Free Press Research Articles

“When Are We Ever at Home?”—My Path into the Social Field

The title of this piece is inspired by Barbara Cassin’s book, Nostalgia: When Are We Ever a Home? I have lived in Greece for 26 years by now. Here, I learned to look for the origin of words (in ancient Greek) to discover their meaning. The word social/society in Greek, κοινωνία, means connecting, being part of a larger group, communicating, and active involvement. Is it not very “Gestalt” already? Connecting, communicating, being involved, and being an active part of a changing organism. The Gestalt approach has taught me that change comes through connection and awareness. It has also taught me that small changes can lead to bigger ones. I did not plan to work with social change, or I was not aware of it. It just happened. Was it influenced by my personal history?I was born near the western border of Poland; my mother was German before WWII and became a Polish citizen in the years that followed. One of my grandfathers died in Auschwitz, and the other went missing while serving in Luftwaffe. I was living between polarities never named, and identities not defined. I grew up moving a lot; I was never a refugee, but I certainly was (and still am) a migrant. I lived in Poland, Italy, Germany, the United States, and now, the longest, Greece. The question, “Where are you from?” is never easy for me to answer. I guess working with people who are misplaced touches me somewhere beyond awareness. So does the word “home”—not as a place, but as a cluster of feelings at the core of my identity. Every time I moved, I had to adjust to new places, smells, behaviors, languages . . . I kept trying to belong.When martial law was imposed in Poland, I was 17. I was an active member of a sociopolitical scout’s movement: we supported students on strike, distributed free press. It was dangerous and challenging. There was an atmosphere, maybe never named nor explained (Francesetti and Griffero, eds. 2019), but shared. I still cherish friendships from those days today. These were my beginnings of social change.Later on, trying to fit into a new culture in Greece I volunteered at Doctors of the World, where I met my first Gestalt therapist. We drove to Belgrade in 1997 to deliver medication.Training in Gestalt methods followed, and this approach, which became more like a life philosophy, has influenced me deeply. Still, my dream was to work in private practice. It felt important, privileged, and yet missing something.I was asked to join an NGO working in detention centers near Athens. I learned to appreciate the “here and now” as the only possible approach there, since I often met the detainee only once. Later, while working with migrants, in conditions not meeting their basic needs, I witnessed the power of creative adjustment and of simple (while not simple at all) human presence. My “weakness” (being the foreigner) slowly became my strength. Work was tough. I had difficulties coping. There were moments I just felt ashamed for being “human.”I started looking for support, focusing on therapists with similar interests and troubled by the same themes that troubled Marien González Hidalgo (2019), a Gestalt therapist conducting research in Mexico before knowing of “a vibrant debate about the social and political role of Gestalt therapy in some circles” (199). I attended a workshop led by members of the Human Rights and Social Responsibility Committee of the European Association of Gestalt Therapy (EAGT) in Krakow. The therapists I met listened with interest, trusted my judgment, supported my ideas, and kept in touch. There was “this atmosphere,” similar to what I perceived while organizing summer camps for the children of detainees in Poland in 1982.Voluntary work today is intense, demanding, and touching. With my colleagues, we share common values and important moments. We speak the same Gestalt language. We are friends. This is Home: “the place where, when you have to go there, / They have to take you in” (Frost 1915, 20).

“Pernicious Publicity”: The East India Company, the Military, and the Freedom of the Press, 1818–1823

AbstractEarly nineteenth-century Bengal is frequently used as a case study to demonstrate how debates over press liberties acquired additional stakes in colonial settings. Yet existing scholarship overlooks how the expansion of Britain's military presence overseas during and after the Napoleonic Wars complicated reformist ambitions for a free press. In India, army officers formed a significant proportion of the European population and were both enthusiastic readers of and contributors to the fledgling colonial press. Using the example of the Calcutta Journal, one of India's first daily newspapers, the author shows how the boundaries of what officers could and could not publicize in the press were negotiated through legal proceedings and disciplinary action and through debate within the newspaper itself. The preservation of military discipline was the primary motivation for press regulation during this period, and the military continued to be viewed as an exception to the rule even as commitment to government intervention began to wane. Yet within the military itself, officers strenuously debated their right to speak out and claim their place within the public sphere. These disputes reflect wider divisions within the army and reveal the ambiguous position of Britain's military at a time when the relationship between state and civil society was being reconfigured.

Fun with Nitroglycerin: Piecing Together the “Exploding Boy” Plagiarism Controversy

Fun with Nitroglycerin: Piecing Together the “Exploding Boy” Plagiarism Controversy

Nietzsche, Trump, and the Social Practices of Valuing Truth

Nietzsche, Trump, and the Social Practices of Valuing Truth

공익신고와 취재원보호의 법적문제

The protection of reporters is a means to protect the freedom of the press, and the free circulation of information cannot be expected without the protection of the reporters. In addition, if the professional duty and conscience of a journalist are presupposed, the protection of reporters should be guaranteed. Theoretically, the protection of reporters guarantees free press coverage and, along with the protection of public interest whistle blowers, will serve as the basis for the development of democracy by monitoring authorities in power and satisfying the people's right to know. In this regard, the Code of Conduct for Journalism Ethics stipulates that the identity of a reporter should not be revealed if the safety of the reporter is in danger or there is a risk of being unfairly disadvantaged. In particular, crime-related reports require very thorough security for the identity of the informant as there is a possibility of secondary damage to the informant due to the disclosure of the identity of the informant. In addition, the protection of public interest whistle blowers is protected by the relevant laws, and there are penalties for violations. There are also views claiming that the scope of protection of sources is not limited to professional and professional media organizations and journalists, but rather broad protection in the free press process. Of course, this will have to be considered more carefully. It would be most effective to take legal action for the protection of sources. This is because it can guarantee their predictability between potential informants and media agencies. However, due to the nature of the Korean media, which shows problems such as abuse of anonymous reporting, sensationalism, and partisanship, it is also true that the law to protect reporters is sometimes criticized for their right to enjoy privileges. Even if there is no law on reporters, judicial administration should make efforts to protect reporters through the freedom of speech guaranteed by the Constitution.

They Came to See if I’m for Real

Having returned to the United States to work on his screenplay about Malcolm X, James Baldwin was interviewed for the Los Angeles Free Press in 1968. The interview offers a rare and valuable glimpse of Baldwin’s style of engagement with a new generation of radical Black activists whose current vogue Baldwin understood as valuable, whose new appraisal of history Baldwin had both helped to create and needed to learn from, and whose dangerous predicament Baldwin recognized and felt partly responsible for. Ed Pavlić provides a contextual and historical introduction to that interview, which is reproduced here with permission from the Free Press.

Leading radiography research to deliver clinical outcomes

Leading radiography research to deliver clinical outcomes

Do international rents bolster democratic backsliding under populist governments? Evidence from Latin America

The political science literature often points to populism as the cause of democratic backsliding. The literature purports that populism undermines democracy's liberal component, meaning the horizontal checks and balances on executive power by legislatures and courts and the vertical checks and balances by civil society, such as a free press and social movements. Populists promote political polarization to build sustainable ruling coalitions during and between elections that legitimize and support the illiberal policies above. However, this debate often ignores the economic tools that populists in power possess, such as capturing direct and indirect international rents to finance clientelist mechanisms to co-opt political support. This paper contributes to the rich literature on how economic rent conditions the negative relationship between populism and liberalism by disaggregating the moderating effects of direct and indirect international rents through panel regression models in 18 Latin American countries from 1991 to 2019. I find that direct international rents, such as natural resource rents, moderated a deepening in processes of democratic backsliding. Contrastingly, indirect international rents, such as remittances, moderately mitigated democratic backsliding.

Acute Supplementation with Capsaicin Enhances Upper-Limb Performance in Male Jiu-Jitsu Athletes.

The present study investigated whether acute capsaicin (CAP) supplementation improves mean power output (MPO) and peak velocity (PV) during the performance of the free bench press exercise (FBP). Twelve (n = 12) male Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) athletes (age: 24.3 ± 1.5 years, height: 1.74 ± 0.1 m, body mass: 75.7 ± 10.1 kg) participated in this randomized, placebo (PLA)-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial. For each condition, 45 min after CAP (12 mg purified) or PLA (12 mg of Celulomax E) consumption, the participants performed four sets of five repetitions of FBP at a load of 60% of body mass with five-min rest intervals. The MPO (t = 5.6, df = 11, p = 0.001, EF = 0.3, IC 95% = −0.55 to 1.05) and PV (t = 5.4, df = 11, p = 0.001, EF = 0.5, IC 95% = −0.32 to 1.30) were significantly higher with CAP supplementation versus PLA. Acute CAP supplementation appears to improve MPO and PV during FBP in male BJJ athletes.

Democracy Crisis in South-East Asia: Media Control, Censorship, and Disinformation during the 2019 Presidential and General Elections in Indonesia, Thailand and 2019 Local Election in the Philippines

South-East Asia is suffering a rapid deterioration of the free press and Freedom of expression. According to the last report of Freedom in the World 2021, in the last few years, almost all the South-East Asian countries have experienced a reduction in Freedom of expression, and in certain cases, their rights have been restricted. What kind of effects do the media have on public opinion? How can disinformation, censorship, and media control manipulate public opinion? Is social media promoting the anti-democracy establishment? Does social media reduce the democratic quality of a country by limiting its expression through control? This paper is based on desk-based research, where literature on political history and the political history of using media has been reviewed and analyzed—with a comparative analysis, focusing on the data available on the three countries of interest: Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines, taking a comparative study the last election in 2019 in those countries. As a method, this study conducts a critical literature review with a historical approach. This study found that all the countries analyzed utilized the media to spread disinformation, war propaganda, and control. Borrowing from the Gramscian theory of hegemony, the paper argues that the theory of media and control can be used as a theoretical framework to examine the rule of media to manipulate and control the opinion public.

Nurturing a Democratic Planning Process: A Qualitative Case of Every Student Succeeds Act Requests for School Library Funding

Abstract Using bounded rationality in decision-making by Simon, H. A. 1957. Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organizations, 2nd ed. New York: Free Press; Simon, H. A. 1976. Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organizations, 3rd ed. New York: Free Press) and planning theory by Cervero, R. M., and A. L. Wilson. 1994a. Planning responsibly for Adult Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; Cervero, R. M., and A. L. Wilson. 1994b. “The Politics of Responsibility: A Theory of Program Planning Practice for Adult Education.” Adult Education Quarterly 45 (1): 249–68; Cervero, R. M., and A. L. Wilson. 1996. What Really Matters in Adult Education Program Planning: Lessons in Negotiating Power and Interests. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; Cervero, R. M., and A. L. Wilson. 1998. “Working the Planning Table: The Political Practice of Adult Education.” Studies in Continuing Education 20 (1): 5–22; Cervero, R. M., and A. L. Wilson. 2006. Working the Planning Table: Negotiating Democratically for Adult, Continuing, and Workplace Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, this case study explored 2017 Every Student Succeeds Act (Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015 (ESEA) 2015. Pub. L. No. 114-95 § 114 Stat. 1177) grant application documents submitted by state education agencies (SEAs). Specifically explored was the presence or absence of requests in the grant applications for funds that can be used to support school library programs and employ and/or provide professional development funding for licensed school librarians. The purpose was to provide a description of decision-making and planning at the level of state administrators who functioned in the context of SEA and Local Education Agency organizations and were responsible for writing 2017 ESSA plans. Collected was data in four phases. The findings of this research informed a new model that illustrate sources of power relationships among legitimate interests in 2017 ESSA planning. A second proposed model can be applied to all types of libraries and their decision-making and planning. Both models can be tested in future research studies.

Review. Robert Steele, The Shah’s Imperial Celebrations of 1971. Nationalism, Culture and Politics in Late Pahlavi Iran, London, I.B. Tauris, 2021.

An illustration published in October 1971 on the front page of Iran Free Press, an overseas-based opposition publication, depicts Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi cheering elegant foreigners at a party . On the table chicken and pork, whereas in Islam pork is regarded as unclean and its consumption is forbidden. In the caption below the illustration, the Shah says: «Here’s to us, forget about those beggars outside, they’re just Iranians» .

An Analysis of the coverage of the 2008 presidential election campaign in periodical press in Cyprus

This article examines the performance of what is considered non-partisan newspaper periodicals in Cyprus during the 2008 presidential election campaign, in order to elucidate how the 21st-century periodical press engages with election campaigns and how liberal values of free speech and press freedom are put into practice in this cluster of periodicals. Implementing qualitative content analysis this article is differentiated from what has been published in JEPS and opens a new stream of thought and research with regards to the periodical press, as it sets in the centre of the examination the 21st-century newspaper periodicals and adopts a social sciences perspective and methodology. The findings provide evidence of the content of 21st-century periodicals during an election campaign and reinforce the distinctiveness of periodical press as a cultural object and not simply as a means to distribute information. The analysis illustrates that newspaper periodicals in the contemporary era constitute cultural objects that are autonomous and have certain policy lines. It further provides insights in order to understand better liberal values, such as the free speech and the freedom of the press and to clarify the understanding of the practice of journalism in the newspaper press and of the self-regulation by the press.  This article supports that newspaper periodicals remain valuable for historical research and essential in order to clarify the understanding of the functioning of the newspaper press industry. It further suggests that periodicals constitute key resources for restoring, at any time, the miscellany of conditions and circumstances that characterise different eras and various historical, social, and political moments.  

The diffusion of police innovation: A case study of problem-oriented policing in England and Wales

There is significant evidence demonstrating that when done well, problem-oriented policing is associated with meaningful reductions in crime and public safety concerns. And yet, history shows that the implementation and delivery of problem-oriented policing is challenging, and that police organisations have generally not adopted it and even when they try to it is often rejected over time. This article draws on the concept of ‘diffusion of innovation’ (Rogers, E. (2003) Diffusion of Innovations, 5th edn. New York: Free Press) to unpick aspects of the processes through which problem-oriented policing has been adopted or otherwise among police forces in England and Wales. This article shows how factors related to the nature of problem-oriented policing – notably its incompatibility with prevailing norms and values of the police service, its complexity and unobservability – have influenced its adoption. Implications are also discussed.

REFORMULATION OF SUB JUDICE RULE AND PRIOR RESTRAINT OF PUBLICATIONS RESOLVED: A VICTORY FOR PRESS FREEDOM Midi Television (Pty) Ltd v Director of Public Prosecution (Western Cape) 2007 9 BCLR 958 (SCA)

In order to ensure the integrity and accountability of an emerging constitutional democracy, a free and open press is of critical importance. Lately, there has been a growing judicial distrust in the media, with a discernible trend towards “the erosion of free press rights” in South Africa (Danay and Foster “The Sins of the Media: The SABC Decision and the Erosion of Free Press Rights” 2006 SAJHR 563). It is submitted that the decision by the Supreme Court of Appeal in Midi Television (Pty) Ltd v Director of Public Prosecution (Western Cape) is a victory for the protection of press and media freedom, which will stem the descent into legal censorship. The issue for decision by the court was the extent to which freedom of expression (s 16(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of SouthAfrica, 1996 (hereinafter “the Constitution”)) may be limited to protect the preservation of the administration of justice and the right to a fair trial (s 34 of the Constitution). In his determination of this issue, Nugent JA reformulated the sub judice rule and dealt with the prior restraint of allegedly defamatory statements by the press. The aim of this note is to evaluate the judgment and the potential ramifications for freedom of the press and the media.

Collusion, Shading, and Optimal Organization Design

Abstract We introduce a behavioral contract theory idea, “shading” (Hart and Moore (2008). “Contracts as Reference Points.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 123 (1): 1–48)) as a component of ex-post haggling (addressed by Coase (1937. “The Nature of the Firm.” Economica 4 (16): 386–405) and Williamson (1975. Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications. New York: Free Press)) into the collusion model à la Tirole (1986. “Hierarchies and Bureaucracies: On the Role of Collusion in Organizations.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 2: 181–214, 1992. “Collusion and the Theory of Organizations.” In Advances in Economic Theory: The Sixth World Congress, edited by J. J. Laffont. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), thereby constructing a new model of hierarchical organization. By integrating the two ideas, i.e. collusion and shading, we enrich the existing collusion model, thereby obtaining a new result for Collusion-proof versus Equilibrium Collusion. The basic idea is that the increase in shading pressure strengthens the incentive for collusion, thereby making it difficult to implement collusion-proof incentive schemes, which leads to the Equilibrium Collusion. In addition, we also provide a micro-foundation for ex-post haggling costs, where we view rent-seeking associated with collusive behavior and ex-post haggling generated from aggrievement and shading as the two sources of the costs. This model is used to examine the optimal organizational design problem as an optimal response to the trade-off between gross total surplus and ex-post haggling costs, and to take a step further the idea of efficient organization design (Milgrom (1988. “Employment Contracts, Influence Activities and Efficient Organization Design.” Journal of Political Economy 96: 42–60)). We believe that our model could help provide a deep understanding of resource allocation and decision processes in hierarchical organizations.

Суннитский вариант исламского государства в королевстве Саудовская Аравия

Saudi Arabia is a country where the Quran replaces the constitution and Islam dominates all spheres of life, including politics. Parliament, trade unions, freedom of speech, free press and political parties are dismissed as un-Islamic. The ban on parties also excludes all legitimate opposition. In fact, every citizen owes his absolute loyalty and obedience to the ruler.

Critical Discourse Analysis on Medan Newspapers’ Editorial

The aim of this paper is to explore how critical discourse analysis is realized in editorial local newspaper in Medan. The analysis is grounded based on Norman Fairclough’s assumption on critical discourse analysis that discussed three dimensions of analysis, such as micro, macro and meso. The data collected were the editorials of Medan local newspaper between June till December 2012, they are the editorial of Analisa, Andalas, Medan Bisnis, Orbit, Sinar Indonesia Baru (SIB), Waspada that observed three major topic of discussions like topic on politics, state officials, and social phenomena. Findings are in micro analysis includes language use such as the realization of genre, passive voice, collective noun and naming individual, in macro-analysis shows that the editorials position to control, and in meso analysis are the editorial’s role in giving his thought. These findings shows that the Medan local newspaper have just enjoyed for free press in delivering the news

The sociology of white America: A teaching and learning guide

The sociology of white America: A teaching and learning guide

Коммуникативный уроборос — новая онтологическая модель массовой коммуникации

The article proposes an ontological model of mass communication (MK), in the construction of which structural-functional and metaphorical methods of modeling are used. The study argues selection archetypical psychological structures, which can be the basis of a representative of a communicative model. The model establishes the equality of the values of the communicator and the recipient in the communication process and the resulting structural symmetry mental and activity cycles of communication, in particular, balances the communicative effect of the binding force of the communicative order, that allows to specify the meaning of the term «free press». The model identifies six key positions for evaluation of objective condition system MC in society. Analysis of these positions is carried out in accordance with distribution of the information flow in the MC not on the technological characteristics (press, radio, TV, etc.), as it is usually, and in accordance with the four psychological modes C. Jung, that methodologically predetermined ontological view of communication.