (inhibition zone = 18 mm) against B. subtilis was considerable and comparable to that of ciprofloxacin. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to detect the compounds in ethanolic extract and up to 14 compounds were detected. These compounds were also assessed for their docking scores. Plausible binding modes with polyphenol oxidase and four best compounds were selected for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to analyze their structural stability with receptor.

Potent heteroaromatic hydrazone based 1,2,4-triazine motifs: synthesis, anti-oxidant activity, cholinesterase inhibition, quantum chemical and molecular docking studies

1,2,4-Triazine based hydrazone scaffolds possessing impressive biological activities are synthesized using heteroaromatic aldehydes. The target molecules were characterized by detailed spectroscopic techniques. Anti-oxidant capacities of target compounds were determined using DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ABTS method and superoxide anion scavenging assay by means of NBT. Compound 4a displayed potent anti-oxidant potential against ABTS having IC50 28.09 ± 0.15 µM comparative to the standard Trolox (26.01 ± 0.02 µM). Cholinesterase inhibitory potentials of the synthesized compounds were also evaluated, where compound 4b intensely inhibited against AChE and BChE in dose dependent method compared to standard drugs, allanzanthane and galantamine. The IC50 value of compound 4b for AChE was 15.24 ± 0.03 µM vs 10.13 ± 0.01 for allanzanthane and 13.01 ± 0.02 for galantamine, whereas, IC50 value of 4b for BChE was 17.01 ± 0.6 µM vs 22.00 ± 0.01 for allanzanthane and 26.02 ± 0.09 for galantamine. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations of synthesized compounds (4a-c) complement the experimental spectroscopic data (FTIR, 1H & 13C NMR & UV–Visible). The HOMO-LUMO energy gaps of 3.58 eV to 3.80 eV reflect the kinetic stability of the compounds (4a-c). Moreover, the MEP analysis confirmed the chemical reactivities of these compounds and more nucleophilic sites were identified at the heteroatoms of heterocyclic moiety and triazine moiety. In silico molecular docking study revealed that our active targeted compounds have minimum binding energy and good affinity toward the active pocket of target protein. These results showed that our synthesized compounds are excellent inhibitors of AChE & BChE enzymes, and therefore, can be subjected to further studies in order to accomplish potent drug responsible for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Do Rutin and Quercetin Retain Their Structure and Radical Scavenging Activity after Exposure to Radiation?

The influence of ionizing radiation on the physicochemical properties of quercetin and rutin in the solid state was studied. Quercetin and rutin were irradiated with the standard recommended radiation dose (25 kGy) according to EN 522 standard. The samples were irradiated by electron beam radiation. EPR studies indicate the formation of a small number of free radicals due to irradiation. Moreover, some radicals recombined with the mean lifetime of 1200 and 93 h, and a stable radical concentration reached only 0.29 and 0.90 ppm for quercetin and rutin, respectively. The performed spectroscopic study (FT-IR) confirmed the radiostability of the flavonoids tested. Chromatographic tests (HPLC, HPLC-MS) showed that irradiation of quercetin and rutin with a 25 kGy dose did not change the physicochemical properties of the tested compounds. Degradation products were not observed. The antioxidant activities were determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay, ABTS Radical Scavenging Assay (ABTS), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay (FRAP), Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity Assay (CUPRAC). The conducted research confirmed that exposure to ionizing radiation does not change the chemical structure of tested flavonoids and their antioxidant properties.

In vitro phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Mallotus Philippinensis

Background: Mallotus Philippinensis belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae was broadly utilized in traditional medicines especially in the tropical areas. Mostly distributed in the Himalaya from Kashmir East wards besides tropical India. The plant contains high content of steroids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, proteins, saponins, alkaloids and carbohydrates. The previous studies demonstrated that plant exerted significant pharmacological effects like anti-helminthics, antifilarial, antiparasitic, antiulcer, antifungal, antibacterial and immuno-regulatory properties, and as an aphrodisiac. Still antimicrobial activities from different solvent extracts of this plant needed to explore.Objective: The goal of the present investigation was to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity from the extract of plant Mallotus Philippinensis. Method: The ethanolic crude extract of plant was extracted by using maceration method. The resulting extracts were used to examined the antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method against some clinical strains (Bacillus, E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella, Epidermites, E. facillus, Pseudomonas) and some ATCC strains (Bacillus, E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, Pseudomonas) and Phytoconstituents was also investigated for the presence or absence of various metabolites like proteins, carbohydrates, alkaloids , steroids flavonoids and saponin test. The DPPH method was used to determine the antioxidant activity. Results: The ethanol extract exhibit positive results for the inhibition of Bacillus, E. coli, S.aureus, Salmonella , Epidermites, E. facillus , Pseudomonas and also exhibit positive results for ATCC strains Bacillus , E.coli , S. aureus , K.pneumonia , Pseudomonas. The extract showed the presence of proteins, steroids, carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponin in the phytochemical screening. DPPH free radical scavenging activity assay disclosed the remarkable antioxidant activity of different parts of Mallotus Philippinensis ethanolic crude extracts. Conclusion: The findings of present project indicated that ethanolic extracts of Mallotus Philippinensis are sensitive against test bacteria. They also show antioxidant activity, and they contain rich number of phyto-constituents. In current study only crude extract was investigated for different curative effects against certain standard microbial strain. In future these extracts were considered after purification for development of various therapeutic agents.

Pulsed UV Integrated Infrared Dryer System for Orthosiphon Stamineus Herb.

The drying system is an important part for food and herbs preservation. Therefore, an effective drying system are needed to ensure the increase the shelf life of the food and herb without degrade its good nutrient and bioactive compound. In this study, Orthosiphon stamineus herb was used to dry using an Infrared dryer and combination of Pulsed UV light treatment + Infrared drying. Infrared drying involves transferring heat by radiation from a hot source to a lower-temperature substance that has to be heated or dried, meanwhile the pulsed UV light is a non-thermal treatment. The temperature of the heated element determines the peak wavelength of the radiation. The objective of this study is to design an infrared dryer system and analyze the quality of the dried herb. The Orthosiphon Stamineus have been dried using a 200W Infrared dryer system at 60°C. Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay measured using a UV/VIS Spectrophotometer. A moisture analyzer was used to look at the changes in moisture content, and a colorimeter was used to look at the colour changes. The result showed that drying Orthosiphon stamineus by using an Infrared dryer and combination of Pulsed UV light treatment + Infrared drying under 60°C has significantly affected the herbal leaves quality in terms of moisture content, colour properties, Antioxidant capacity, and Total phenolic content.

Antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of crude ethanolic extract from the banana inflorescence of musa (ABB group) namwa maliong

Background: Banana inflorescence is one of the edible parts of banana. It is well-known to have antioxidants and anti-diabetic potential health benefits. Methods: In this study, the banana inflorescence from Musa (ABB group) Namwa Mali-Ong was prepared using ethanol extraction and investigated for its biochemical compositions and biological activities. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging activity assays were performed. The phytochemical composition of the extract was analyzed using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHLC-ESI-QTOF/MS) technique. Additionally, the ability of the extract to stimulate glucose in C2C12 myotube was investigated. Results: The ethanolic extract of banana inflorescence contained carbohydrate, protein, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds. The results show that the extract exhibited low-level antioxidant activities. For example, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in the DPPH and ABTS assays was at 27.89 ± 0.054 and 21.33 ± 0.87 mg/mL, respectively. Although the extract possesses low-level antioxidant activities, it stimulated glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Consistently, the LC-ESI-QTOF/MS analysis in both positive and negative electrospray ionization modes reveals several components in the extract such as phytosphingosine and α-linolenic acid that have previously been shown to exhibit an anti-diabetic activity.Conclusion: The results show that the inflorescence ethanolic extract possesses antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities and may potentially be developed into a health-promoting product such as an anti-diabetic drug. Keywords: antioxidant activity; banana inflorescence; glucose uptake; anti-diabetic; C2C12 myotubes

Isoflavones and Bioactivities in Over-fermented Tempeh Extracts

Tempeh is nutritious food prepared through solid-state fermentation of cooked and dehulled soybeans with Rhizopus sp. for about 48 h. Fermentation beyond 48 h resulted in over-fermented tempeh. There may or may not have been similar research done before, especially related to its antioxidant and cytotoxicity. This study aims to determine the characteristics of fermented tempeh for up to 156 h. Samples were fermented at 0, 24, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, and 156 h. Samples were dried, grounded, and extracted with acetone, followed by defatting with n‑hexane. Extracts were dissolved in organic solvents for free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) and cytotoxicity assays. The 120-h tempeh extract, at the concentration of 1,000 μg/mL, demonstrated the highest FRSA (81.31% inhibition) against 100 µM 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) solution. Meanwhile, the 108-h tempeh extract at 1,000 μg/mL possessed the highest cytotoxicity (IC50 of 2.54 μg/mL) against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed the presence of daidzin, genistin, daidzein, and genistein in all extracts. Extracts prepared from 108 h and 120 h tempeh stood out from other extracts in the Partial Least Square (PLS) bi-plot due to their high percentage of inhibition, low response of daidzin, and high responses of the other three isoflavones. The cytotoxicity assays of the standard isoflavones showed that genistein had the lowest IC50 value at 4.82 ± 0.11 μg/mL. Standard genistein showed a low percentage of inhibition at 29.79 ± 9.10.

Potential anthelmintic and antioxidant activities of Jasminum fruticans L. and its phytochemical analysis

Background: Ethnobotanical investigations conducted in Turkey demonstrated that Jasminum fruticans L. extract and fruit juice had been used against parasites in animals. In this study, the possible antihelmintic activity of various J. fruticans extracts contributing to its traditional use, was relatively assessed. In addition, the antioxidant potentials and phytochemical composition of the extracts were investigated since there is a relationship between helminthiasis, oxidative stress and phenolic metabolites. Methods: In this study, aerial parts of J. fruticans were subsequently extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH). In vivo anthelmintic activitiy of the extracts was compared with albendazole used as a reference in adult earthworms. Various methods, including free radical scavenging and metal-related activity assays, were used to assess the antioxidant capacity of the above-mentioned extracts. Assessment of phenolic composition was accomplished through total phenolic, phenolic acid, and flavonoid content assays as well as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scan modes. Further chlorogenic acid (3-O-caffeoylquinic acid) contents of extracts were quantified using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Results: Between all tested extracts, MeOH extract at a quantity of 50.0 mg/mL, paralysed worms in 8.1 min and killed them in 12.8 min, showing a high anthelmintic effect similar to albendazole. Similarly, in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity, cupric ion reduction and total antioxidant capacity experiments demonstrated that MeOH extract had significant antioxidant activity. Further phytochemical screening showed that MeOH extract was richer regarding phenolic metabolites. Chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid and gallic acid were only detected in the MeOH extract. Conclusion: Results justify and support the use of J. fruticans in traditional medicine as an anthelmintic agent. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the strong antioxidant capacity along with the phenolic composition determined in the MeOH extract and anthelmintic activity.

Biological activities of Annona montana Macfad extracts

Annona montana Macfad is a fruit species of the Annonaceae family. In this study, the phytochemical potential of A. montana seeds was investigated. Ethanol and hexane extracts from seeds were evaluated for cytotoxicity and insecticidal activity, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity. The latter being related to free radical scavenging activity assay (DPPH) and ferric reducing power (FRAP). Exposing Artemia salina to both seed extract types reveled their high toxicity with a median lethal concentration (LC50) of &lt; 10 μg mL-1. Further A. montana seed insecticidal activity was evaluated against Thrips tabaci L., revealing that the most promising treatments were observed for a concentration of 100 mg L-1 in both extracts. The ethanol extract resulted in a mortality of 67.5 % and the hexane extract in a 53.3 % mortality. The ethanolic extract of A. montana seeds showed the highest total phenolic content: 297.38 mg GAE/100 g of dried extract and 192.66 mg TE/100 g, and 385.46 mg TE/100 g for DPPH and FRAP, respectively. The chemical characterization of both extracts by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed the presence of acetogenins. The results obtained idicate that the A. montana extracts are a promising source of compounds with insecticidal activity.

Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Fenolik Total Fraksi Etil Asetat Daun Sembung (Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC)

The aim of this study is to investigate antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of ethyl acetate fraction of Sembung leaves. Sembung (Blumea balsamifera L.) is a plant that has the potential as an antioxidant because it contains secondary metabolites of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds. In this study, antioxidant activity was tested by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for free radical scavenging activity assay. Evaluation of total phenolic content was tested by using the Folin-Ciocalteau method. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of Sembung leaves possess showed medium antioxidant activity with IC50 valueof 221.821 compare with reference standard ascorbic acid with IC50 value 68.25 ppm. The ethyl acetate fraction of Sembung leaves has a total phenolic content of 161.101 mg GAE/g. This study provided that Blumea balsamifera leaves possess antioxidant.

Essential oil, total phenolic, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids and antioxidant activity of cultivated Damask Rose (Rosa damascena) from Iran: With chemotyping approach concerning morphology and composition

In the present study, the percentage, and compositions of essential oil, total phenol, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids and antioxidant capacity of 24 accessions of cultivated Damask rose have been investigated. These accessions had a 0.010–0.055 (v/w) percentage of essential oil. GC/MS analysis revealed forty-nine constituents that formed more than 90% of detected compounds. Geraniol, citral, methyl linoleate, n-heneicosane, and n-octane were the major components of essential oils. Acc.1 had the highest total phenol (165 mg Gallic acid/g DW) and flavonoid content (81 mg Quercetin/g DW). Total anthocyanin ranged from 0.5 to 3.5 (mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/g DW). Carotenoid content ranged from 0.002 to 0.055 mg/g DW, the highest being observed in Acc.18. Based on cluster analysis and, the accessions were categorized into seven groups. The antioxidant activities of the samples were determined using DPPH free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. All the accessions (4–12 µg/ml) had lower IC50 than ascorbic acid (18 µg/ml). In FRAP assay, they had high antioxidant activity in a range of 10–25 µmol Fe+2/g DW. Based on the high and valuable source of bioactive compounds of Damask rose the elite accessions can be recommended for boosting cultivation and food applications.

Preliminary Characterization, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Properties of Polysaccharide from Caulerpa taxifolia

Macroalgae are abundant sources of bioactive polysaccharides and prospective candidates for effective and non-toxic substances. This study aims to preliminary characterize and determine the in vitro antioxidant activity and cancer cell growth inhibitory activity against human lung adenocarcinoma cell (A549) of the polysaccharide from an invasive green alga, Caulerpa taxifolia. Crude polysaccharide (CP) was extracted from the dried algal sample of C. taxifolia by hot water extraction followed by absolute ethanol precipitation. CP was subjected to preliminary chemical characterization, including protein, carbohydrate, and sulfate content analysis by Kjeldahl titrimetry, acid hydrolysis, gravimetry, and ashing-acid water digestion ion chromatography, respectively. Functional groups present in the CP were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay. The cancer cell growth inhibitory activity against A549 cells was evaluated by MTT assay. Chemical composition of the CP shows 68.4 % (w/w) carbohydrate, 9.4% (w/w) protein, and 0.74% (w/w) sulfate. FT-IR showed the presence of -OH group, C-H stretch groups, C=O groups, and C-O groups and suggested a pyranose configuration of the sugar structure. MTT assay showed the highest inhibition at 25 μg/mL concentration with 35.50% ± 1.66 SEM with a relative IC50 of 45.44 μg/mL. However, the DPPH assay did not exhibit remarkable free radical scavenging capacity than other studies of polysaccharides with only 18.33% at 1 mg/mL. This exploratory study paves the way to explore the mechanism of action of polysaccharides from marine algae as a possible anticancer treatment.