Free-living Total Energy Expenditure Research Articles

Preliminary field validity of ActiGraph-based energy expenditure estimation in wheelchair users with spinal cord injury.

Cross-sectional validation study. To develop a raw acceleration signal-based random forest (RF) model for predicting total energy expenditure (TEE) in manual wheelchair users (MWUs) and evaluate the preliminary field validity of this new model, along with four existing models published in prior literature, using the Doubly Labeled Water (DLW) method. General community and research institution in Pittsburgh, USA. A total of 78 participants' data from two previous studies were used to develop the new RF model. A seven-day cross-sectional study was conducted to collect participants' free-living physical activity and TEE data, resting metabolic rate, demographics, and anthropometrics. Ten MWUs with spinal cord injury (SCI) completed the study, with seven participants having valid data for evaluating the preliminary field validity of the five models. The RF model achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.59 ± 0.60 kcal/min and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 23.6% ± 24.3% on the validation set. For preliminary field validation, the five assessed models yielded MAE from 136 kcal/day to 1141 kcal/day and MAPE from 6.1% to 50.2%. The model developed by Nightingale et al. in 2015 achieved the best performance (MAE: 136 ± 96 kcal/day, MAPE: 6.1% ± 4.7%), while the RF model achieved comparable performance (MAE: 167 ± 99 kcal/day, MAPE: 7.4% ± 5.1%). Two existing models and our newly developed RF model showed good preliminary field validity for assessing TEE in MWUs with SCI and the potential to detect lifestyle change in this population. Future large-scale field validation studies and model iteration are recommended.

Validity of Combination Use of Activity Record and Accelerometry to Measure Free-Living Total Energy Expenditure in Female Endurance Runners: An Erratum.

Validity of Combination Use of Activity Record and Accelerometry to Measure Free-Living Total Energy Expenditure in Female Endurance Runners: An Erratum.

The relationship of sleep duration and quality to energy expenditure and physical activity in children.

Shorter sleep duration has been linked to the risk for obesity in children. The pathways linking sleep duration and quality to the risk of obesity are unclear, particularly the effect of sleep on energetics. We investigated the relationship between sleep duration, quality and timing in children, to the basal metabolic rate (BMR), total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity (PA). Fifty nine children in two age-groups (5-11 and 12-18 years) underwent evaluation of body composition (DXA), BMR in a room calorimeter, free-living TEE by doubly labelled water method, sleep and PA (7-day Actiheart monitor) during school break. Sleep duration contributed to the variance in BMR (β = 0.11, P = .009) after adjusting for age-group, sex, lean and fat mass, but not to the variance in TEE. Late sleep timing was related to lower PA. In the younger age-group, children who met recommended sleep duration on ≥50% of the 7 days had higher light PA (P = .03) and lower sedentary time (P = .009). Suboptimal sleep is associated with lower BMR, lower PA, and higher sedentary behaviours in young children. Prospective studies are needed to confirm if insufficient sleep duration or late sleep timing contribute to obesity risk by increasing sedentary behaviours and decreasing BMR.

Assessment of energy intake and total energy expenditure in a series of patients who have undergone oesophagectomy following neoadjuvant treatment

Assessment of malnutrition and its consequences are important aspects of curative management of patients with oesophageal cancer. The objective of the present study was to assess total energy expenditure using SenseWear Armband Mini® (SWA) as well as energy and protein intake in oesophageal cancer patients submitted to modern multimodality therapy. Twenty patients were recruited at the time of diagnosis of oesophageal cancer. All patients were amenable for curative intended treatment. Baseline measurement was conducted before start of neoadjuvant treatment and three additional measurements were performed: after the completion of neoadjuvant treatment, at three, and six months postoperatively. The patients carried the SWA for three consecutive days at each measurement period, allowing the measurement of the free-living total energy expenditure and physical activity level. Alongside, a three-day complete food diary was recorded for calculation of energy and protein intake. Body weight was measured at all four occasions and weight six months prior to baseline was reported by the patients. Body weight steadily and significantly decreased during the preoperative phase (p=0.005 and p=0.007at 6 months before baseline and after neoadjuvant treatment, respectively). However, the greatest weight loss was observed at 3 months after surgery (mean=5.6kg, p≤0.001), where after it stabilised. Mean energy intake per day was 2033 (1730-2336) kcal at baseline, and increased to 2236 (2012-2461) kcal (p=0.012) after completion of neoadjuvant treatment. At 3 months after oesophagectomy the daily energy intake decreased to 1759 (1459-2059) kcal (p=0.155) compared to baseline and regained baseline levels first at 6 months postoperatively. The same trend was observed regarding protein intake. The mean total daily energy expenditure was 2259 (2077-2440) kcal at baseline with no change after the neoadjuvant oncological treatment. A significant reduction in energy expenditure to 1929 (1754-2105) kcal (p=0.004) compared to baseline was recorded at 3 months post oesophagectomy, which remained unchanged at six months after surgery. With the objective to achieve and maintain energy balance, focus must be on the patients' energy intake already at the time of diagnosis, with regular follow up throughout the neoadjuvant therapy phase and during the first 3 postoperative months.

P116 A PILOT STUDY ON ENERGY INTAKE AND TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE, USING A MULTI SENSOR DEVICE, IN OESOPHAGEAL CANCER PATIENTS DURING THE ENTIRE COURSE OF MODERN MULTIMODALITY TREATMENT

Abstract Aim The objective of the present pilot study was to address the feasibility and practical use of SenseWear Armband Mini® (SWA) as a possible valid method offering longitudinal, comprehensive and complete assessment of energy balance in oesophageal cancer patients submitted to modern multimodality therapy. Background and methods Assessment of malnutrition and its consequences are pivotal in the curative management of patients with oesophageal cancer. Twenty patients were recruited at diagnosis of oesophageal cancer, all amenable for curative treatment. The baseline measurement took place before start of neoadjuvant treatment and at three additional measurement periods: after the completion of neoadjuvant treatment, and at three and six months postoperatively. The patients carried the SWA for three consecutive days at each measurement period, allowing the measurement of free-living total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL). Alongside, a three-day food diary was recorded, permitted the calculation of energy and protein intake. The body weigth was measured at all four occasions. Results Body weight steadily decreased during the preoperative phase. However, the greatest weight loss was observed during the first 3 months after surgery (mean=5.6 kg), where after it stabilised. The median energy intake of 1982 kcal (range: 910-3455) at baseline increased to 2210 kcal (range: 1718-3355, p=0.009) after the completion of the neoadjuvant treatment. At 3 months after oesophagectomy energy intake decreased to 1749 kcal (range: 1024-2707, p=0.101) and regained baseline levels first at 6 months postoperatively. The same trend was observed regarding protein intake. The TEE was 2262 kcal (range: 1595-3150) at baseline with no change after preoperative oncological treatment. A significant reduction in energy expenditure to 1975 kcal (range 1396-2336, p=0.005) was recorded at 3 months post oesophagectomy, which remained unchanged at six months after surgery. Conclusion There are significant obstacles in recording complete, comprehensive and repetitive data on energy balance during the entire course of modern multimodality treatment of oesophageal cancer patients. With the objective to achieve and maintain positive energy balance focus must be on the patients’ energy intake already at the time of diagnosis, throughout the neoadjuvant therapy phase but particularly during the first 3 postoperative months.

Validity of Combination Use of Activity Record and Accelerometry to Measure Free-Living Total Energy Expenditure in Female Endurance Runners.

Yoshida, A, Ishikawa-Takata, K, Tanaka, S, Suzuki, N, Nakae, S, Murata, H, Taguchi, M, and Higuchi, M. Validity of combination use of activity record and accelerometry to measure free-living total energy expenditure in female endurance runners. J Strength Cond Res 33(11): 2962-2970, 2019-Herein, we attempted to prove the validity of a new approach to assessing total energy expenditure (TEE) that combines activity recording and accelerometry in athletes. Eight female endurance runners participated in this study. We measured TEE over 8 days in the regular training season by using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. In the combined method, an activity record of the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was used to estimate energy expenditure (EE) during the training period, whereas a triaxial accelerometer was used to evaluate EE during the nontraining time over the TEE measurement period using the DLW method. Training EE was calculated from the subjects' individual rating of perceived exertion-EE correlations provided by the exercise tolerance test. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured using indirect calorimetry. There were no significant differences in TEE, activity-induced EE (AEE), or physical activity level (PAL; TEE/RMR) between the DLW method and the combined method (TEE, 3,032 ± 344 vs. 3,033 ± 495 kcal·d; AEE, 1,585 ± 303 vs. 1,586 ± 442 kcal·d; and PAL, 2.68 ± 0.37 vs. 2.68 ± 0.48, respectively). Significant positive correlations and no systematic errors were observed in AEE and PAL. Intraclass correlation coefficients were high (TEE, 0.785; AEE, 0.841; and PAL, 0.779, respectively). These findings suggest that the combined method has high validity against the DLW method. Thus, the combined method would be able to estimate free-living TEE in the regular training season for female endurance runners.

Validity of energy expenditure estimation methods during 10 days of military training.

Wearable physical activity (PA) monitors have improved the ability to estimate free-living total energy expenditure (TEE) but their application during arduous military training alongside more well-established research methods has not been widely documented. This study aimed to assess the validity of two wrist-worn activity monitors and a PA log against doubly labeled water (DLW) during British Army Officer Cadet (OC) training. For 10days of training, twenty (10 male and 10 female) OCs (mean±SD: age 23±2years, height 1.74±0.09m, body mass 77.0±9.3kg) wore one research-grade accelerometer (GENEActiv, Cambridge, UK) on the dominant wrist, wore one commercially available monitor (Fitbit SURGE, USA) on the non-dominant wrist, and completed a self-report PA log. Immediately prior to this 10-day period, participants consumed a bolus of DLW and provided daily urine samples, which were analyzed by mass spectrometry to determine TEE. Bivariate correlations and limits of agreement (LoA) were employed to compare TEE from each estimation method to DLW. Average daily TEE from DLW was 4112±652kcal·day-1 against which the GENEActiv showed near identical average TEE (mean bias±LoA: -15±851kcal. day-1 ) while Fitbit tended to underestimate (-656±683kcal·day-1 ) and the PA log substantially overestimate (+1946±1637kcal·day-1 ). Wearable physical activity monitors provide a cheaper and more practical method for estimating free-living TEE than DLW in military settings. The GENEActiv accelerometer demonstrated good validity for assessing daily TEE and would appear suitable for use in large-scale, longitudinal military studies.

Total energy expenditure is comparable between patients with and without diabetes mellitus: Clinical Evaluation of Energy Requirements in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus (CLEVER-DM) Study

ObjectiveAssessment of total energy expenditure (TEE) is essential for appropriate recommendations regarding dietary intake and physical activity in patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM). However, few reports have focused...

Comparison of Research- and Consumer-grade Energy Expenditure Estimation Methods during 10 Days of Military Training

PURPOSE: Wearable physical activity monitoring devices have improved the ability to estimate free-living total energy expenditure (TEE) but their application during arduous military training alongside more well-established techniques has not been widely documented. This study aimed to assess the validity of two wrist-worn activity monitors to estimate TEE by evaluating performance against doubly labelled water (DLW) during British Army Officer Cadet (OC) training. METHODS: Twenty (10 male and 10 female) OCs (mean ± SD: age 22 ± 1 years, height 1.73 ± 0.08 m, body mass 77.0 ± 9.3 kg) wore one research-grade accelerometer (GENEActiv, Cambridge, UK; “RES”) on the dominant wrist and one commercially available (FITBIT SURGE, USA; “COM”) monitor on the non-dominant wrist for 10 days of training. Immediately prior to this 10-day period, participants consumed a bolus of DLW and provided daily urine samples, which were analysed by mass spectrometry to determine TEE. Bivariate correlations and limits of agreement were calculated to compare the 10-day mean TEE from DLW with both activity monitors to evaluate device performance. RESULTS: TEE (mean ± SD) from DLW, RES and COM were 17.2 ± 2.7 MJ.day-1 (4112 ± 652 kcal.day-1), 17.3 ± 2.8 MJ.day-1 (4129 ± 677 kcal.day-1) and 15.1 ± 3.7 MJ.day-1 (3607 ± 888 kcal.day-1), respectively. TEE from DLW was linearly correlated with both RES (r=0.786, p<0.001) and COM (r=0.888, p<0.001). Despite a stronger association with DLW however, COM tended to underestimate TEE (mean bias [95% CI]) by -2.1 [-5.6-1.4] MJ.day-1 (-505 [-1348-339] kcal.day-1; p<0.05). In contrast, mean TEE from RES was similar to DLW (-0.05 [-3.6-3.5] MJ.day-1; -11 [-867-845] kcal.day-1; p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Wearable physical activity monitors provides a cheaper and more practical method for estimating free-living TEE than DLW, and could be useful for military populations. However, this study suggests a consumer monitor may underperform, by underestimating TEE, during physically demanding training in comparison to a research- grade device.

Application of Bayesian analysis to the doubly labelled water method for total energy expenditure in humans.

RationaleThe doubly labelled water (DLW) method is the reference method for the estimation of free‐living total energy expenditure (TEE). In this method, where both 2H and 18O are employed, different approaches have been adopted to deal with the non‐conformity observed regarding the distribution space for the labels being non‐coincident with total body water. However, the method adopted can have a significant effect on the estimated TEE.MethodsWe proposed a Bayesian reasoning approach to modify an assumed prior distribution for the space ratio using experimental data to derive the TEE. A Bayesian hierarchical approach was also investigated. The dataset was obtained from 59 adults (37 women) who underwent a DLW experiment during which the 2H and 18O enrichments were measured using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS).ResultsTEE was estimated at 9925 (9106‐11236) [median and interquartile range], 9646 (9167–10540), and 9,638 (9220–10340) kJ·day−1 for women and at 13961 (12851–15347), 13353 (12651–15088) and 13211 (12653–14238) kJ·day−1 for men, using normalized non‐Bayesian, independent Bayesian and hierarchical Bayesian approaches, respectively. A comparison of hierarchical Bayesian with normalized non‐Bayesian methods indicated a marked difference in behaviour between genders. The median difference was −287 kJ·day−1 for women, and −750 kJ·day−1 for men. In men there is an appreciable compression of the TEE distribution obtained from the hierarchical model compared with the normalized non‐Bayesian methods (range of TEE 11234–15431 kJ·day−1 vs 10786–18221 kJ·day−1). An analogous, yet smaller, compression is seen in women (7081–12287 kJ·day−1 vs 6989–13775 kJ·day−1).ConclusionsThe Bayesian analysis is an appealing method to estimate TEE during DLW experiments. The principal advantages over those obtained using the classical least‐squares method is the generation of potentially more useful estimates of TEE, and improved handling of outliers and missing data scenarios, particularly if a hierarchical model is used.

Free-living Total Energy Expenditure Assessed using Three Accelerometer Models Validated against Doubly-Labelled Water

Free-living Total Energy Expenditure Assessed using Three Accelerometer Models Validated against Doubly-Labelled Water

A review of the evidence for the use of ventilation as a surrogate measure of energy expenditure.

Precise measurement of sedentary behavior and physical activity is necessary to characterize the dose-response relationship between these variables and health outcomes. The most frequently used methods employ portable devices to measure mechanical or physiological parameters (eg, pedometers, heart rate monitors, accelerometers). There is considerable variability in the accuracy of total energy expenditure (TEE) estimates from these devices. This review examines the potential of measurement of ventilation (VE) to provide an estimate of free-living TEE. The existence of a linear relationship between VE and energy expenditure (EE) was demonstrated in the mid-20th century. However, few studies have investigated this parameter as an estimate of EE due to the cumbersome equipment required to measure VE. Portable systems that measure VE without the use of a mouthpiece have existed for about 20 years (respiratory inductive plethysmography). However, these devices are adapted for clinical monitoring and are too cumbersome to be used in conditions of daily life. Technological innovations of recent years (small electromagnetic coils glued on the chest/back) suggest that VE could be estimated from variations in rib cage and abdominal distances. This method of TEE estimation is based on the development of individual/group calibration curves to predict the relationship between ventilation and oxygen consumption. The new method provides a reasonably accurate estimate of TEE in different free-living conditions such as sitting, standing, and walking. Further work is required to integrate these electromagnetic coils into a jacket or T-shirt to create a wearable device suitable for long-term use in free-living conditions.

Measuring Energy Expenditure After Stroke

Current means of assessing physical activity and energy expenditure have restrictions in stroke, limiting our understanding of its role in therapeutic management. This study validates a portable multisensor array for measuring free-living total energy expenditure compared with a gold standard method (doubly labeled water) in individuals with stroke. Daily energy expenditure was measured in 9 participants with stroke (73 ± 8 years) over a 10-day period with 2 techniques: a portable multisensor array and doubly labeled water. Bland-Altman analysis revealed a mean difference of 94 kcal/day (3.8%) in total energy expenditure measures given by the multisensor array in comparison to doubly labeled water with lower and upper limits of agreement of -276 to 463.8 kcal/day (2473 ± 468 versus 2380 ± 551, P=0.167). There was strong agreement between the multisensor array and labeled water methods of capturing total daily energy expenditure (r=0.850, P=0.004). The multisensor array is a portable and accurate method of capturing daily energy expenditure and may assist in understanding how stroke influences free-living energy expenditure and aid in clinical management.

Affordable measurement of human total energy expenditure and body composition using one-tenth dose doubly labelled water

The doubly labelled water (DLW) method is the technique of choice for measurement of free-living total energy expenditure (TEE) in humans. A major constraint on the clinical applicability of the method has been the expense of the (18)O isotope. We have used a reduced-dose (one-tenth of the currently recommended standard dose) of DLW for the measurement of TEE and body composition in nine healthy adult male volunteers. TEE measured by reduced-dose DLW was positively correlated with resting energy expenditure measured by metabolic cart (r=0.87, P<0.01). Isotope-derived fat mass and body mass index were strongly correlated (r=0.86, P<0.01). In four subjects in whom we performed a complementary evaluation using standard-dose isotope enrichment, the TEE measurements were satisfactorily comparable (mean+/-s.d.: reduced dose 2586+/-155 kcal/day vs standard dose 2843+/-321 kcal/day; mean difference 257+/-265 kcal/day). These data indicate that DLW measurements of human energy expenditure and body composition can be performed at a substantially reduced dose (and cost) of isotope enrichment than is currently employed.

Validation of Actigraph accelerometer estimates of total energy expenditure in young children

To assess the validity of two equations based on the Actigraph CSA/MTI accelerometer for prediction of total energy expenditure (TEE). The criterion was TEE measured using the doubly labeled water method in 85 children, mean age 4.6 years (SD 1.1), over 7 days in the pre-schoolers and 10 days in the school-age participants. Children wore the Actigraph concurrently during waking hours, for 3 of 7 days (pre-schoolers) or 7 of 10 days (school-age children). We tested two prediction equations based on accelerometry. Agreement between predicted and measured TEE was assessed using the 'Bland Altman' approach. Mean TEE measured by doubly-labeled water was 5.8 MJ/d (SD 1.6). Mean error for the Ekelund equation was + 0.3 MJ/d (limits of agreement -3.7 to + 4.3), and for that of Puyau et al. was -0.3 MJ/d (limits of agreement + 3.2 to -3.8). Simple approaches using the Actigraph appear to be inadequate for the estimation of free-living TEE in young children at present.

Relation between physical activity and energy expenditure in a representative sample of young children

Strategies for the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity require a better understanding of the relation between the pattern of free-living physical activity and total energy expenditure (TEE). We assessed the relations between TEE and physical activity level (PAL) during engagement in different intensities of physical activity. We used a cross-sectional study of 104 children (median age: 5.4 y) in Scotland. TEE was measured with use of doubly labeled water (DLW), and resting energy expenditure was predicted to determine PAL. Time spent sedentary and in light-intensity activity and in moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) was assessed by accelerometry concurrent with DLW measurements. Correlation and regression were used to assess the relations between measures of sedentary behavior, intensities of activity, and PAL as the dependent variable. Time spent sedentary was negatively correlated with PAL (r = -0.33, P < 0.01), and time spent in light-intensity activity was positively correlated with PAL (r = 0.31, P < 0.01). In multiple regression analyses, both time spent sedentary and in light-intensity activities were significantly associated with PAL. Time spent in MVPA was not associated with PAL; engagement in MVPA was limited in this sample (median: 3% of waking hours; range: 0-14%). PAL was significantly higher in boys than in girls. In this sample and setting, PAL was not influenced by engagement in MVPA but was influenced by time spent sedentary and in light-intensity activities. This study suggests that in young children, MVPA could make only a minor contribution to free-living TEE and PAL.

Comparison of self-reported with objectively assessed energy expenditure in black and white women before and after weight loss

Weight maintenance is less successful in black women than in white women after weight loss. We compared objectively assessed total energy expenditure (TEE) with estimates of energy expenditure (EE) from self-reported physical activity (PA) in overweight black and white women before and after weight loss. We also compared those values with values in never-overweight control subjects. A total of 20 white and 21 black premenopausal women were evaluated while overweight and weight reduced; 20 white and 14 black control subjects (matched with women in the weight-reduced state) were evaluated once. Weight loss of >/=10 kg was achieved by energy restriction in the overweight subjects. The evaluations were as follows: body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), free-living TEE (doubly labeled water), Tecumseh Occupational Activity Questionnaire, Minnesota Leisure Time PA Questionnaire, and Baecke Activity Questionnaire. Questionnaire estimates of TEE were overestimated when compared with TEE (P < 0.001). Overweight women overestimated TEE 49% more than did never-overweight control subjects. After weight loss, white women reduced overestimation of EE 48% (P < 0.05), so that their overestimation of EE was not different from that of black and white control subjects. Black women overestimated to the same extent both before and after weight loss. Premenopausal women overestimate PA estimates on questionnaires. Overestimation of PA in weight-reduced black women is greater than in weight-reduced white women and never-overweight black and white women.

Measurement of total energy expenditure in grossly obese women: comparison of the bicarbonate-urea method with whole-body calorimetry and free-living doubly labelled water.

To establish validity of the bicarbonate-urea (BU) method against direct measurements of gaseous exchange (GE) in a whole-body indirect calorimeter and to compare BU and doubly labelled water (DLW) measurements in free-living conditions in the same group of grossly obese women. Energy expenditure (EE) was estimated by the BU method over 24 h concurrently with whole-body indirect calorimetry and subsequently over 5 consecutive days at home concurrently with 14 day DLW. Six women, body mass index (BMI) 52.4+/-10.4 kg/m(2) (s.d.), were studied. Total energy expenditure (TEE) measurements by BU and GE within the metabolic chamber were not significantly different (BU=11.79+/-1.89 MJ/day and GE=11.64+/-1.86 MJ/day; mean difference, 0.25+/-0.49 MJ/day, P>0.05). Free-living TEE derived from BU and DLW was also similar (13.28+/-1.86 and 13.86+/-2.25 MJ/day, respectively; mean difference 0.17+/-1.33 MJ/day, P<0.05). The measured physical activity level (PAL) in these very obese subjects was within the range reported in other free-living studies in less obese individuals (1.62+/-0.14 using DLW and 1.56+/-0.20 using BU). The BU method was well tolerated by the subjects. This study in grossly obese subjects, heavier than those participating in previous studies involving tracer methods, demonstrates validity of the BU against GE under controlled metabolic conditions, and the equivalence between BU and DLW under free-living conditions. The results suggest that both tracer methods are valid in this population group. This study also demonstrates the practicalities of using the BU method over 5 days, the longest application of the method so far.

Physical activity in free-living, overweight white and black women: divergent responses by race to diet-induced weight loss

Black women are at greater risk of obesity than are white women, perhaps because of their lower levels of physical activity. We compared free-living activity energy expenditure (AEE) in sedentary white and black women (in overweight and normal-weight states) and in never-overweight control subjects. Subjects included 46 women (23 white, 23 black) studied while overweight and after reaching a normal weight and 38 female control subjects (23 white, 15 black). Diet, without exercise training, resulted in a mean weight loss of 13 kg and a body mass index (in kg/m(2)) < 25. Body composition, sleeping energy expenditure, free-living total energy expenditure, and the energy cost of activity and aerobic capacity were assessed before and after weight loss under 4-wk, diet-controlled, weight-stable conditions and in the control subjects. AEE was defined as above-sleep energy expenditure. No significant racial differences in body composition, before or after weight loss, were found. After weight loss, AEE and aerobic capacity increased in the white women and decreased in the black women (P < 0.05 and P < 0.02, respectively). After weight loss, but not before, the white women had a significantly higher mean AEE than did the black women (2448 +/- 979 and 1728 +/- 1373 kJ/d, respectively; P < 0.05), approximating AEEs in the white (2314 +/- 1105) and black (2310 +/- 1251) control subjects. Relative to the responses of the white women to diet-induced weight loss, the black women became less fit and less physically active. Induction of a normal body weight in overweight black women appeared to produce a more obesity-prone state, favoring weight relapse.

Validation of three alternative methods to measure total energy expenditure against the doubly labeled water method for older Japanese men.

In a previous study using young Japanese men as subjects, Ebine et al. found that accelerometer (AC) represents a promising technique for measuring free-living total energy expenditure (TEE) when compared to activity records (AR) and heart rate monitoring (HR). Thus, the present study was designed to validate the use of an AC and to determine whether or not the previous findings regarding the three alternative field methods (AC, AR, and HR) could be extended to older Japanese men (n = 24; mean +/- SD age 48 +/- 10 y, body mass index 23.1 +/- 2.7 kg/m2 and body fat 18.7 +/- 4.8%). TEE values obtained over a 3 d period by AR, HR, and AC (3dAC), and AC over a 14 d period (14dAC) were simultaneously validated against TEE measured by the doubly labeled water (DLW) method applied within a 14 d period. TEE values obtained by AR, HR, 3dAC, and 14dAC ranged from 1,750 to 3,447 kcal/d, 1,691 to 5,286 kcal/d, 1,716 to 2,765 kcal/d, and 1,700 to 2,855 kcal/d, respectively. Expenditures obtained by HR were similar to those obtained using the DLW method, with a mean difference of 57 +/- 603 kcal/d (2%), but those obtained using AR, 3dAC, and 14dAC differed substantially from the DLW method, with mean differences of -335 +/- 289 kcal/d (12%), -542 +/- 249kcal/d (-19%), and -566 +/- 223kcal/d (-20%), respectively. AR, HR, 3dAC, and 14dAC were significantly correlated with the DLW method, with r values of 0.76 (p < 0.0001), 0.67 (p < 0.001), 0.78 (p < 0.0001), and 0.83 (p < 0.0001), respectively. Intra-individual variation indicated by the coefficient of variation (CV) was significantly higher for HR (15 +/- 11%, p < 0.001) than for AR (7 +/- 4%), 3dAC (7 +/- 5%), and 14dAC (8 +/- 31%). The same findings were obtained using Bland and Altman plots at the population level. Interestingly, 3dAC and 14dAC were significantly correlated with r = 0.97 (p < 0.0001), with a lower mean difference of 24 kcal/d. These results suggest that, same as the previous study, AC is superior to HR in estimating TEE, and seems to be satisfactory for estimation at both group and individual levels, particularly for large-scale studies of older individuals when compared to the DLW method. However, some modifications of the AC method may be needed to compensate for the underestimation of TEE.