Free Game Research Articles

Factors associated with adolescent online and land-based gambling in Canada

Background: With the development of new gambling technology, and increased internet accessibility, online gambling has rapidly emerged as a new gambling market. Governments in numerous jurisdictions have moved to legalize online gambling, yet little is known about the impact of online gambling availability particularly for adolescents. To date, few studies have identified the characteristics of adolescent online gamblers and even fewer have looked at whether these characteristics differ from land-based adolescent gamblers. This study examined socio-demographic and factors associated with online gambling for adolescents and compared this to land-based gamblers to examine whether the profile of online gamblers are unique.Method: Data for the current study comes from the 2012–2013 Youth Gambling Survey (YGS) (n = 10 035) and consists of students in Grades 9 to 12 from three Canadian provinces: Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario, and Saskatchewan.Results: Compared to adolescents who did not have a gambling problem, those who had low to moderate (OR = 2.21, p < .001) or high problem gambling severity (OR = 13.60, p < .001) were significantly more likely to gamble online. Adolescents who played free games were also significantly more likely to gamble online (OR = 2.75, p < .001). Females were significantly less likely to gamble online compared to males (OR = 0.31, p < .001). Other than gender, problem gambling severity and playing free games, when compared to land-based adolescent gamblers, the profile of online gamblers are not that different.Conclusions: Current prevention efforts for adolescents should focus on gambling across modalities.

Quantum de Finetti Theorems Under Local Measurements with Applications

Quantum de Finetti theorems are a useful tool in the study of correlations in quantum multipartite states. In this paper we prove two new quantum de Finetti theorems, both showing that under tests formed by local measurements one can get a much improved error dependence on the dimension of the subsystems. We also obtain similar results for non-signaling probability distributions. We give the following applications of the results: We prove the optimality of the Chen-Drucker protocol for 3-SAT, under the exponential time hypothesis. We show that the maximum winning probability of free games can be estimated in polynomial time by linear programming. We also show that 3-SAT with m variables can be reduced to obtaining a constant error approximation of the maximum winning probability under entangled strategies of O(m^{1/2})-player one-round non-local games, in which the players communicate O(m^{1/2}) bits all together. We show that the optimization of certain polynomials over the hypersphere can be performed in quasipolynomial time in the number of variables n by considering O(log(n)) rounds of the Sum-of-Squares (Parrilo/Lasserre) hierarchy of semidefinite programs. As an application to entanglement theory, we find a quasipolynomial-time algorithm for deciding multipartite separability. We consider a result due to Aaronson -- showing that given an unknown n qubit state one can perform tomography that works well for most observables by measuring only O(n) independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) copies of the state -- and relax the assumption of having i.i.d copies of the state to merely the ability to select subsystems at random from a quantum multipartite state. The proofs of the new quantum de Finetti theorems are based on information theory, in particular on the chain rule of mutual information.

Concept maps and simulations in a computer system for learning Psychology

Abstract PSICO-A is a computer system for learning Psychology. It is specially designed for secondary school children. It is the first system in Psychology designed for learning didactic units of the subject. PSICO-A is based on many pedagogical influences, such as concept maps, free retrieval practice, effective feedback, simulations, digital games, and metacognition. A significant improvement has been shown in the conceptual performance in those children that constructed computer-generated maps using the system compared to those that have drawn them by hand. An evaluation was also made of the interactions between concept mapping and simulations, demonstrating that the first group of pupils performed better in simulations than the second group. Further studies are needed to study the influence of these two conditions of concept mapping on the performance of digital games.

PSICO-A: un sistma computacional integrado para la enseñanza de la psicología

PSICO-A es un sistema informático para la enseñanza de la Psicología. Está especialmente destinado a estudiantes de Educación Secundaria y del primer curso del Grado de la especialidad. Es un sistema innovador porque es el primer sistema computacional concebido para la enseñanza de unidades didácticas de Psicología. PSICO-A integra diversas herramientas e influencias didácticas: introduce mapas conceptuales, recuperación libre del recuerdo, un mecanismo efectivo de “feedback”, simulaciones, juegos digitales e indaga sobre la capacidad metacognitiva de los alumnos. Su arquitectura computacional está organizada modularmente y posee un analizador que ayuda mucho a la recogida de datos por parte del profesor. Hemos evaluado este sistema, confirmándose una mejora significativa en numerosas variables del aprendizaje.

Sensory Garden Design Solutions in Child Friendly Environments (Case Study: The Children of the City Of Isfahan, North West-District #12, in Pre-Elementary and Elementary Schools

Different stages of child development indicate that a large amount of children's learning process is gone through by perceptual skills related to the surrounding environment. Besides, children need to be active and stimulate their own senses in the environment more than others. The aim of the present study is to find out the importance of the existence of the environmental stimuli in child friendly spaces. Moreover, this study analyzes the characteristics and patterns of outdoor designs responsive to children's senses, and also deals with the way these outdoor designs affect children's growth. This research is a descriptive-analytic study, and the approach of the research is psychological. This study uses documentary resources to reveal the concepts and the importance of the issue. Finally, the research distributes questionnaires to obtain the characteristics of designing the sensory garden. The findings of the study revealed these design solutions: 1.Appealing and friendly environment, 2.Active participation and the integration of ideas, 3.Access to a variety of activities, 4.The possibility of free games, 5.Natural and green spaces, 6.Individual and group activities, 7.Social interaction, 8.Perception and understanding of values, 9. Different space colors. In this respect, the sensory garden leads to improving the healthy senses and the gradual growth of children's senses.

PERMAINAN MATEMATIKA ONLINEBEADS ON STRING UNTUK BELAJAR MATEMATIKA YANG BERMAKNA DAN MENYENANGKAN DI MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH (MI)

Many people think that mathematics is a scary subject especially among children. Therefore, mathematics should be taught with a good and fun way. One of the good and fun approaches is through games. The development of internet technology has offered a wide range of facility, especially on websites that provide online math games. One of them is free online game “Bead on String”. This paper is intended to describe the connection of free online game “Beads on String”, with the materials of the integer division with a remainder and no remainder that is taught at school. The result of the analysis to free online games “Bead on String” indicates that the game can be used to build an understanding of learning concepts “Pembagian bilangan bulat bersisa dan tak bersisa (Integer division with a remainder and no remainder)”

Demographic variables and risk factors in computer-crime: an empirical assessment

The purpose of this research is to examine how demographics variables interact with factors such as online lifestyle, digital-capable guardianship, computer security management, and levels of individual computer crime victimization. The current study used a secondary data which was a self-report survey ($$N=204$$N=204) contained items intended to measure the major constructs of routine activities theory. The findings of SEM (structural equation modeling) analysis showed that: (1) gender did not substantially influence on digital guardian factor and computer crime victimization. However, males are more likely to be engaging in online risky leisure activities such as visiting unknown Web sites, downloading free games, free music, and free movies than females. Simultaneously, males tended to update computer security, change the passwords for e-mail account, search for more effective computer security software, check the operation of computer security online, and use different passwords and user IDs for their Internet accounts than females; (2) individuals with older age are less likely to equip the number of computer security software with less duration; (3) race does not have any statistically significant impact on computer crime victimization. Lastly, the policy implications and the limitations of the current research were discussed at the last part of this study.

모바일게임의 신규 광고 융복합 수익모델 제안

Smartphone is popularized, it is a lot of development of the mobile advertising industry, is born many types of mobile advertising. Many developers in the mobile game is the advertised profitable by using the SDK of service companies that service the advertising the launch of free games. Mobile IGA banner, front advertising, we use the ad in the three forms of the front video advertising, each of advertising, have advantages and disadvantages. Although many of the games currently use a full-page ad and front video ads, these ads profitable model is use the user game play time. In order to improve the disadvantage of this method, Commonly used to analyze the three ad revenue model, looking for the element, by using the research result of the previous studies, we have proposed a new advertising Convergence profitable models.

Why do people buy virtual goods? Attitude toward virtual good purchases versus game enjoyment

In this study we investigate purchase behavior for virtual goods in three free-to-play game environments. In the modern free games, publishers sell virtual goods in order to generate revenue. However, game publishers face dire negative attitudes toward the business model as it can entice publishers to degrade the enjoyment of the game in order to sell more virtual goods that address the artificial gaps in the game. This study focuses on this looming question in the game industry whether people buy virtual goods because they enjoy the game and want to keep on playing it or rather because their attitudes toward virtual goods are favorable and they believe it is also accepted in the peer-group. Player responses (N=2791) were gathered from three different game types: social virtual world (Habbo) (n=2156), first-person shooters (n=398), and social networking games (Facebook games) (n=237). The results support both main hypotheses (1) enjoyment of the game reduces the willingness to buy virtual goods while at the same time it increases the willingness to play more of the game. Continued use, however, does positively predict purchase intentions for virtual goods. (2) Attitude toward virtual goods and the beliefs about peers’ attitudes strongly increase the willingness to purchase virtual goods. Beyond these interesting results the paper points to several further lines of inquiry.

Septris: a novel, mobile, online, simulation game that improves sepsis recognition and management.

ProblemAnnually affecting over 18 million people worldwide, sepsis is common, deadly, and costly. Despite significant effort by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign and other initiatives, sepsis remains underrecognized and undertreated.ApproachResearch indicates that educating providers may improve sepsis diagnosis and treatment; thus, the Stanford School of Medicine has developed a mobile-accessible, case-based, online game entitled Septris (http://med.stanford.edu/septris/). Septris, launched online worldwide in December 2011, takes an innovative approach to teaching early sepsis identification and evidence-based management. The free gaming platform leverages the massive expansion over the past decade of smartphones and the popularity of noneducational gaming.The authors sought to assess the game’s dissemination and its impact on learners’ sepsis-related knowledge, skills, and attitudes. In 2012, the authors trained Stanford pregraduate (clerkship) and postgraduate (resident) medical learners (n = 156) in sepsis diagnosis and evidence-based practices via 20 minutes of self-directed game play with Septris. The authors administered pre- and posttests.OutcomesBy October 2014, Septris garnered over 61,000 visits worldwide. After playing Septris, both pre- and postgraduate groups improved their knowledge on written testing in recognizing and managing sepsis (P < .001). Retrospective self-reporting on their ability to identify and manage sepsis also improved (P < .001). Over 85% of learners reported that they would or would maybe recommend Septris.Next StepsFuture evaluation of Septris should assess its effectiveness among different providers, resource settings, and cultures; generate information about how different learners make clinical decisions; and evaluate the correlation of game scores with sepsis knowledge.

Secular Changes of Adiposity and Motor Development in Czech Preschool Children: Lifestyle Changes in Fifty-Five Year Retrospective Study.

Secular trends of adiposity and motor development in preschool children since the fifties of the last century up to the beginning of this millennium were analyzed so as to reveal possible changes due to continuously differentiating lifestyle. In preschool children (n = 3678) height, weight, skinfold thickness over triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac were measured by Harpenden caliper in 1957, 1977, 1980, 1985, 1990, and 2012. Simultaneously, motor performance was tested by evaluating the achievements in broad jump and throwing a ball, as a marker of adaptation to changing level of physical activity, free games, and exercise. Along the period of five decades the values of skinfold thickness increased significantly until 2012, mainly on the trunk. Simultaneously, the level of motor performance significantly decreased. Modifications of the way of life during the mentioned five decades characterized by sedentarism and inadequate food intake as related to energy output influenced negatively both adiposity and motor performance already in preschool children. Mostly increased deposition of fat on the trunk which is considered as a marker of possible development of metabolic syndrome was apparent already in preschool age, indicating the importance of early intervention concerning also physical activity and availability for exercise since early life.

Sport classes at the CEReKi: A complete day for preschool fundamental motor development

Introduction From 3 to 6-years-old, it is very important to offer children an adapted physical education intervention in which they are playing and at the same time develop perceptual and basic fundamental movement skills. In Belgium, most teachers are meeting recurrent problems like big classes, insufficient infrastructures and equipment that have not been appropriately adapted. All these reasons have encouraged the CEReKi to organize sport classes in its sport centrum in order to offer an adapted physical education to 3- to 6-years-old children. Implemented project In the last twenty years, preschool children have attended our sports centre for whole day sport classes. Most classes occur once or twice a month. According to Harrow's taxonomy, it is important to focus on fundamental motor skills and on perceptual abilities. The day at CEReKi starts at 9:30 am and ends at 3 pm. There are five activities lasting 30 to 45 minutes throughout the day and include water-based learning and gymnastic circuits. We select a range of different activities with nine categories of games (gymnastics, track and field, balls, small equipment, water based learning, etc.) Activities are organized either as free game, game with rules or as circuits. Our teaching is adapted to the children and encourages fun and enjoyment. Through the use of appropriate games and stories, we try to engage with the children also on an emotional level so that they join in the game and are as active as possible. Critical analysis Sport classes at the CEReKi are really appreciated by children. The keys to our success are: (a) good knowledge of child development; (b) knowledge of the equipment; (c) adaptation to level of the child; (d) using stories and imagination; (e) safety; (f) enthusiastic and communicative instructors. However, such an approach is only viable with financial support. Conclusion Sport classes at the CEReKi are a successful and useful concept that deserve to be disseminated. Similar organizations should emerge to support children's fundamental motor development but they will require financial support.

An Adversarial Interpretation of Information-Theoretic Bounded Rationality

Recently, there has been a growing interest in modeling planning with information constraints. Accordingly, an agent maximizes a regularized expected utility known as the free energy, where the regularizer is given by the information divergence from a prior to a posterior policy. While this approach can be justified in various ways, including from statistical mechanics and information theory, it is still unclear how it relates to decision-making against adversarial environments. This connection has previously been suggested in work relating the free energy to risk-sensitive control and to extensive form games. Here, we show that a single-agent free energy optimization is equivalent to a game between the agent and an imaginary adversary. The adversary can, by paying an exponential penalty, generate costs that diminish the decision maker's payoffs. It turns out that the optimal strategy of the adversary consists in choosing costs so as to render the decision maker indifferent among its choices, which is a definining property of a Nash equilibrium, thus tightening the connection between free energy optimization and game theory.

Violent Video Games and the Military: Recruitment, Training, and Treating Mental Disability

This article adds to the small collection of art education studies on video games (Parks, 2008; Patton, 2013; Sweeny, 2010) by critically examining the association between violent video games, the U.S. military, and mental disability--from a critical disability studies perspective. Derby overviews the controversies surrounding violent video games and reviews suggestions on how the art classroom can function as a site for examining visual culture. Derby then examines the series America's Army (2000), a blockbuster, free game that the U.S. Army developed for recruiting teenagers and marketing. Next, Derby examines the sibling games Full Spectrum Leader (FSL) and Full Spectrum Warrior (FSW) (2004), a combat simulation game that was recycled into a commercially successful video game. Finally, Derby critiques the Virtual Iraq project, in which FSW was recycled into a virtual reality environment for clinical treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder caused by combat-related mental disability. The final example ironically demonstrates the problematic marriage between violence and entertainment, characterized by the very real, disabling consequences of war: the same game structures that are used to recruit young soldiers are recycled for treating the mental disabilities that soldiers acquire in combat. Derby concludes with thematic ideas for addressing violent video games in secondary art and post-secondary art education classrooms. While the intersection of violent video games, the military, and disability warrants additional research, secondary and postsecondary students' investigations of the topic to produce artworks and lesson plans would expand this discussion in important, meaningful ways. Language: en

모바일 게임 시장에서 DAU와 게임 구매간의 불균형성을 발생시키는 요인에 대한 고찰 - 구글 플레이 무료게임을 중심으로 -

카카오 게임의 런칭 후 모바일 게임 시장은 빠르게 성장하여 게임시장 점유율 33.1%로 2위를 차지하고 있다. 하지만 그 규모에 비해 매출액 비중은 6%로 점유율로 상당히 낮은 것을 확인할 수 있다. 이는 아직 모바일 게임 시장에 있어서 수익모델이 제대로 확립되지 못했기 때문이다. 이러한 수익모델의 부재는 DAU와 매출순위로도 확인할 수 있는데, 구글 플레이 무료게임 DAU Top10 안에 들어가는 게임 가운데 매출순위는 10위 안에 들지 못하는 게임들이 존재한다. 반면에 DAU순위는 낮지만 매출이 높은 게임들 또한 존재하는데, 이러한 결과는 수익모델이 제대로 만들어져 있는 게임과 그렇지 않은 게임의 차이라고 보인다. 본 논문은 구글 플레이 무료게임 10위권 내에 있는 게임들의 DAU순위와 매출 순위 비교를 통해 DAU 순위와 매출순위가 다른 게임들을 선정한 후, 이러한 결과의 원인이 되는 요인을 규명하고 이를 통해 향후 모바일 게임 시장에 진입하고자 하는 제작자들이 수익모델을 만드는데 있어 준거점을 제시하고자 한다. The mobile game market is fast growing after the Kakao game launched. Especially, the market is placed at the second highest by occupying 33.1% of the market. However, the rate of the total sales amount is only 6%, showing quite an imbalance between the market occupancy and the sales amount. This means that the profit-making models are not stabilized yet in the mobile game market. The absence of profit-making models can be ascertained by the relationship of DAU and sales ranking. There are several games which are ranked at DAU Top10 among Google free games, but not ranked at top 10 among sales amounts. On the other hand, there are several games which are low in DAU ranking but high in sales amount ranking. This result shows that there is no direct interrelation between the product attractiveness which users feel and the profit-making models in the market. This study compared the Google play free games which are ranked at top 10 in terms of DAU ranking and sales amount ranking to find out the factor which causes the imbalance between the DAU ranking and sales amount ranking. Based on this outcome, this study presents the reference point for the design of profit-making models on behalf of the manufacturers who wish to launch into the mobile game market in the future.

Web Game Trends Forecast

South Korea has very much important position in the area of online game and mobile game. The video games that had the largest portion of game market were absorbed or linked with online and/or mobile games. The game market is making change owing to smart devices and wireless network technology. The mobile game that was thought to be small sized and simple game for one person is competing with existing games. And, web browser based games that were thought to be free games at the market have been free from web environment owing to development of smart devices to link smart devices and to open new game market. The web game has very much bright prospect in the future despite many problems to solve. This study investigated web game and examine problems of current market and forecasted future of web games.

Nested Network Effects in Online Free Games with Accessory Selling

We analyze the innovative business model of free online games in which game players do not pay subscription fees and the firms generate their revenue by selling accessories—namely, virtual items within the games. The online game market is modeled as a nested network, with the segment of accessorized buyers embedded within that of game players. Both segments exhibit local network effects within the segments, and they impose crossed network effects on each other. We demonstrate that offering free games emerges as the revenue-maximizing strategy when the positive network effect of the game is high and the negative network effect of the accessory is low. We distinguish between two major types of accessories—namely, weaponries and decoratives—via their network effects. The weaponries impose a threat on the game players and subsequently confine the growth of the game; this negative effect is absent for the decoratives, which can thus be priced higher. We also generalize our findings related to online games to cope with other types of network-based free services, ranging from social networks to various kinds of information intermediaries.

Derandomized Parallel Repetition Theorems for Free Games

Raz's parallel repetition theorem (SIAM J Comput 27(3):763---803, 1998) together with improvements of Holenstein (STOC, pp 411---419, 2007) shows that for any two-prover one-round game with value at most $${1- \epsilon}$$ 1 - ? (for $${\epsilon \leq 1/2}$$ ? ? 1 / 2 ), the value of the game repeated n times in parallel on independent inputs is at most $${(1- \epsilon)^{\Omega(\frac{\epsilon^2 n}{\ell})}}$$ ( 1 - ? ) ? ( ? 2 n ? ) , where ? is the answer length of the game. For free games (which are games in which the inputs to the two players are uniform and independent), the constant 2 can be replaced with 1 by a result of Barak et al. (APPROX-RANDOM, pp 352---365, 2009). Consequently, $${n=O(\frac{t \ell}{\epsilon})}$$ n = O ( t ? ? ) repetitions suffice to reduce the value of a free game from $${1- \epsilon}$$ 1 - ? to $${(1- \epsilon)^t}$$ ( 1 - ? ) t , and denoting the input length of the game by m, it follows that $${nm=O(\frac{t \ell m}{\epsilon})}$$ n m = O ( t ? m ? ) random bits can be used to prepare n independent inputs for the parallel repetition game. In this paper, we prove a derandomized version of the parallel repetition theorem for free games and show that O(t(m + ?)) random bits can be used to generate correlated inputs, such that the value of the parallel repetition game on these inputs has the same behavior. That is, it is possible to reduce the value from $${1- \epsilon}$$ 1 - ? to $${(1- \epsilon)^t}$$ ( 1 - ? ) t while only multiplying the randomness complexity by O(t) when m = O(?). Our technique uses strong extractors to a lemma of Raz and can be also used to derandomize a parallel repetition theorem of Parnafes et al. (STOC, pp 363---372, 1997) for communication games in the special case that the game is free.

Education System, Labour Market and Education System Graduates Employment in Romania

1. Introduction In the actual knowledge society, the issue of economic education is more important than ever, but professional-economic elements remain the easiest to teach and to learn: that is because education in their direction does not need special efforts from individuals, being on a most "natural" line, from the point of view of the millenniums of surviving on this planet; there are not necessary special orientations and transformations of the human being, because they are not related to cultivation and to human personality development, but to surviving. They are consistent rather to what any living creature on the earth learns: they are in our instincts and need no special educative intervention. But for humans, the human superior ones are essential, defining for our specie (compared with other creatures). That is why the care for youth' education was mostly for cultivating the qualities that put and keep them over the animal kingdom (Popovici and Jivan, 2011: 39). Even in the modern times of market culture, teaching should contain all the components, in different proportions; by its nature, level and speciality, it should not be partial, simplistic or conducting young people to perceptions that could badly make them not human (non-superior) beings (Popovici and Jivan, 2011: 39). In his book "Democracy and education", John Dewey proposes a philosophy of education, which places it among the great theories of education, next to Platon and Rousseau. His philosophy differs from the one of his outstanding predecessors from two points of view. On one hand, being a social philosophy, it is a philosophy of a democratic society, in which the individual inserts himself through the free game of his intelligence. Not of an individualist intelligence in the sense of "capricious" or "whimsical", but in the experimental sense, that implies putting to the public test his ideas. On the other hand, being a philosophy of nature, it is the philosophy of a nature reflected by science. "Democracy and education" is grounded on the principle of continuity: continuity of the human being and of nature, of the individual and of the group, of the child and of the adult, of the education and of the society. This continuity involves an interaction in which the terms are not distinguished in fact--except by abstraction--one from another. Dewey will later speak more accurately about "the transaction" of the experience. The continuity has as a place of practice the lived experience, whose nature is not different if lived at the school, in the street or at the house, in play or work. Education is the experience of all, child or adult, including educator, in all the moments of life, in all the game or work or leisure situations. Education is, by excellence, according to Dewey's definition, "the continuous reconstruction of the experience" (Deledalle in Dewey, 2011: 41). An important motivation of individuals to invest in education is based on the idea according to which accumulated knowledge and competencies tend to lead to a growth in productivity and, implicitly, of the potential earnings. Another important reason for accumulating a high level of education is getting a higher stability on the labour market, which implicitly reduces the risk of unemployment. Educated workers have a higher rate of participation on the labour market, and the length of their active life is generally higher than in the case of the persons with a lower level of education (Popovici, 2011: 194). Educational capital presents itself in two different forms: on one hand, there are the abilities acquired as a result of participating at the formal educational systems, knowledge confirmed by diplomas; on the other hand, there are any other knowledge and abilities that have been acquired during the life time, by personal efforts or by contacts with experts in different fields finalized with knowledge gains as a result of assimilating the knowledge received by interaction with them (Popovici and Jivan, 2011: 40). …

Cambios en el comportamiento afectivo en niños con lenguaje demorado y típico

La dimensión afectiva del comportamiento puede ser un factor facilitador o inhibidor del desarrollo del lenguaje en infantes. Se realizó un estudio observacional longitudinal con niños a los 24 y 30 meses para explorar la relación entre comportamiento afectivo de díadas madre-hijo y la competencia lingüística del infante. Para determinar la competencia lingúistica de los infantes se uso el reporte paterno empleando el MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (CDI, Jackson-Maldonado et al., 2005). Participaron 14 díadas, de las cuales 3 fueron clasificadas con niños con demora en el lenguaje. Se realizaron filmaciones en el hogar en situaciones de juego con duraciones entre los 19 y 31 minutos. Se empleó una taxonomía del comportamiento afectivo de cada miembro de la díada (Hernández &amp; Cortés, 2009) para analizar las filmaciones. Los resultados muestran que los niños con demora de lenguaje y sus mamás presentan menos conducta de afecto positivo y más de afecto negativo a los 24 meses respecto de los niños con lenguaje típico y aunque a los 30 meses incrementan esta conducta, siguen exhibiendo un vocabulario menor que los niños de lenguaje típico.