Free Oxygen Radical Defence Research Articles

Oxidative Stress in Transthyretin-Mediated Amyloidosis: An Exploratory Study.

Transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis (ATTR) is a systemic disease with protein precipitation in many tissues, mainly the peripheral nerve and heart. Both genetic (ATTRv, "v" for variant) and wild-type (ATTRwt) forms are known. Beyond the steric encumbrance, precipitated transthyretin seems to have a toxic effect. In this study carried out in men, we recruited 15 ATTRv patients, 7 ATTRv asymptomatic carriers, 14 ATTRwt patients and 10 young and 13 old healthy controls to evaluate the oxidative stress using FORD (Free Oxygen Radicals Defense) and FORT (Free Oxygen Radicals Test) analyses. ATTRv patients showed reduced FORD compared to ATTRwt and ATTRv asymptomatic carriers. FORD independently predicted the disease stage, with the early stages characterized by the highest consumption. These findings suggest a role for oxidative stress in the early stages of ATTRv.

Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Levels in a Population of Eastern European Naïve Versus Treated Psoriasis Patients.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease, with a major impact on the patients' quality of life. Oxidative stress (OS) is represented by the imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms of the organism, with increased levels being described in the majority of chronic diseases. We present the first prospective study in Romania to evaluate the redox balance changes (using a CR3000 analyzer) in patients with moderate-severe psoriasis based on treatment regimens: treatment-naïve (A), treatment with novel targeted agents (B) and methotrexate (C). The study group included 53 Caucasian patients divided into three groups (A- 27 patients, B - 15 patients, and C - 11 patients) for which OS, antioxidant status, standard blood count, and inflammatory status were evaluated. Our findings demonstrate that patients with psoriasis display high levels of OS, with elevated Free Oxygen Radical Test (FORT) (p-value for group A (pA)<0.0001, p-value for group B (pB)=0.0019 and p-value for group C (pC)=0.0063) and reduced Free Oxygen Radical Defense (FORD) (pB=0.018) values noted in our subjects. Higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) values were detected in groups B (pB=0.00012) and C (pC<0.00001). Psoriasis treatments alleviate FORT and FORD levels, but their impact is not sufficient to restore the oxidative balance to normal ranges. Moreover, despite adequate treatment, patients with psoriasis display elevated inflammation levels. Future research should explore in more detail the interplay between OS and inflammation in psoriasis, namely the long-term impact on the redox balance of biotherapies.

Neuroimmune Dysregulation in Prepubertal and Adolescent Individuals Affected by Klinefelter Syndrome.

The syndrome Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a genetic disorder due to an extra X chromosome in males. Many cases remain undiagnosed until the onset of major manifestations, which include hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and infertility. This condition is associated with many comorbidities that involve the cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune systems. Last but not the least, individuals with KS show a high risk of developing psychiatric and mood disorders in adult age. While many studies are accessible on KS in adult individuals, the neuroinflammatory condition in adolescent and prepubertal KS individuals is not fully known. Our study aims to evaluate in prepubertal and adolescent KS individuals, for the first time, the levels of the serum of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), cytokines having subtle roles in oxidative processes, and neuroinflammation with respect to the levels of TNF-α, TGF-β, MCP-1, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 and oxidative stress by employing free oxygen radicals defense and free oxygen radicals test. We found no changes in NGF and oxidative stress parameters, but BDNF decreased compared to healthy children. Quite interestingly, our data showed reduced levels of IL-2, IL-1α, IL- 12, IL-10, and IL-6 in prepubertal KS children. The present study discloses disrupted immune system and neurotrophin pathways in KS children.

Objective Measures of Strain and Subjective Muscle Soreness Differ Between Positional Groups and Season Phases in American College Football.

To assess objective strain and subjective muscle soreness in "Bigs" (offensive and defensive line), "Combos" (tight ends, quarterbacks, line backers, and running backs), and "Skills" (wide receivers and defensive backs) in American college football players during off-season, fall camp, and in-season phases. Twenty-three male players were assessed once weekly (3-wk off-season, 4-wk fall camp, and 3-wk in-season) for hydroperoxides (free oxygen radical test [FORT]), antioxidant capacity (free oxygen radical defense test [FORD]), oxidative stress index (OSI), countermovement-jump flight time, Reactive Strength Index (RSI) modified, and subjective soreness. Linear mixed models analyzed the effect of a 2-within-subject-SD change between predictor and dependent variables. Compared to fall camp and in-season phases, off-season FORT (P ≤ .001 and <.001), FORD (P ≤ .001 and <.001), OSI (P ≤ .001 and <.001), flight time (P ≤ .001 and <.001), RSI modified (P ≤ .001 and <.001), and soreness (P ≤ .001 and <.001) were higher for "Bigs," whereas FORT (P ≤ .001 and <.001) and OSI (P = .02 and <.001) were lower for "Combos." FORT was higher for "Bigs" compared to "Combos" in all phases (P ≤ .001, .02, and .01). FORD was higher for "Skills" compared with "Bigs" in off-season (P = .02) and "Combos" in-season (P = .01). OSI was higher for "Bigs" compared with "Combos" (P ≤ .001) and "Skills" (P = .01) during off-season and to "Combos" in-season (P ≤ .001). Flight time was higher for "Skills" in fall camp compared with "Bigs" (P = .04) and to "Combos" in-season (P = .01). RSI modified was higher for "Skills" during off-season compared with "Bigs" (P = .02) and "Combos" during fall camp (P = .03), and in-season (P = .03). Off-season American college football training resulted in higher objective strain and subjective muscle soreness in "Bigs" compared with fall camp and during in-season compared with "Combos" and "Skills" players.

Markers of Neuroinflammation in the Serum of Prepubertal Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are the manifestation of the damage caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), the extreme FASD manifestation, show both facial dysmorphology and mental retardation. Alcohol consumed during gestational age prejudices brain development by reducing, among others, the synthesis and release of neurotrophic factors and neuroinflammatory markers. Alcohol drinking also induces oxidative stress. The present study aimed to investigate the potential association between neurotrophins, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in 12 prepubertal male and female FASD children diagnosed as FAS or partial FAS (pFAS). Accordingly, we analyzed, in the serum, the level of BDNF and NGF and the oxidative stress, as Free Oxygen Radicals Test (FORT) and Free Oxygen Radicals Defense (FORD). Moreover, serum levels of inflammatory mediators (IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, MCP-1, TGF-β, and TNF-α) involved in neuroinflammatory and oxidative processes have been investigated. We demonstrated low serum levels of NGF and BDNF in pre-pubertal FASD children with respect to healthy controls. These changes were associated with higher serum presence of TNF- α and IL-1α. Quite interestingly, an elevation in the FORD was also found despite normal FORT levels. Moreover, we found a potentiation of IL-1α, IL-2, IL-10, and IL-1α1 in the analyzed female compared to male children. The present investigation shows an imbalance in the peripheral neuroimmune pathways that could be used in children as early biomarkers of the deficits observed in FASD.

Omega 3 fatty acids - Potential modulators for oxidative stress and inflammation in the management of sickle cell disease

ObjectiveSickle cell disease is characterized by clinical complications resulting in vaso-occlusive crisis with prominent attributes of oxidative stress, inflammation, and pain. Inflammation is an integral part of this disease which further exacerbates the pain during a crisis. Omega-3 fatty acids are known to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-aggregatory properties and assist in diminishing the slow physiological inactivation. MethodsA pilot nutritional interventional study was conducted wherein forty-three children with sickle cell disease aged 5-16 years were supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids for a period of six months. Analysis of oxidative stress, as well as inflammatory parameters, was done pre and post-supplementation. ResultsIncreased free oxygen radical transference values depicting free radical generation is enhanced in these patients along with a reduced antioxidant defense, as seen by decreased free oxygen radical defense values. Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids for a period of six months significantly reduced the inflammatory marker homocysteine in all patients, whereas high sensitive C reactive protein was significantly reduced only in females of the age group 11-16years. Simultaneously a significant reduction in oxidative stress parameters with a concomitant increase of antioxidant defense was observed in all patients. ConclusionThe authors’ findings suggest the regulatory effects of omega-3 fatty acids as cellular activators in alleviating the complications due to sickle cell disease. Omega-3 fatty acids hold promise as future therapeutic candidates in patients with sickle cell disease.

The Association Between Alterations in Redox Homeostasis, Cortisol, and Commonly Used Objective and Subjective Markers of Fatigue in American Collegiate Football.

To assess associations between a free oxygen radical test (FORT), free oxygen radical defense test (FORD), oxidative stress index, urinary cortisol, countermovement jump (CMJ), and subjective wellness in American college football. Twenty-three male student athlete American college football players were assessed over 10 weeks: off-season conditioning (3wk), preseason camp (4wk), and in season (3wk). Assessments included a once-weekly FORT and FORD blood sample, urinary cortisol sample, CMJ assessment including flight time, reactive strength index modified and concentric impulse, and a daily subjective wellness questionnaire. Linear mixed models analyzed the effect of a 2 within-subject SD change in the predictor variable on the dependent variable. The effects were interpreted using magnitude-based inference and are presented as standardized effect size (ES) ± 90% confidence intervals. Small negative associations were observed between FORT-flight time, FORT-fatigue, FORT-soreness (ES range = -0.30 to -0.48), FORD-sleep (ES = 0.42 ± 0.29), and oxidative stress index soreness (ES = 0.56 ± 0.29). Small positive associations were observed between FORT-cortisol (ES = 0.36 ± 0.35), FORD-flight time, FORD reactive strength index modified and FORD-soreness (0.37-0.41), oxidative stress index concentric impulse (ES = 0.37 ± 0.28), and with soreness-concentric impulse, soreness-flight time, and soreness reactive strength index modified (0.33-0.59). Moderate positive associations were observed between cortisol-concentric impulse and cortisol-sleep (0.57-0.60). FORT/FORD was associated with CMJ variables and subjective wellness. Greater amounts of subjective soreness were associated with decreased CMJ performance, increased FORT and cortisol, and decreased FORD.

OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION LEVELS ARE INCREASED IN OBESE SUBJECTS

Objective: The adipose tissue is involved in the generation of oxidative stress in obese subjects via production of adipokines which are a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Low-grade chronic inflammation and the depletion in antioxidants encountered in obese subjects are also involved in the crosstalk between oxidative stress and obesity. We aimed to evaluate oxidative stress levels and inflammation markers in 85 obese patients vs. 30 healthy, non-obese controls. Design and method: Oxidative stress was evaluated using a CR3000 analyzer via the FORT (Free Oxygen Radicals Testing for ROS quantification) and FORD (Free Oxygen Radical Defence for the measurement of antioxidant levels) assays from a single drop of capillary blood. Results: FORT values were increased and FORD values were decreased in obese patients vs. controls (Table 1). Fibrinogen levels were increased in obese patients vs. controls: 405.78 ± 36.11 mg/dL vs. 267.97 ± 36.64 mg/dL in controls, p-value &lt; 0.0001. CRP levels were increased in obese patients vs. controls: 6.75 ± 0.79 mg/dL vs. 3.24 ± 0.58 mg/dL in controls, p-value &lt; 0.0001. Serum ferritin levels were increased in obese patients vs. controls 321.30 ± 18.85 ng/mL vs. 158.60 ± 59.09 ng/mL in controls, p-value &lt; 0.0001. We recorded positive weak correlations between FORT – CRP (r = 0.03) and FORT – ferritin (r = 0.03), very weak correlations between FORT – fibrinogen (r = 0.06). The correlation between FORD – fibrinogen was very weak and negative (r = -0.06). Conclusions: Oxidative stress and inflammation markers (fibrinogen, CRP, serum ferritin) were increased and antioxidant levels were decreased in obese subjects versus controls. Further studies are needed to investigate the crosstalk between obesity, oxidative stress and inflammation and to clarify to which extent these findings can be translated into the prevention and management of obesity.

Reliability of a point-of-care device to determine oxidative stress in whole blood before and after acute exercise: A practical approach for the applied sports sciences

ABSTRACT Measuring alterations in redox homoeostasis in athletes can provide insights into their responses to training such as adaptations or fatigued states. However, redox monitoring is impractical in athletes given the time burden of venepuncture and subsequent laboratory assays. The ability of point-of-care tests (POC): 1) Free Oxygen Radical Test (FORT) and 2) Free Oxygen Radical Defence (FORD), to reliably measure whole blood oxidative stress between days and after exercise is unknown as well as their relationship with laboratory measures (F2-isoprostanes, total antioxidant capacity; TAC). Participants completed two trials performed on separate days comprising blood sampling at rest (n=22) and after treadmill-running (n=14). Between-day CVs for FORT (4.6%) and FORD (4.8%) were acceptable at rest. There was no difference in the between-day magnitude of change in any biomarker from pre- to post-exercise (p>0.05), yet the within-trial change in FORD was variable (trial one: +4.5%, p=0.15; trial two: +6.3%, p<0.05). TAC and FORD were significantly correlated pre- and post-exercise (r=~0.53, p<0.05), whereas F2-isoprostanes and FORT had a significant correlation pre-exercise only (r=0.45, p=0.03). Overall, the POC tests are reliable and could be used for baseline longitudinal redox monitoring. More data is required on POC tests for assessing redox perturbations induced by exercise.

SYSTEMIC OXIDATIVE STRESS AS A SURROGATE OF CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE INSTABILITY AND RUPTURE PREDICTOR

Background. Oxidative stress is crucial in developing broad spectrum of diseases, including atherosclerosis and related life-threatening conditions, such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS) mainly caused by atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. &#x0D; Objective. To clarify the relation between oxidative stress and plaque instability we decided to compare oxidative profiles of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), evaluated at admission to the coronary care unit (CCU) of LTD Clinic-LJ (Kutaisi, Georgia) in April 2018 - June 2019, who underwent successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). &#x0D; Methods. 191 patients were enrolled (100 patients with ACS in Group 1 and 91 patients with CCS in Group 2) into the study. Using the CR3000 FORM PLUS (Callegari Srl, Catellani Group, Italy) – Callegari Point of Care instrument we evaluated free oxygen radical test (FORT), free oxygen radicals defense (FORD), calculated REDOX Index and the overall Profile of oxidative stress. &#x0D; Results. The mean/median concentration of Free Oxygen Radicals was significantly higher in the patients with ACS (404.37±9.83 Fort units/2.36 mmol/l H2O2 eq. vs 282.34±9.83 Fort units/2.36 mmol/l H2O2 eq., p&lt;0.0001). Significant correlation was found between advanced oxidative stress and acute coronary syndrome (OR 14.42 95% CI (7.08-29.4), RR 3.26 95% CI (2.31-4.60) with high diagnostic characteristics (sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 92.3%; positive predictive value of 92% and positive likelihood ratio of 11).&#x0D; Conclusion. Oxidative stress is crucial in life-threatening acute coronary events. Measurement of overall oxidative stress profile, as a surrogate of plaque instability and rupture predictor, could help the clinicians in risk stratification and prevention of acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Evaluation of oxidative stress levels in obesity and diabetes by the free oxygen radical test and free oxygen radical defence assays and correlations with anthropometric and laboratory parameters

BACKGROUNDObesity and diabetes are associated with high levels of oxidative stress. In Romanian patients with obesity and (or) diabetes, this association has not been sufficiently explored.AIMTo evaluate oxidative stress in obese and (or) diabetic subjects and to investigate the possible correlations between oxidative stress and anthropometric/biochemical parameters.METHODSOxidative stress was evaluated from a single drop of capillary blood. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated using the free oxygen radical test (FORT). The free oxygen radical defence (FORD) assay was used to measure antioxidant levels.RESULTSFORT levels were higher in obese subjects (3.04 ± 0.36 mmol/L H2O2) vs controls (2.03 ± 0.14 mmol/L H2O2) (P < 0.0001). FORD levels were lower in obese subjects (1.27 ± 0.13 mmol/L Trolox) vs controls (1.87 ± 1.20 mmol/L Trolox) (P = 0.0072). Obese diabetic subjects had higher FORT values (3.16 ± 0.39 mmol/L H2O2) vs non-diabetic counterparts (2.99 ± 0.33 mmol/L H2O2) (P = 0.0233). In obese subjects, FORT values correlated positively with body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.48, P = 0.0000), waist circumference (WC) (r = 0.31, P = 0.0018), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (r = 0.31, P = 0.0017), total cholesterol (TC) (r = 0.27, P = 0.0068) and uric acid (r = 0.36, P = 0.0001). FORD values correlated negatively with BMI (r = -0.43, P = 0.00001), WC (r = -0.28, P = 0.0049), FPG (r = -0.25, P = 0.0130), TC (r = -0.23, P = 0.0198) and uric acid (r = -0.35, P = 0.0002). In obese diabetic subjects, FORT values correlated positively with BMI (r = 0.49, P = 0.0034) and TC (r = 0.54, P = 0.0217). FORD values were negatively associated with BMI (r = -0.54, P = 0.0217) and TC (r = -0.58, P = 0.0121).CONCLUSIONOxidative stress levels, as measured by the FORT and FORD assays, were higher in obese subjects vs controls. ROS levels were elevated in diabetic obese patients vs obese non-diabetic patients and controls.

Increased Oxidative Stress in Injured and Ill Elite International Olympic Rowers.

Identifying strategies that reduce the risk of illness and injury is an objective of sports science and medicine teams. No studies have examined the relationship between oxidative stress (OS) and illness or injury in international athletes undergoing periods of intensified training and competition. The authors aimed to identify relationships between illness, injury, and OS. A longitudinal, observational study of elite male rowers (n = 10) was conducted over 18 weeks, leading into World Championships. Following a recovery day and a 12-hour fast, hydroperoxides (free oxygen radicals test) and total antioxidant capacity (free oxygen radicals defense) were measured in venous blood, with the ratio calculated as the oxidative stress index (OSI). At all study time points, athletes were independently dichotomized as ill or not ill, injured or not injured. OS data were compared between groups using independent t tests. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess the association of OS with injury and illness while adjusting for age and body mass index. Free oxygen radicals defense was lower (P < .02) and OSI was higher (P < .001) with illness than without illness. Free oxygen radicals test and OSI were higher with injury than without injury (P < .001). A 0.5mmol·L-1 increase in free oxygen radicals defense was associated with a 30.6% illness risk reduction (95% confidence interval, 7%-48%, P = .014), whereas 0.5 unit increase in OSI was related to a 11.3% increased illness risk (95% confidence interval, 1%-23%, P = .036). OS is increased in injured and ill athletes. Monitoring OS may be advantageous in assessing recovery from and in reducing injury and illness risk given the association.

Plasma oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide/trolox) responses during a 7-day road cycling stage race and a competitive football match in top-level athletes

The aim of this study was to compare the response induced by regular competition on free oxygen radicals (hydrogen peroxide), free oxygen radical defence (Trolox) and hydrogen peroxide/Trolox balance in plasma, between top-level male road cyclists and top-level male football players. 9 male top-level road cyclists (age 27.2 ± 3.5 years) and 10 male top-level football players (age 27.3 ± 4.3 years) completed a 7-day road cycling stage race and a football match, respectively. Free oxygen radicals (hydrogen peroxide) and free oxygen radical defence (Trolox) were measured 2 h before and 1 h after the corresponding competition. Body composition was determined previously by means of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Both competitions induced a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide for each group. Trolox decreased and hydrogen peroxide/Trolox balance increased, significantly, for road cyclists. For football players, Trolox increased and hydrogen peroxide/Trolox balance decreased, significantly. Hydrogen peroxide/Trolox balance differences had a significant positive correlation against respective competitive loads for both groups. Hydrogen peroxide differences showed a significant negative correlation and Trolox differences indicated a significant positive correlation with body mass index, body fat, and lean body mass. This study suggests that football players may be able to maintain oxidative stress balance in plasma after a football match whilst road cyclists may experience a hyper-oxidative stress state in plasma after a 7-day road cycling stage race. In addition, both, competitive load and body mass are related to the oxidative stress balance in plasma in these two groups of top-level athletes.

Neuroinflammatory Markers in the Serum of Prepubertal Children with Down Syndrome.

Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal disorder. Although DS individuals are mostly perceived as characterized by some distinct physical features, cognitive disabilities, and cardiac defects, they also show important dysregulations of immune functions. While critical information is available for adults with DS, little literature is available on the neuroinflammation in prepubertal DS children. We aimed to evaluate in prepubertal DS children the serum levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), oxidative stress as free oxygen radicals defense (FORD), free oxygen radicals test (FORT), and cytokines playing key roles in neuroinflammation and oxidative processes as TNF-α, TGF-β, MCP-1, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12. No differences were found in NGF between DS children and controls. However, BDNF was higher in DS subjects compared to controls. We also did not reveal changes in FORD and FORT. Quite interestingly, the serum of DS children disclosed a marked decrease in all analyzed cytokines with evident differences in serum cytokine presence between male and female DS children. In conclusion, the present study evidences in DS prepubertal children a disruption in the neurotrophins and immune system pathways.

Oxidative stress inhibition by resveratrol in alcohol-dependent mice.

Uncontrolled ingestion of alcohol has dramatic consequences on the entire organism that are also associated with the oxidation process induced by alcohol and elevate radical oxygen species. Resveratrol, a nonflavonoid phenol, shows well-documented antioxidant properties. We investigated the potential antioxidant ability of this natural compound in a mouse model of alcohol addiction. We administered (per os) for 60 d 10 mg · kg-1 · d-1 of resveratrol in alcoholic adult male mice. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring serum-free oxygen radicals defense and free oxygen radical levels. Resveratrol metabolites were measured in the serum of mice that were administered with resveratrol. Finally, the effect of resveratrol on the alcohol-induced alteration of brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) in the liver was investigated. Prolonged consumption of resveratrol strongly counteracts serum radical oxygen species formation caused by chronic alcohol intake without effects on natural, free oxygen radical defense. The presence of resveratrol metabolites in the serum only of animals supplemented with resveratrol potentiates the evidence that the antioxidant effect observed is due to the ingestion of the natural compound. Moreover, resveratrol supplementation can counteract alcohol-induced BDNF elevation in the liver, which is the main target of organ alcohol-induced damage. The consumption of resveratrol through metabolite formation may play a protective role by decreasing free radical formation and modulating the BDNF involved in hepatic disruption induced by chronic alcohol consumption. Further investigation into the mechanism underlying the protective effect could reinforce the potential use of resveratrol as a dietary supplement to prevent damage associated with chronic alcohol abuse.

Improvement of oxidative stress status by lipoprotein apheresis in Chinese patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.

Background and aimsFamilial hypercholesterolemia (FH) characterized by severe high blood cholesterol levels usually presents an imbalance of systemic oxidative stress (OS). Lipoprotein apheresis (LA), which is the most effective therapy to reduce cholesterol levels, remains unclear in altering OS and scarce in Chinese patient studies. Our study aims to assess the impact of LA on OS status in Chinese patients with FH.MethodsAbout 31 patients (22 males, age: 12‐69 years) with FH and receiving LA treatment were consecutive enrolled. Free oxygen radicals test (FORT) and free oxygen radicals defense (FORD) values were determined using the free oxygen radical monitor and kit immediately before and after LA, while blood samples were collected to measure plasma lipid levels and hs‐CRP by conventional methods. Data were analyzed by paired t test or rank sum test and Spearman‐rho correlation analysis.ResultsBesides plasma lipid levels, the OS status showed that FORTs were significantly decreased and FORD values significantly enhanced immediately after LA treatment compared with before (both P < .01). In addition, the correlation analysis showed that the removal rates (△%) of TC were positively related to the increased rates (△%) of FORD value (ρ = 0.513, P = .003); LDL‐C to FORD (ρ = 0.39, P = .03); Lp(a) to FORD (ρ = 0.473, P = .007); and non‐HDL‐C to FORD (ρ = 0.46, P = .009). However, no significant difference in hsCRP was found.ConclusionsThe present study indicated, besides effectively lowering plasma lipid levels, LA could significantly improve OS status in Chinese patients with FH.

The Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Levels in Obesity

The association between elevated values of reactive oxygen species and a decreased antioxidant capacity defines oxidative stress. Oxidative stress involvement is blamed in many diseases, including obesity. We evaluated oxidative stress levels by FORT (Free Oxygen Radical Testing � reactive oxygen species levels) and FORD (Free Oxygen Radical Defence � antioxidant capacity value) assays in obese subjects vs. controls. FORT values were high and FORD values were low in obese patients vs. controls, notably in obese subjects with comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary heart disease, anaemia, hepatic steatosis). We found positive correlations between FORT values and total cholesterol, uric acid, triglycerides, LDL, body mass index, HDL/total cholesterol ratio, and negative correlations between FORT and age, HDL. FORD levels correlated oppositely to FORT. Our results suggest that obesity and oxidative stress are linked.

OXIDATIVE STRESS LEVELS ARE INCREASED IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND OBESITY

Objective: The relationship between obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and oxidative stress (OS) is complex and insufficiently studied. Chronic hyperglycemia causes endothelial damage by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and decreasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, explaining why OS is a main contributor in T2DM pathogenesis. The adipose tissue is also a source of ROS via low-grade chronic inflammation and deregulation of adipokine secretion. Thus, we aimed to evaluate OS levels in obese T2DM subjects and obese non-T2DM subjects vs. controls. Design and method: OS was measured in 20 T2DM obese patients (mean age 64.85 ± 7.74 years), 20 obese non-T2DM patients (mean age 61.30 ± 10.59 years) and 20 non-obese non-T2DM controls (mean age 64.10 ± 2.26 years). ROS were evaluated via the Free Oxygen Radical Testing (FORT; normal range: < = 2.3 mmol/L H2O2) assay. The total antioxidant capacity was measured by the Free Oxygen Radical Defense (FORD; normal range: 1.07 – 1.53 mmol/L Trolox) test. Results: T2DM obese subjects registered higher FORT (3.33 ± 0.30 vs. 3.10 ± 0.34; p = 0.017) and lower FORD (0.60 ± 0.10 vs. 0.71 ± 0.15; p = 0.008) values compared to their obese non-T2DM counterparts. Both obese T2DM subjects and obese non-T2DM subjects depicted higher FORT and lower FORD values vs. controls (p < 0.001) (Table 1). In obese T2DM subjects, FORT values correlated positively with BMI, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid and HDL/cholesterol value and negatively with age. FORD values evolved oppositely (Table 2).Conclusions: Obese T2DM subjects recorded higher FORT and lower FORD values vs. obese non-T2DM. In both obese T2DM and obese non-T2DM subjects, OS levels were higher vs. controls. In obese T2DM subjects, ROS levels correlated positively with lipid values, BMI, uric acid and, surprisingly, negatively with age. The total antioxidant capacity evolved oppositely. The negative correlation between age and ROS levels and the positive correlation between FORD and age are paradoxical since the ageing process is associated with higher ROS and lower antioxidant values.

PB2270 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS MARKERS, AGE, NEUTROPHIL‐TO‐LYMPHOCYTE RATION AND OBESITY

Background:Obesity is a complex metabolic disease associated with an excessive accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT). WAT secretes adipokines, which in turn generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) or decrease the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐alpha, IL1, IL6), leading to obesity‐induced inflammation.Aims:To evaluate oxidative stress via ROS and TAC measurement and evaluate obesity‐induced inflammation via the neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in obese patients.Methods:We evaluated oxidative stress and NLR in obese subjects vs. non‐obese controls. Patients were divided by age, sex, and degree of obesity. Obesity was diagnosed according to the WHO criteria, based on the body mass index (BMI). Oxidative stress was evaluated using a CR3000 analyzer via the FORT (Free Oxygen Radical Testing for ROS quantification) and FORD (Free Oxygen Radical Defence for TAC measurement) assays. NLR was evaluated as a marker of chronic inflammation (normal values: 0.78‐3.53). Statistical analysis of data was conducted using the student T‐test and a p‐value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova (approval no. 40/27.03.2018) and written informed consent was collected from all subjects involved.Results:The study group involved 85 obese patients (mean age 61.85 ± 10.60 years, age range 24‐82): 17 males (20.00%, mean age 62.65 ± 8.90 years, age range 43‐77) and 68 females (80.00%, mean age 61.65 ± 10.97 years, age range 24‐82). The control group included 30 non‐obese subjects (mean age 44.60 ± 18.45 years, age range 18‐85). Mean BMI was 36.44 ± 3.63 kg/m2 in obese subjects (men: 35.35 ± 3.41 kg/m2, women: 36.71 ± 3.63 kg/m2) vs. 24.56 ± 1.76 kg/m2 in controls (p‐value &lt; 0.0001). Stratification in obesity classes was: 38 patients (44.70%) ‐ class I obesity, 31 patients (36.47%) ‐ class II obesity, 16 patients (18.83%) – class III obesity. FORT values were increased in obese patients vs. controls (3.09 ± 0.36 mmol/L vs. 2.03 ± 0.14 mmol/L, p‐value&lt;0.001). FORD values were decreased in obese patients vs. controls (0.69 ± 0.15 mmol/L vs. 1.27 ± 0.13 mmol/L, p‐value&lt;0.001). We did not record significant differences in terms of NLR in obese subjects vs. controls (2.46 ± 0.96 vs. 2.31 ± 0.26, p = 0.4036). In obese subjects, we found positive correlations between FORT and BMI (r s = 0.38407, p = 0.00028), NLR (r s = 0.06771, p = 0.5381) and age (r s = 0.06781, p = 0.53748). Negative correlations were recorded between FORD and BMI (rs = ‐0.35083, p = 0.001), age (rs = ‐0.04698, p = 0.66942) and NLR (rs = ‐0.06732, p = 0.54045)Summary/Conclusion:In our study group, ROS levels were increased and TAC was decreased in obese patients as compared to healthy controls. ROS levels and TAC correlated with BMI, but not in a significant manner with age or NLR.

The Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin�s lymphoma. Oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between the levels of pro-oxidants and the antioxidant defense, is involved in lymphomagenesis via chronic inflammation and is associated with a decrease in circulating levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. We evaluated oxidative stress levels in DLBCL patients by FORT (Free Oxygen Radicals Testing) and FORD assays (Free Oxygen Radical Defense), and investigated the relationship between oxidative stress markers and HDL-cholesterol levels. Our results suggest that oxidative stress and decreased levels of HDL-cholesterol might play a role in DLBCL pathogenesis via chronic inflammation.