Free Formulas Research Articles

PSIX-5 Spray Dried Plasma Increases Protein and Meat Inclusion in Extruded Dog Kibbles

Abstract A common goal for pet food manufacturers extruding dry kibbles is to increase meat inclusion and protein content in both grain and grain free formulas. When extruding high meat formulas, variation of moisture and fat of the incoming raw meat ingredients adds to the complexity of producing consistent quality kibbles meeting all specifications. Spray dried plasma (SDP) is a consistent high protein ingredient commonly utilized in wet pet food for water binding and fat emulsification characteristics and in dry kibble extrusion with meat meals and other dry ingredients to produce quality kibbles. Thus, the objective of two studies was to evaluate if meat inclusion levels could be increased in extruded formulas with the use of SDP. Tests were done at the Wenger technology testing center to evaluate combinations of SDP levels ranging from 2.5 to 20% with meat level feed rates ranging from 25 to 50%. The ability to produce kibbles was conducted utilizing both grain free and grain formulations. Processing conditions were monitored on the various formulations during production along with kibble outcome measurements such as ability to extrude, solids, protein, and durability. In the first study, extrusion of grain free formulations with 0% SDP resulted in meat inclusion limit at 35% feed rate. Addition of 5, 10, and 15% SDP in grain free formulas increased protein content of the extruded kibble but meat inclusion was limited at 35% feed rate. However, use of 20% SDP in grain free formulas allowed for greater inclusion of meat from 35% and up to 45% feed rate while maintaining kibble quality and increasing protein. Extrusion of a grain formulation with 0% SDP also resulted in limits of 35% feed rate of meat inclusion. Addition of 2.5, 5, 10, or 20% SDP to grain formulations allowed for meat inclusion feed rate to be increased up to 50% depending on levels of SDP used, and protein was increased in all combinations. The second study was completed to evaluate a longer run extrusion measuring ability to extrude, cook, and durability. Grain free formulas were run at 35% feed rate of meat with 5, 10, or 20% SDP and maintained cook and durability. Grain formulas were run at 45% feed rate of meat with 2.5, 5, and 10% SDP and maintained durability with further optimization of cook needed. Overall, SDP included in the formulation allows for greater feed rate of meat inclusion and maintain or increase protein and durability in the dry kibble. Thus, depending on target meat inclusion feed rates or protein levels, SDP may be used during the extrusion process to produce dry kibbles with high meat inclusion.

#2948 β-2-MICROGLOBULIN AND β-TRACE-PROTEIN DO NOT IMPROVE ESTIMATION OF GFR IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS COMPARED TO CREATININE AND CYSTATIN C

Abstract Background and Aims Precise estimates of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are important in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Current eGFR formulas based on plasma creatinine and/or cystatin C are associated with significant bias. We investigated whether race free formulas based on plasma values of β-trace-protein and β-2-microglobulin performed better than formulas based on creatinine and cystatin C in a Scandinavian cohort of KTRs. Method We included samples and data from the randomised, controlled trial CONTEXT. GFR was measured by plasma clearance of 51Cr-EDTA or iodothalamate. eGFR was calculated using the new race-free CKD-EPI eGFR-creatinine and/or cystatin C(2021) formulas as well as the CKD-EPI eGFR-β-trace-protein and/or eGFR-β-2-microglobulin formulas. GFR estimates were evaluated at 3 (n = 82) and 12 (n = 64) months post-transplant using mean bias, precision, and accuracy. Also, formulas were analysed for their ability to correctly classify changes in measured GFR from 3 to 12 months. Results At 12 months eGFR-creatinine-cystatin C performed best according to mean bias (−4.54 ml/min/1.73 m2), precision (SD = 8.18 ml/min/1.73 m2) and accuracy (P10 = 47%) among creatinine and cystatin C based formulas (Table 1). Among the β-trace-protein and β-2-microglobulin based formulas, eGFR-β-trace-protein-β-2-microglobulin performed best according to precision (SD = 7.64 ml/min/1.73 m2) and accuracy (P10 = 36%) (Table 1). eGFR-β-trace-protein-β-2-microglobulin and eGFR-creatinine-cystatin C performed similar when comparing residuals (p = 0.481). eGFR-β-trace-protein, eGFR-β-trace-protein-β-2-microglobulin and eGFR-creatinine-cystatin C performed best in correctly classifying changes in mGFR from 3 to 12 months. Conclusion β-trace-protein and β-2-microglobulin do not improve the measurement of GFR compared to creatinine and cystatin C based formulas in KTRs.

Formulating co-loaded nanoliposomes with gallic acid and quercetin for enhanced cancer therapy

Cancer is considered one of the top global causes of death. Natural products have been used in oncology medicine either in crude form or by utilizing isolated secondary metabolites. Biologically active phytomolecules such as gallic acid and quercetin have confirmed antioxidant, anti-bacterial, and neoplastic properties. There is an agreement that microorganisms could mediate oncogenesis or alter the immune system. This research project aims to develop a novel formulation of co-loaded gallic acid and quercetin into nanoliposomes and investigate the efficacy of the free and combined agents against multiple cancerous cell lines and bacterial strains. Thin-film hydration technique was adopted to synthesize the nanocarriers. Particle characteristics were measured using a Zetasizer. The morphology of nanoliposomes was examined by scanning electron microscopy, Encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were evaluated using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Cytotoxicity was determined against Breast Cancer Cells MCF-7, Human Carcinoma Cells HT-29, and A549 Lung Cancer Cells. The antibacterial activities were evaluated against Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Therapeutic formulas were categorized into groups: free gallic acid, free quercetin, free-mix, and their nano-counterparts. Findings revealed that drug loading capacity was 0.204 for the mix formula compared to 0.092 and 0.68 for free gallic acid and quercetin, respectively. Regarding the Zeta potential, the mix formula showed more amphiphilic charge than the free quercetin and free gallic acid formulas (P-values 0.003 and 0.002 receptively). On the contrary, no significant difference in polydispersity indices was reported. Lung cancerous cells were the most affected by the treatments. The best estimated IC50 values were observed in breast and lung cancer lines for the nano-gallic acid and co-loaded particles. The nano-quercetin formula exhibited the least cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of ≥200 μg/mL in both breast (MCF-7) and colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines (HT-29) with no activity against the lung. A remarkable improvement in the efficacy of quercetin was measured after mixing it with gallic acid against the breast and lungs. The tested therapeutic agents exhibited antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria. Nano-liposomes can either enhance or reduce the cytotoxicity activity of active compounds depending on the physical and chemical properties of drug-loaded and type of cancer cells.

A characterization of generalized existential completions

This paper aims to provide an intrinsic characterization of the notion of generalized existential completion of a conjunctive doctrine P for a class Λ of morphisms of the base category of P. The cornerstone of this result consists of an algebraic description of the logical concept of existential free formulas closely connected to the validity of some choice principles.The link between our characterization and choice principles is emphasized by the fact that an existential doctrine P is the generalized existential completion of itself for all the projections of its base if and only if P is equipped with Hilbert's epsilon operators.Our characterization provides a useful tool to recognize a wide variety of examples of doctrines arising as generalized existential completions. These include the subobjects doctrine and the weak subobjects doctrine of a category with finite limits as well all realizability triposes and among localic triposes only the supercoherent ones.

Fungal Infected Adipose Stem Cells: The Effects of Novel Lipo-Niosome Nanoparticles Loaded with Amphotericin B and Thymus Essential Oil.

Objective In this study, we aimed to develop new Lipo-niosomes based nanoparticles loaded with Amphotericin B (AmB) and Thymus Essential Oil (TEO) and test their effectiveness in the treatment of fungal-infected human adipose stem cells (hASCs). Materials and MethodsIn this experimental study, optimal formulation of AmB and TEO loaded lipo-niosome (based on lipid-surfactant thin-film hydration method) was chemically, and biologically characterized. Therefore, encapsulation capacity, drug release, size, and the survival rate of cells with different concentrations of free and encapsulated AmB/ TEO were evaluated using the MTT method, and its antifungal activity was compared with conventional AmB.Results Lipo-Niosome containing Tween 60 surfactant: cholesterol: Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC): Polyethylene glycol (PEG) with a ratio of 20:40:60:3 were chosen as optimal formulation. Lipo-Niosomes entrapment efficiency was 94.15%. The drug release rate after 24 hours was 52%, 54%, and 48% for Lipo-AmB, Lipo-TEO, and Lipo-AmB/TEO, respectively. Physical and chemical characteristics of the Lipo-Niosomes particles indicated size of 200 nm and a dispersion index of 0.32 with a Zeta potential of -24.56 mv. Furthermore, no chemical interaction between drugs and nano-carriers was observed. The cell viability of adipose mesenchymal stem cells exposed to 50 μg/ml of free AmB, free TEO, and free AmB/TEO was 13.4, 58, and 36.9%, respectively. Whereas the toxicity of the encapsulated formulas of these drugs was 48.9, 70.8, and 58.3% respectively. The toxicity of nanoparticles was very low (8.5%) at this concentration. Fluorescence microscopic images showed that the antifungal activity of Lipo-AmB/ TEO was significantly higher than free formulas of AmB, TEO, and AmB/TEO. ConclusionIn this study, we investigated the efficacy of the TEO/AmB combination, in both free and encapsulated- niosomal form, on the growth of fungal infected-hASCs. The results showed that the AmB/TEO-loaded Lipo-Niosomes can be suggested as a new efficient anti-fungal nano-system for patients treated with hASCs.

Probiotics dairy drink for patients with Galactosemia

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop probiotic dairy products with lactose free and low-galactose contents were produced for patients with galactosemia from four different raw materials including conventional cow’s milk, lactose free cow’s milk and mixtures containing lactose free cow’s milk and three different lactose and galactose free infant formulas. Material and Methods: Probiotic fermented dairy drinks, specifically acidophilus milk and kefir, with lactose free and low galactose content for patients with galactose intolerance were produced by using a 1:1 mixture of lactose free milk and two different types of infant formula, fortified with strawberry flavor. Storage period was set for 30 days. Said types of products were also produced with lactose free milk and conventional milk as raw material in order to use as control groups. With priority, lactose and galactose contents, and some other chemical, physical, microbiological and sensory properties were examined. Results: Chemical, physical, microbiological and sensory properties of these products were found to match the common quality characteristics of a commercial fermented dairy product. Also, such properties of fermented dairy drinks produced from lactose free milk have the same quality characteristics of a fermented dairy product. Conclusion: The galactose contents of fermented dairy beverages produced from lactose free raw materials were reduced to a level suitable for the diets of galactosemic patients.

Application of statistical moment method to investigate mechanical properties of yttria-stabilized zirconia

The mechanical properties of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) crystal under extreme conditions are theoretically investigated using the analytic free energy formulas derived from the statistical moment method. We calculate the elastic moduli and constants under temperature up to 2100 K and pressure up to 20 GPa using Buckingham potential. The dopant concentration, temperature, and pressure dependences of the elastic moduli and constants of YSZ crystal are studied taking into account the anharmonic effects of the lattice vibrations. Our results are in reasonable agreement with previous experiments and simulations. This approach can then be developed extensively to investigate the thermodynamic and mechanical properties of the other ceramic materials used in solid oxide fuel cells.

Intuitionistic fixed point logic

We study the system IFP of intuitionistic fixed point logic, an extension of intuitionistic first-order logic by strictly positive inductive and coinductive definitions. We define a realizability interpretation of IFP and use it to extract computational content from proofs about abstract structures specified by arbitrary classically true disjunction free formulas. The interpretation is shown to be sound with respect to a domain-theoretic denotational semantics and a corresponding lazy operational semantics of a functional language for extracted programs. We also show how extracted programs can be translated into Haskell. As an application we extract a program converting the signed digit representation of real numbers to infinite Gray code from a proof of inclusion of the corresponding coinductive predicates.

The complexity of definability by open first-order formulas

Abstract In this article, we formally define and investigate the computational complexity of the definability problem for open first-order formulas (i.e. quantifier free first-order formulas) with equality. Given a logic $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}$, the $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}$-definability problem for finite structures takes as an input a finite structure $\boldsymbol{A}$ and a target relation $T$ over the domain of $\boldsymbol{A}$ and determines whether there is a formula of $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}$ whose interpretation in $\boldsymbol{A}$ coincides with $T$. We show that the complexity of this problem for open first-order formulas (open definability, for short) is coNP-complete. We also investigate the parametric complexity of the problem and prove that if the size and the arity of the target relation $T$ are taken as parameters, then open definability is $\textrm{coW}[1]$-complete for every vocabulary $\tau $ with at least one, at least binary, relation.

Unitary Menger algebra of C-quantifier free formulas of type (τn,(2))

Using an [Formula: see text]-ary superposition operation [Formula: see text] on the set [Formula: see text] of all [Formula: see text]-ary term of [Formula: see text], one obtains a unitary Menger algebra [Formula: see text] of rank [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we define the set [Formula: see text] of all [Formula: see text]-ary C-quantifier free formulas of type [Formula: see text] on the set [Formula: see text] and define the operation [Formula: see text] on the set [Formula: see text]. After this definition, we have a unitary Mengar algebra [Formula: see text].

Weihrauch and constructive reducibility between existence statements

We formalize the primitive recursive variants of Weihrauch reduction between existence statements in finite-type arithmetic and show a meta-theorem stating that the primitive recursive Weihrauch reducibility verifiably in a classical finite-type arithmetic is identical to some formal reducibility in the corresponding (nearly) intuitionistic finite-type arithmetic for all existence statements formalized with existential free formulas. In addition, we demonstrate that our meta-theorem is applicable in some concrete examples from classical and constructive reverse mathematics.

Formulas Free From Inconsistency: An Atom-Centric Characterization in Priest's Minimally Inconsistent LP

As one of fundamental properties to characterize inconsistency measures for knowledge bases, the property of free formula independence well captures the intuition that free formulas are independent of the amount of inconsistency in a knowledge base for cases where inconsistency is characterized in terms of minimal inconsistent subsets. But it has been argued that not all the free formulas are independent of inconsistency in some other contexts of inconsistency characterization. In this paper, we propose a characterization of formulas independent of inconsistency in the framework of Priest's minimally inconsistent LP. Based on an atom-based counterpart of the notion of free formula, we propose a notion of Bi-free formula to describe formulas that are free from inconsistency in both syntax and paraconsistent models in this logic. Then we propose the property of Bi-free formula independence, which is more suitable for characterizing the role of formulas free from inconsistency in measuring inconsistency from both syntactic and semantic perspectives.

Validity of free testosterone calculation in pregnant women.

ObjectiveIncreased maternal testosterone concentration during pregnancy may affect the fetus. Therefore it is clinically relevant to have a quick and reliable method to determine free testosterone levels. Current calculators for free testosterone are suspected to perform poorly during pregnancy due to suggested competition between high levels of estradiol and free (bio-active) testosterone for sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) binding. Therefore, it is claimed that reliable calculation of free testosterone concentration is not possible. However, recent evidence on SHBG-binding sites questions the estradiol effect on the testosterone-SHBG binding during pregnancy. In this study, we investigated whether the free testosterone concentration can be calculated in pregnant women.Design and methodsFree testosterone was measured with a specially developed equilibrium dialysis method combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Free testosterone was also calculated with the formulas of Vermeulen et al. and Ross et al. ResultsTotal and free testosterone measured in healthy men and women were in good agreement with earlier reports. In pregnant women, total testosterone values were higher than in non-pregnant women, whereas free testosterone values were comparable. Calculated free testosterone levels in pregnant women were highly correlated, but marginally higher, compared to measured free testosterone levels.ConclusionsWe developed an equilibrium dialysis–LC-MS/MS method for the measurement of free testosterone in the low range of pregnant and non-pregnant women. Although during pregnancy total testosterone is increased, this is not the case for free testosterone. The free testosterone formulas perform well in pregnant women.

Reduced Dependency Spaces for Existential Parameterised Boolean Equation Systems

A parameterised Boolean equation system (PBES) is a set of equations that defines sets satisfying the equations as the least and/or greatest fixed-points. Thus this system is regarded as a declarative program defining predicates, where a program execution returns whether a given ground atomic formula holds or not. The program execution corresponds to the membership problem of PBESs, which is however undecidable in general. This paper proposes a subclass of PBESs which expresses universal-quantifiers free formulas, and studies a technique to solve the problem on it. We use the fact that the membership problem is reduced to the problem whether a proof graph exists. To check the latter problem, we introduce a so-called dependency space which is a graph containing all of the minimal proof graphs. Dependency spaces are, however, infinite in general. Thus, we propose some conditions for equivalence relations to preserve the result of the membership problem, then we identify two vertices as the same under the relation. In this sense, dependency spaces possibly result in a finite graph. We show some examples having infinite dependency spaces which are reducible to finite graphs by equivalence relations. We provide a procedure to construct finite dependency spaces and show the soundness of the procedure. We also implement the procedure using an SMT solver and experiment on some examples including a downsized McCarthy 91 function.

The New Method for Correlation and Prediction of Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Critical Temperature

On the basis of the linear free energy relationships theory and thermodynamics formulas, a new method predicting critical temperature (Tc) of pure fluids is proposed for the first time. Sixteen homologues of 616 substances have been regressed and correlation equations between Tc and molecular descriptors are obtained. The mean relative deviations of the 16 equations are from 0.01% to 2.73%, and most of them are under 2%. In addition, the squared correlation coefficients are from 0.90 to 0.98. Moreover, the equations are tested through cross-validation by the leave-one-out procedure and most of the squared correlation coefficients are greater than 0.90. The results reveal that the equations exhibit better effect with simple form of equation, high prediction accuracy, and definitude theory meaning. This study successfully combines macroscopic physical properties of fluids with their molecular microstructure and breaks through the experimental or theoretical application scope, perfecting calculation of criti...

The Level of Knowledge of Dietitians About Dietary Management of Children with Food Allergy

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of dietitians and dietetic students about food allergy in order to develop suggestions for educational activities. Materials and Methods: Dietitians and dietetics students were surveyed via a questionnaire aimed to document their knowledge about food allergy management. Results: Of the 150 questionnaires distributed, 122 valid questionnaires were returned. The response rate was 81.3%. Of all the respondents, 51.4% were working in a hospital. About sixty percent of respondents rated themselves ‘moderate’ for identifying some clinical manifestations of FA, developing elimination diets, providing avoidance education, managing the dietary needs of children with cows’ milk allergy (CMA). Only 72.1% of respondents answered the questions about foods that can cause anaphylaxis correctly. About forty percent of respondents did not recognize that food allergens could be transmitted by means of tools used for service such as knives and spoons and thought that smoke of the cooking food does not cause allergy. About sixty percent of respondents also thought that touching the food never causes allergic reactions. Of all the respondents, only about 18.9% suggested amino acid based formulas for children with CMA, 23% suggested fully hydrolized formulas and 39.3% thought that lactose free formulas can be given to patients with CMA. Conclusion: This study revealed that there are some gaps in the knowledge of dietitians about food allergy. Dietitians should be given training on this subject and there should be a re-evaluation of health policies with a wider global perspective.

Hypersatisfaction of quantifier free formulas in algebraic systems

In [Hyperformulas and solid algebraic systems, Studia Logica 90(2) (2008) 263–286], the theory of hyperidentities and solid varieties (see [K. Denecke, D. Lau, R. Pöschel and D. Schweigert, Hyperidentities, hyperequational classes, and clone congruences, in Contributions to General Algebra, Vol. 7 (Verlag Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, Wien, 1991), pp. 97–118]) was extended to algebraic systems and solid model classes of algebraic system. In this paper, we will present a different approach which is based on the concept of the term operations and the realization of quantifier free formulas.

Deterministic and non-deterministic hypersubstitutions for algebraic systems

Hypersubstitutions for algebraic systems are mappings which send operation symbols to terms and relational symbols to formulas preserving arities (see [D. Phusanga, Derived Algebraic Systems, Ph.D. thesis, Potsdam (2013)]). In the non-deterministic case, i.e. if one operation symbol is sent to several terms of the same arity and also one relational symbol is sent to several quantifier free formulas of the same arity, we can consider a mapping from the set of operation symbols into the power set of the set of all terms and from the set of relational symbols into the power set of the set of all quantifier free formulas of the considered type. These mappings are called non-deterministic hypersubstitutions for algebraic systems. We consider sets of algebraic systems which are invariant under non-deterministic hypersubstitutions and apply the result to [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-solid classes of algebraic systems. In this paper, we consider an extension of non-deterministic hypersubstitutions which is based on deterministic ones.

On QE Algorithms over an Algebraically Closed Field Based on Comprehensive Gröbner Systems

We introduce new algorithms for quantifier eliminations (QE) in the domain of an algebraically closed field. Our algorithms are based on the computation of comprehensive Grobner systems (CGS). We study Suzuki–Sato’s CGS computation algorithm and its successors in more detail and modify them into an optimal form for applying to QE. Based on this modified algorithm, we introduce two QE algorithms. One is pursuing the simplest output quantifier free formula which employs only the computations of CGS. The other consists of parallel computations of CGS and GCD of parametric unary polynomials. It achieves faster computation time with reasonably simple output quantifier free formulas. Our implementation shows that in many examples our algorithms are superior to other existing algorithms such as a QE algorithm adopted in the Mathematica package Reduce and Resolve or a QE algorithm adopted in the Maple package Projection which are the most efficient existing implementations as far as we know.

Generic trivializations of geometric theories

We study the theory of the structure induced by parameter free formulas on a “dense” algebraically independent subset of a model of a geometric theory T. We show that while being a trivial geometric theory, inherits most of the model theoretic complexity of T related to stability, simplicity, rosiness, the NIP and the NTP2. In particular, we show that T is strongly minimal, supersimple of SU‐rank 1, has the NIP or the NTP2 exactly when has these properties. We show that if T is superrosy of thorn rank 1, then so is , and that the converse holds if T satisfies acl = dcl.