Adsorption Of Free Fatty Acids Research Articles

Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica from Palm Oil Boiler Ash (MS-POBA) with Addition of Methyl Ester Sulfonate as a Template for Free Fatty Acid Adsorption from Crude Palm Oil (CPO)

The synthesis of mesoporous material by utilizing palm oil boiler ash (POBA) waste as the silica source and methyl ester sulfonate (MES) surfactant as the template for a high-porosity was investigated for free fatty acids (FFA) adsorption. The research was initiated with silica extraction from POBA by sodium hydroxide addition through the sol-gel precipitation method. Silica modification was carried out with MES surfactant and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) as the co-structure-directing agent (CSDA) in different calcination temperatures. Mesoporous silica-POBA (MS-POBA) free template had a surface area, pore diameter, and pore volume (41.033 m2/g, 4.180 nm, and 0.250 cm3/g) lower than MS-POBA with the template (71.0147 m2/g, 7.923 nm, and 0.524 cm3/g). The ability of MS-POBA to adsorb FFA reached its optimum conditions with an adsorption time of 20 min and an adsorbent dosage of 0.24 g. The FFA removal by MS-POBA with the template was found to have higher adsorption ability, which was 35.54%, compared to the MS-POBA free template of 26.68%. The high porosity of MS-POBA with a template makes the FFA adsorption capacity of this material higher than MS-POBA free template.

Quality Improvement of Kesambi-Seed Oil using Free Fatty Acids and Hydrogen Cyanide Adsorption

Kesambi-seed (Schleichera oleosa) is an Indonesian potential feedstock to produce vegetable oil for energy resources and oleochemicals. Crude Kesambi-seed oil (KSO) contains 8.43% free fatty acids (FFA) and 128 ppm hydrogen cyanide (HCN), which exceeds the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for refined oil. Purification process is needed for crude KSO to be high quality vegetable oil. This study aimed to improve the quality of KSO by reducing the FFA and HCN contents using adsorption. The adsorption equilibrium is also determined to obtain the equilibrium constants. The purification process was developed in 2 steps, i.e., degumming and adsorption. Degumming was developed using 2.5% v/v H3PO4 to separate phospholipids/phosphatides in the crude oil, while adsorption using activated carbon was introduced to reduce the FFA and HCN contents. Kesambi-seed oil purification using activated carbon adsorption could be used as one-step refining for bleaching and reducing FFA and HCN. More adsorbent is needed to reach the FFA standard for the shorter adsorption time. Adsorption using 10% activated carbon for 24 hours reduced hydrogen cyanide up to 36 mg/kg oil, lightened the oil color, and achieved the highest yield (74.62%). Meanwhile, the activated carbon concentration of 40% w/w for 96 hours obtained 0.16% FFA. All three parameters have fulfilled the Indonesian National Standard for refined vegetable oil. Furthermore, the Freundlich model best fits equilibrium adsorption of FFA in the KSO.

Enzymatic degradation pattern of polysorbate 20 impacts interfacial properties of monoclonal antibody formulations

Polysorbate 20 (PS20) is widely used to maintain protein stability in biopharmaceutical formulations. However, PS20 is susceptible to hydrolytic degradation catalyzed by trace amounts of residual host cell proteins present in monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations. The resulting loss of intact surfactant and the presence of PS20 degradation products, such as free fatty acids (FFAs), may impair protein stability. In this study, two hydrolytically-active immobilized lipases, which primarily targeted either monoester or higher-order ester species in PS20, were used to generate partially-degraded PS20. The impact of PS20 degradation pattern on critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension, interfacial rheology parameters and agitation protection was assessed. CMC was slightly increased upon monoester degradation, but significantly increased upon higher-order ester degradation. The PS20 degradation pattern also significantly impacted the dynamic surface tension of a mAb formulation, whereas changes in the equilibrium surface tension were mainly caused by the adsorption of FFAs onto the air–water interface. In an agitation protection study, monoester degradation resulted in the formation of soluble mAb aggregates and proteinaceous particles, suggesting that preferential degradation of PS20 monoester species can significantly impair mAb stability. Additional mAbs should be tested in the future to assess the impact of the protein format.

Adsorption of Free Fatty Acids from Crude Palm Oil Using Calcium Silicate (CaSiO3) Adsorbent Glycerol Template

The adsorption of free fatty acids (FFA) in crude palm oil (CPO) using two types of adsorbents, namely Calcium Silicate (CaSiO3) template 5% glycerol (CTG5) and Calcium Silicate (CaSiO3) template 10% glycerol (CTG10). The experimental results showed that the titration method determined the decrease in FFA levels in CPO. This study used mass variations of adsorbent as much as 0.5 g, 1 g, and 1.5 g and agitation time (stirring) for 1, 3, 5, and 7 minutes. Based on the adsorption process, the most significant FFA adsorption results were obtained by using a CTG5 adsorbent with an adsorbent mass of 1.5 g and stirring time for 7 minutes at 80% with the weight of FFA adsorbed as much as 0.203 g FFA of 0.254 g FFA in 2 g of CPO.

Immobilization of Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles on cellulose and chitosan nanopapers for selective adsorption of free fatty acids from edible oil

Immobilization of Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles on cellulose and chitosan nanopapers for selective adsorption of free fatty acids from edible oil

Elimination of free fatty acid from palm oil by adsorption process using a strong base anion exchange resin

Deacidification is one of the important processes to obtain a suitable raw feedstock for the production of bio-transformer oil. This work proposed an alternative process for reducing the acidity of refined palm oil by adsorption of the free fatty acids (FFAs) using anion exchange resins (AER). The effect of the types of functional groups (tertiary amine and quaternary ammonium group) and the resin structure (gel and macroporous structure) of the commercially available resins were characterized and investigated for their adsorption ability. The adsorption kinetic and experimental conditions such as adsorption time, the moisture content in resin, and resin amount were studied. The gel-type strong-base anion exchange resins exhibited the best performance for the FFAs removal. This result suggests that the quaternary ammonium functional groups in the resin have a high dissociation capacity for anion exchange and the gel-type resins easily access by the FFAs molecules. The effect of types of functional groups is stronger than that of the resin structure. The adsorption mechanism mainly occurred via an ion exchange equilibrium rather than the hydrogen bond complex. The FFAs adsorption on the resins conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Under optimum conditions (room temperature, atmospheric pressure, resin dosage of 0.4 wt%, and 8 h adsorption time), the Pall Tec PTA304 resin reduced the acidity in palm oil from 0.5 to 0.02 mg KOH/g with the adsorption capacity at the equilibrium of 589.5 mg/g, achieving approximately 95 % FFAs removal. The negative values of ΔGads0 and ΔHads0 demonstrated that the FFAs adsorption on the Pall Tec PTA304 resin was a spontaneous and exothermic process. This study provides an insight into the interactions between FFAs and anion exchange resins that is useful for further development of palm based bio-transformer oil.

Kinetics and Adsorption Equilibrium Study of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) from Crude Palm Oil (CPO) on Anionic Resin

Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is obtained from palm fruit extraction. Free Fatty Acid (FFA) level is one of the most important parameters to determine the CPO quality. The standard FFA level in the industry is less than 5%. In the palm oil processing industry, FFA levels in CPO have been minimized through vacuum distillation processes. However, due to the emulsified water in oil and long departure waiting time in port, FFA levels in CPO raise to above 5% resulting in lower quality and selling price. This study has developed a novel approach to mitigate this problem by using anionic resin as an adsorbent to decrease the FFA level. We investigated the kinetics and equilibrium behavior of FFA adsorption in CPO on the anionic resin. The adsorption was conducted in several resin dose (17.5%; 25%; 33.33%; 43%). The kinetic study shows that the FFA adsorption kinetics on anionic resin follows the Pseudo-second-order rate model with the value of k2 vary between 2.1034×10-4 – 1.7375×10-3 and the qe value is in the range of 103.627 - 163.880 (mg/g). The equilibrium study shows that the Freundlich isotherm model is the fittest. The Kf values are obtained between 4.16-15.02, and the n values are in the range of 1.62-2.05. The thermodynamic observation was also involved in this study. The value of and are 28.59 kJ/mol and 91.25 J/mol/K respectively. The results show that the reaction is endothermic, spontaneous, and feasible.

Comparative Study on the Adsorption of Free Fatty Acids Using the Casted and Electrospun Pes/Mgsio Membranes for Biodiesel Purification

Comparative Study on the Adsorption of Free Fatty Acids Using the Casted and Electrospun Pes/Mgsio Membranes for Biodiesel Purification

Response surface methodology guided adsorption and recovery of free fatty acids from oil using resin

AbstractThe presence of free fatty acids interferes with the conversion of plant oils to biodiesel. Four strong and weak base resins were evaluated for the removal of free fatty acids (FFA) from oil. Amberlite FPA 51 showed the highest adsorption capacity of FFA. A resin concentration above 3% could enable a higher percentage FFA adsorption. The adsorption process fitted a pseudo‐first‐order kinetic model and achieved equilibrium in approximately 8 h. A full factorial design was used to optimize the resin and FFA concentrations at a fixed temperature (40 °C). A ratio of resin to fatty acid concentrations above 1.875 was sufficient for 70% adsorption and the amount adsorbed continued to increase with further added resin. A two‐step washing of resin using hexane and ethanol recovered approximately 67.55% ± 4.05% of the initially added fatty acid. The resin that was used was regenerated with 5% NaOH and re‐used for a minimum of three consecutive cycles. However, the adsorption capacity diminished to 75% of the initial cycle in cycles 2 and 3. Thus, the work presents a resin‐based process for deacidification of oil to reduce fatty acid content of oil for biodiesel production. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Effect of oil properties on the formation and stability of Pickering emulsions stabilized by ultrafine pearl powder

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of oil properties on the formation and stability of Pickering emulsions stabilized by ultrafine pearl powder (UPP). Four types of oils, including alkanes, ester oils, vegetable oils and alcohol ether, were chosen as the oil phase to prepare the Pickering emulsions. The stability of the emulsions was characterized by the microscopy, measurement of droplet diameter and emulsion index (EI) within 28 days. The results indicated that the emulsified property of the UPP were of a great difference in different oils, which was affected by the combined impact of the dispersity of particles in oils, the contact angles and the oil–water interface tension. The droplet size of Pickering emulsions stabilized by UPP increased as the carbon chain length of branched alkanes decreased. For ester oils which containing a single ester group in the structure, ethylhexyl palmitate (EHP) formed more stable O/W emulsion due to the higher oil–water interface tension and the more moderate three-phase contact angles (oil–water-solid; θow). Furthermore, the caprylic acid triglyceride (CCT), simmondsia chinensis seed oil (SCS) and olive oil (OLO) formed W/O emulsions because of the higher three-phase contact angles, which may be explained by the adsorption of free fatty acids. Although the three-phase contact angles of PPG-15 stearyl ether (PSE) was intermediate relatively, the preparation of emulsion with PSE was not stable due to the lower oil–water interface tension.

Isotherm adsorption of free fatty acid in waste cooking oil used activated carbon of banana peel as bio-adsorbent

The reduction of free fatty acids from the remaining cooking oil was successfully adsorbed by activated carbon from the banana peel biomass. The difference in activation temperature in making activated carbon causes it to adsorb free fatty acids, different from frying frozen fries in palm oil. The method used is adsorption with a batch system. The adsorbent used was biocarbon from banana peels, activated at 600, 650, and 700°C for 1 hour. Powdered activated carbon products were used in the adsorption process with a pass size of 200 mesh. Isotherm modeling with 1% activated carbon content in used cooking oil was carried out to determine the equilibrium constant in the Temkin, Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin Radushkevich models. The suitability for adsorption of free fatty acids, which tends to approximate the Freundlich model. Adsorption of free fatty acids with activated carbon at 700°C effectively follows the Freundlich Isotherm Adsorption Model (R2 = 0.97) with physical adsorption energy, and the maximum capacity is 27.404 mg/g as seen from other isotherm models.

Adsorption mechanisms of pigments and free fatty acids in the discoloration of shea butter and palm oil by an acid-activated Cameroonian smectite

Discoloration mechanism of shea butter and palm oil was studied by the adsorption of pigments and free fatty acids onto a Cameroonian clay. Adsorbent characterization was performed using ICP-AES, FTIR, SEM, N2 gas adsorption and CEC. The adsorbent is a microporous swelling clay of smectite type. Discoloration depends on temperature and the equilibrium time decreases with increase in temperature. Among pseudo-first, pseudo-second order and intra-particle diffusion kinetics models studies, pseudo-second order was the best applicable to describe pigments and free fatty acids adsorption, suggesting that discoloration of the two oils occurs in two steps: the transfer of pigments and free fatty acids from the oil to the clay surface, followed by the interaction between adsorbates and the surface. The lower values of activation energies and validation of the Temkin isotherm model indicate a physisorption process influenced by mass transfer. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms models. Amongst them, Freundlich was the best model to describe adsorption in both cases, indicating the existence of heterogeneous adsorption sites on clay surface. The most appropriate model for pigments adsorption was Freundlich while Temkin model was the most appropriate for the adsorption of free fatty acids suggesting that pigments and free fatty acids are not adsorbed on the same type of sites.

Adsorption Performance of Low-cost Java Plum Leaves and Guava Fruits as Natural Adsorbents for Removal of Free Fatty Acids from Coconut Oil

This study assesses the adsorption performance of Java plum leaves and guava fruits based adsorbents as natural products widely available in Aceh, Indonesia. These renewable adsorbents were employed to remove free fatty acids (FFAs) that cause the rancid odor in coconut oil. The adsorption tests were carried out at three different doses (50, 75, 100 g) and seven agitating periods (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 h). The adsorbents were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to observe their morphologies, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to investigate the functional groups. The adsorption kinetics were also analyzed using the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The SEM image showed that the particle sizes of the guava fruits based adsorbent were 30-45 µm while those of Java plum leaves based adsorbent were 7-15 µm, both showing attractive range to enhance surface area for adsorption sites. FTIR spectra showed the presence of methylene, aliphatic and phenolic groups for both absorbent, aromatic and alkene groups only for java plum based adsorbent and secondary amine and alcohol groups only for guava fruit based adsorbent. Those groups seem to play important role in enhancing chemical adsorption of FFAs from the coconut oil sample. The results showed that Java plum leaves and guava fruits based adsorbents had a respective maximum adsorption capacity of 144.99 and 133.77 mg/g, with an optimum agitation time of 6 hour. The high absorption capacity could be ascribed from phenolic and flavonoid compounds present in both materials. Kinetics of adsorption of FFAs on both materials obeyed the Freundlich isotherm model indicating a multilayer and heterogeneous surface of adsorbent.

Layer interaction adsorption isotherms model of mango seed as biosorbent in reducing free fatty acid and peroxyde value in crude palm oil refining

The activated mango seed was used to reduce FFA (Free Fatty Acid) and PV (Peroxyde Value) content in CPO (Crude Palm Oil). This study was begun with biosorbent modification. With size 140 mesh, 1% biosorbent of CPO with 35 minutes contact time, and shaking speed 200 rpm shown that the FFA and PV reduction percentage were 28.97% and 51,6%. The surface layer interaction model results follow Freundlich isotherm. The R2 of kinetics equation model results are 0.9879 on FFA adsorption and 0.9923 on PV adsorption. This model involves the assumption that the pore surface of the biosorbent is different or heterogeneous. The Freundlich Isotherm model is also based on the assumption that there is a pore size distribution on the adsorbent and is applicable to more than one surface layer (multilayer) adsorbed by biosorbent. The ability of activated mango seed to adsorb more organic compound shows its potential as an alternative for bleaching earth substitute.

Evaluation of different adsorbents for acidity reduction in residual oils

ABSTRACTThis work aims to evaluate the adsorption potential of bentonite and sugarcane bagasse clay for the reduction of free fatty acids in cooking oil through batch technique, experimental planning with different operating conditions (temperature, adsorbent mass and agitation). After were carried out kinetic studies and thermodynamic studies. Thus, both adsorbents were characterized by nitrogen dispersion, scanning electron microscopy with coupled energy dispersion spectroscopy. The sugarcane bagasse provided higher reductions compared to the bentonite clay, 58 and 50%, respectively. In the kinetic studies, it was observed that the pseudo-secunda model for both materials. Among the isotherms studied, the Langmuir model was better adjusted for sugarcane bagasse and Freundlich for bentonite clay. Thermodynamic parameters indicated spontaneous and endothermic adsorption at temperatures of 18°C, 20°C and 25°C. Both materials showed an advantageous result with the reduction to the adsorption of free fatty acids in the residual oil, considering that they are low-cost materials, their pre-treatment is simple from the operational point of view and their physical and chemical characteristics are favorable to the adsorption process, sugarcane bagasse contains about 42% hemicellulose, which is a hydroxyl-rich material that attracts the H+ ions from the medium.

Deacidification and ethyl biodiesel production from acid soybean oil using a strong anion exchange resin

The objective of this work was to investigate simultaneously the deacidification and the ethyl biodiesel production from soybean oil using the Amberlyst A26 OH anion exchange resin. The behavior of the process was investigated as a function of resin loading, ethanol concentration and initial free fatty acids (FFAs) content. To obtain the acidified oil, degummed soybean oil and commercial linoleic acid were mixed. The Langmuir model was able to better describe the FFAs adsorption isotherms in comparison to the Freundlich equation. A high removal of FFAs with high deacidification rate could be obtained using lower initial ratios of FFAs per mass of dry resin, being this the more favorable condition for oil deacidification. Ester formation showed to be affected by the resin loading, initial FFA content and ethanol concentration in the medium. The adsorption of FFAs seemed to deactivate the catalytic activity of the resin sites. For this reason, a high resin loading was required, although it was still possible to obtain a satisfactory biodiesel production. The present work makes possible deeper understanding of oil processing by anion exchange resins in the presence of an alcoholic solvent.

Characterization of Collagen Fiber/BaSO4 Hybrid Materials and Their Applications in Free Fatty Acids Adsorption

Characterization of Collagen Fiber/BaSO4 Hybrid Materials and Their Applications in Free Fatty Acids Adsorption

Effects of Chain Length and Saturability of Fatty Acids on Phospholipids and Proteins in Plasma Membranes of Bovine Mammary Gland.

Free fatty acids (FFAs) in plasma are essential substrates for de novo synthesis of milk fat, or directly import into mammary cells. The physico-chemical properties of mammary cells membrane composition affected by FFAs with different chain lengths and saturability are unclear yet. Employing GC, FTIR and fluorescence spectroscopy, the adsorption capacity, phospholipids content, membrane proteins conformation, lipid peroxidation product, and free sulfhydryl of plasma membranes (PMs) interacted with different FFAs were determined. The mammary cells PMs at 38 and 39.5°C showed different adsorption capacities: acetic acid (Ac)>stearic acid (SA)>β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA)>trans10, cis12 CLA. In the FTIR spectrum, the major adsorption peaks appeared at 2920 and 2850cm-1 for phospholipids, and at 1628 and 1560cm-1 for membrane proteins. The intensities of PMs-FFAs complexes were varied with the FFAs species and their initial concentrations. The β-sheet and turn structures of membrane proteins were transferred into random coil and α-helix after BHBA, SA and trans10, cis12 CLA treatments compared with Ac treatment. The quenching effects on the fluorescence of endogenous membrane protein, 1, 8-ANS, NBD-PE, and DHPE entrapped in PMs by LCFA were different from those of short chain FFAs. These results indicate that the adsorption of FFAs could change membrane protein conformation and polarity of head group in phospholipids. This variation of the mammary cells PMs was regulated by carbon chain length and saturability of FFAs.

FFA Adsorption from Waste Oils or Non-Edible Oils onto an Anion-Exchange Resin as Alternative Method to Esterification Reaction Prior to Transesterification Reaction for Biodiesel Production

Biodiesel is an alternative source of energy in diesel engines in its neat form or as a blend with conventional diesel fuel. The raw feedstock costs represent a lot of the overall biodiesel production cost. Therefore, the employment of waste oils or non-edible oils (which do not compete with edible oils) as feedstock for biodiesel production are presented as the best alternative. However, the presence of free fatty acids (FFA) in these oils is undesirable for biodiesel production due to the transesterification reaction performance is reduced. Hence, in this paper, the adsorption as treatment for reducing or removing FFA from oils prior to transesterification reaction for biodiesel production is examined using a strong anion-exchange resin in order to avoid esterification reaction employed commonly prior to transesterification reaction.

Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics of Soybean Oil Deacidification Using a Strong Anion Exchange Resin

This study investigated the adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic parameters of the removal of free fatty acids from soybean oil using the strong anion exchange resin Amberlyst A26 OH. The presence and type of organic solvents used in the solution and in the resin, due to its pretreatment, affected the reduction of acidity and the adsorption rate as well as its catalytic activity. Adsorption of free fatty acids was further studied in two systems involving the resin drying step and the adsorbate dissolved in either vegetable oil alone or vegetable oil with hexane. The fitting of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models showed high coefficients of determination. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms could describe the equilibrium data. The adsorption in this study is a spontaneous and endothermic process. The reported results highlight that Amberlyst A26 OH has good adsorption capacity for the free fatty acids contained in vegetable oils.