Free Fatty Acids Research Articles

Thermal degradation of coconut oil with free fatty acid, peroxide value, and moisture content indicators

Coconut oil is consumed by people for cooking purposes. It is usually subjected to long heating at high temperatures and often reheated and reused. There is a need to investigate the degradation of coconut oil without a food matrix to determine its inherent degradation properties if it is subjected to long thermal stress. This study investigates the thermal degradation of refined, bleached, and deodorized coconut oil (RBDCO). The RBDCO samples were heated at three different temperatures (150, 175, and 200 °C) for 12 hours continuously. Samples were collected every hour interval and analyzed for free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value (PV), and moisture contents (MC). Results reveal that increased temperature and heating time lead to higher FFA, PV, and MC, indicating significant oil degradation. The findings suggest that maintaining optimal processing conditions is crucial for preserving oil quality and safety standards.

Spermidine mitigates ferroptosis in free fatty acid-induced AML-12 cells through the ATF4/SLC7A11/GCLM/GPX4 pathway

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prominent cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Spermidine (SPD), a naturally occurring polyamine, has shown potential in alleviating the accumulation of hepatic lipids and reducing NAFLD symptoms in overweight mice. Nonetheless, the specific mechanisms through which SPD exerts its effects remain largely unknown. This study seeks to explore the protective effects of SPD on NAFLD and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. An in vitro model of NAFLD was established by inducing steatosis in AML-12 cells through the use of free fatty acids (FFAs). Our experimental results demonstrate that SPD significantly reduces NAFLD development induced by FFAs. This reduction is primarily achieved through the inhibition of cellular ferroptosis, as evidenced by decreased levels of Fe2+, malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, SPD was found to enhance cellular activity and ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress caused by FFA exposure.Further mechanistic studies have revealed that SPD upregulates the expression of solute transporter family 7a member 11 (SLC7A11), glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX4). This upregulation is mediated by the activation of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Knockdown experiments of ATF4 confirmed that its inhibition reverses the upregulation of SLC7A11, GCLM, and GPX4, thereby negating the protective effects of SPD. In conclusion, our findings suggest that SPD mitigates NAFLD by modulating the ATF4/SLC7A11/GCLM/GPX4 signaling pathway, resulting in the suppression of ferroptosis and the improvement of cellular health. These insights provide a novel molecular mechanism and identify potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of NAFLD.

Modeling sex-specific whole-body metabolic responses to feeding and fasting

Men generally favor carbohydrate metabolism, while women lean towards lipid metabolism, resulting in significant sex-based differences in energy oxidation across various metabolic states such as fasting and feeding. These differences are influenced by body composition and inherent metabolic fluxes, including increased lipolysis rates in women. However, understanding how sex influences organ-specific metabolism and systemic manifestations remains incomplete. To address these gaps, we developed a sex-specific, whole-body metabolic model for feeding and fasting scenarios in healthy young adults. Our model integrates organ metabolism with whole-body responses to mixed meals, particularly high-carbohydrate and high-fat meals. Our predictions suggest that differences in liver and adipose tissue nutrient storage and oxidation patterns drive systemic metabolic disparities. We propose that sex differences in fasting hepatic glucose output may result from the different handling of free fatty acids, glycerol, and glycogen. We identified a metabolic pathway, possibly more prevalent in female livers, redirecting lipids towards carbohydrate metabolism to support hepatic glucose production. This mechanism is facilitated by the TG-FFA cycle between adipose tissue and the liver. Incorporating sex-specific data into multi-scale frameworks offers insights into how sex modulates human metabolism.

Stability and gastrointestinal digestion behaviour of theaflavins encapsulated in W/O Pickering emulsions

Theaflavins (TFs) are naturally bioactive compounds with low stability and poor bioavailability. In this study, the stability of TFs during storage at 25 °C for 21 d and thermal treatments at 65 °C, 85 °C and 105 °C for 0.5–4 h of water in oil (W/O) Pickering emulsions composed of TFs (0–9 mg/g), ursolic acid, oil and water were investigated. The TFs incorporation at 9 mg/g had the smallest droplet size and the highest G′ and G″ values. After storage for 21 days and thermal treatment at 105 °C for 4 h, the TFs retention in emulsions (9 mg/g) were 1.2-fold and 1.4-fold higher than aqueous solution, respectively, which might be attributed to the encapsulation of TFs in water droplets. During digestion, TFs emulsions provided a greater surface area for lipid digestion and led to a higher release of free fatty acids than emulsions without TFs. Moreover, there was sustained release of TFs in the emulsion, resulting in significantly enhanced TFs bioaccessibility (57.8 ± 9.2%) compared with aqueous solution (17.7 ± 1.1%) and Oil-Water mixture (32.6 ± 2.3%) after intestinal digestion. This study provides insights for food industry in designing W/O emulsion systems for the delivery of hydrophilic bioactive components.

Metabolism Capacity of Medium Chain Fatty Acids from Virgin Coconut Oil: an In Vivo Study

In this study, the types of fatty acids in the liver tissue of mice were evaluated under different diets. As a result, mice fed with a high-fat diet – including basic pellets mixed with eight percent (w/w) peanut oil, two percent (w/w) cholesterol, and 0.1% (w/w) calcium carbonate – showed the highest cholesterol content (1.5 ± 0.08 mg/100 g) compared to normal mice (0.23 ± 0.04 mg/100 g). Whereas the cholesterol content in the liver tissue of mice fed with basic pellets and orally treated with a free fatty acid fraction (FFA1) from virgin coconut oil, which was made up of the C8:0–C12:0 fraction (97.3%) was prepared did not differ from the control group (using only standard pellets). This demonstrated that MCFA (C8:0–C12:0) was directly consumed and converted to energy without accumulating cholesterol. The gas chromatography analysis result showed that the fat droplets in the liver tissues of treated mice were mostly saturated long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), in which C16:0 and C18:0 carbon chain length fatty acids were predominant in the liver tissue. The results confirmed the hypothesis that MCFA is preferentially absorbed and converted to energy while saturated LCFA has a tendency to induce fat accumulation in the metabolic pathway.

Unveiling the protein-lipid interaction mechanism: How the sturgeon lipids diminish the surimi gel properties

Sturgeon, with 4 times higher lipid content than silver carp (ubiquitously applied for surimi production in China), affects surimi gelling properties. However, how the flesh lipids affect gelling properties remains unclear. This study investigated how flesh lipids impact surimi gelling properties and elucidated the interaction mechanism between lipids and proteins. Results revealed yellow meat contains 7 times higher lipids than white meat. Stronger ionic protein-protein interactions were replaced by weaker hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonds in protein-lipid interaction. Protein-lipid interaction zones encapsulated lipid particles, changing protein structure from α-helix to β-sheet structure thereby gel structure becomes flexible and disordered, significantly diminishing surimi gel strength. Docking analysis validated fatty acid mainly binding at Ala577, Ile461, Arg231, Phe165, His665, and His663 of myosin. This study first reported the weakened surimi gelling properties from the perspective of free fatty acids and myosin interactions, offering a theoretical basis for sturgeon surimi production.

DGAT1 and DGAT2 Inhibitors for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) Management: Benefits for Their Single or Combined Application.

Inhibiting diacylglycerol acetyltransferase (DGAT1, DGAT2) enzymes (iDGAT1, iDGAT2), involved in triglyceride (TG) synthesis, improves hepatic steatosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) patients. However, their potential synergism in disease onset (SLD) and progression (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, fibrosis) has been poorly explored. We investigated iDGAT1 and iDGAT2 efficacy, alone or combined (iDGAT1/2) on fat accumulation and hepatocellular injury in hepatocytes (HepG2) and on fibrogenic processes in hepatic stellate cells (LX2). We further tested whether the addition of MitoQ antioxidant to iDGAT1/2 would enhance their effects. SLD and MASH conditions were reproduced in vitro by supplementing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) with palmitic/oleic acids (PAOA) alone (SLD-medium), or plus Lipopolisaccaride (LPS), fructose, and glucose (MASH-medium). In SLD-medium, iDGAT1 and iDGAT2 individually, and even more in combination, reduced TG synthesis in HepG2 cells. Markers of hepatocellular damage were slightly decreased after single iDGAT exposure. Conversely, iDGAT1/2 counteracted ER/oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced mitochondrial Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and respiration. In HepG2 cells under a MASH-like condition, only iDGAT1/2 effectively ameliorated TG content and oxidative and inflammatory mediators, further improving bioenergetic balance. LX2 cells, challenged with SLD/MASH media, showed less proliferation and slower migration rates in response to iDGAT1/2 drugs. MitoQ combined with iDGAT1/2 improved cell viability and dampened free fatty acid release by stimulating β-oxidation. Dual DGAT inhibition combined with antioxidants open new perspectives for MASLD management.

The impact of hot-air oven drying combined with Bacillus subtilis K[sbnd]C3 inoculation on quality characteristics and microbial profiles of salted shrimp paste

This study used hot-air oven drying with Bacillus subtilis KC3 inoculation to improve shrimp paste production. The fermentation rate, quality characteristics, as well as microbial profiles, were compared to those produced using sun-drying with/without inoculation. B. subtilis inoculation increased the degree of hydrolysis of shrimp paste (22.3–32.1 %) during fermentation, compared to those without inoculation (12.7–25.4 %), regardless of different drying methods (p < 0.05). The result corresponded to the faster development of shrimp paste characteristics, particularly color and browning intensity of inoculated samples when fermented for the same duration. More abundant halophilic, proteolytic, and lipolytic bacteria (p < 0.05) were also obtained in inoculated samples, confirming accelerated fermentation. Interestingly, there was no difference in proximate composition, pH, and aw among samples (p > 0.05), which were still in the range regulated by the product's standard. However, the protein and lipid degradation products such as nitrogen contents, 5′-nucleotides, free fatty acids or TBARS values, varied among samples, potentially influencing the release of desirable flavor precursors to a certain extent. The inoculation increased microbial richness and evenness/uniformity, according to next-generation sequencing analysis on microbiota profiles. Pearson's correlation also revealed that these microbiota profiles were correlated with several desirable quality characteristics to varying degrees. Thus, combining the inoculation with B. subtilis KC3 can enhance shrimp paste fermentation and quality when produced using an alternative hot-air oven while maintaining quality characteristics. The findings suggested the possibility of achieving a more efficient and consistent production process for shrimp paste.

Strategic approach for converting fat-rich food waste into high-quality biodiesel using black soldier fly larvae for sustainable bioenergy

Food waste (FW) comprises carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and water, posing technical challenges for effective treatment and valorisation. This study addresses these challenges by using black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) as a bioconversion medium to transform FW into biodiesel (BD). BSFL predominantly consumed the carbohydrates and proteins in FW (81 wt%), while showing a lower preference for lipids (<50 wt% consumed). Notwithstanding the lower consumption of lipids in the FW than that of carbohydrates and proteins, BSFL had a high lipid content (48.3 wt%). The subsequent conversion of the lipids extracted from BSFL into BD was tested via catalytic (acid/alkali) and non-catalytic transesterification processes. The BD yield from catalytic transesterification was lower than that from non-catalytic transesterification because of the low tolerance against free fatty acids (FFAs). BD was also produced from the lipid-concentrated residual FW through non-catalytic transesterification. Although the FW residue extracts contained high amounts of FFAs (49.9 wt%), non-catalytic transesterification displayed a high BD yield (92.4 wt%; yields from catalytic transesterification: < 80.0 wt%). Moreover, blending the BD derived from the BSFL and FW residue extracts enhanced the fuel properties. The BSFL-assisted FW management efficiently reduced FW by 90 wt% while producing a high-quality BD.

Immunotherapies targeting the oncogenic fusion gene CLDN18-ARHGAP in gastric cancer

The CLDN18-ARHGAP fusion gene is an oncogenic driver newly discovered in gastric cancer. It was detected in 9% (8/87) of gastric cancer patients in our center. An immunogenic peptide specifically targeting CLDN18-ARHGAP fusion gene was generated to induce neoantigen-reactive T cells, which was proved to have specific and robust anti-tumor capacity both in in vitro coculture models and in vivo xenograft gastric cancer models. Apart from the immunogenic potential, CLDN18-ARHGAP fusion gene was also found to contribute to immune suppression by inducing a regulatory T (Treg) cell-enriched microenvironment. Mechanistically, gastric cancer cells with CLDN18-ARHGAP fusion activate PI3K/AKT-mTOR-FAS signaling, which enhances free fatty acid production of gastric cancer cells to favor the survival of Treg cells. Furthermore, PI3K inhibition could effectively reverse Treg cells upregulation to enhance anti-tumor cytotoxicity of neoantigen-reactive T cells in vitro and reduce tumor growth in the xenograft gastric cancer model. Our study identified the CLDN18-ARHGAP fusion gene as a critical source of immunogenic neoepitopes, a key regulator of the tumor immune microenvironment, and immunotherapeutic applications specific to this oncogenic fusion.

Curcumin loaded high internal phase emulsions: Formulation and potential to alleviate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, incurable disease that causes great suffering to patients. High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) are promising carriers of curcumin (Cur), which has a beneficial effect on UC. The retention rate of Cur encapsulated in HIPEs prepared by pea protein isolated nanoparticles/octenyl succinic anhydride-modified linear dextrin composite particles (PPINs/OSA-LD) or PPINs reached 84.85% and 85.98%, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of Cur dissolved in corn oil (73.84%) due to the superior protection of the emulsion interfacial structure. The HIPEs showed higher bioaccessibility of Cur (31.16%) due to the higher degree of free fatty acid release. After emulsion treatment, the symptoms of UC were ameliorated, mainly manifested by the recovery of body weight, growth of the colon, down-regulation of pro-inflammatory factors, up-regulation of anti-inflammatory factors, and balance of gut microbiota composition. The Cur-loaded HIPEs show an outstanding improvement in UC.

Medicinal Plants and Natural Products to Treat Obesity through Inhibiting Pancreatic Lipase: A Review (2020-2022)

: Pancreatic lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides to monoglycerides and free fatty acids which promote and accelerate their absorption by the intestine, thus leading to obesity. Drugs that have numerous side effects explain the beneficial medicinal effect of plants resulting from their Phyto molecules that exhibit strong anti-lipase activity. The present review reveals the medical treatment and consequently the associated side effects. It also represents an update of various medicinal plants and their metabolites that act as lipase inhibitors published between (2020-2022). We have discussed 93 species belonging to 48 different plant families and numerous bioactive molecules exerting this activity. We have compared 29 species for their anti-lipase potential. Fabaceae and Lamiaceae were the most dominant with 7 species, and the highest percentage (95%) for pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity was recorded by “Filipendula kmtaschatia” from Rosaceae family while “Piper betle” from Piperaceae family showed the lowest percentage (15.9%). The medical treatments with low dose effect were liraglutide saxenda (3mg/day), also flavonoids, in particular catechin derivatives, which were the most potent in terms of pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity with the lowest IC50s. This study summarized medical and natural treatments that are used to treat obesity through inhibiting pancreatic lipase and delaying fat assimilation in the intestines. So far, more studies are needed for the use of these as herbal medicine for obesity. Conclusion: This study summarized medical and natural treatments that are used to treat obesity through inhibiting pancreatic lipase and delaying fat assimilation in the intestines. So far, more studies are needed for the use of these as herbal medicine for obesity.

Serum metabolomics signatures after an acute bout of combined traditional or high-intensity tactical training in young males and females.

Exercise is a multipotent stimulus that results in large-scale dynamic changes to the systemic molecular profile. Alternative exercise prescriptions and doses would be expected to result in distinct signatures due to differences in duration and intensity. We tested two novel combined endurance and resistance exercise regimens to better understand how differing prescriptions alter the acute metabolomics response at multiple timepoints up to 24h post-exercise. Serum metabolomics for n=37 untrained individuals was analyzed for participants completing traditional combined exercise [TRAD; n = 20 (11M/9F)] or high-intensity tactical training [HITT; n= 17 (9M/8F)] before exercise (pre), and immediately (h0), 3 and 24 h post-exercise (h3 and h24, respectively). We found minimal metabolites had a group by time interaction (2 with FDR < 0.10; 31 with nominal p < 0.05;), but both stimuli resulted in large-scale within-group changes to the circulating metabolome. TRAD consistently had greater numbers of differentially abundant metabolites (FDR < 0.10) as compared to HITT at h0 (431 vs. 333), h3 (435 vs. 331) and h24 (168 vs. 76). The major metabolite classes altered were related to key energy substrates for both groups at h0 (e.g., glucose, pyruvate) and energy replenishment for h3 and h24 (e.g., 12,13 diHOME, palmitylcarnitine, free fatty acids). In summary, our data are the first to describe the acute changes in the circulating metabolome following combined endurance and resistance exercise. Additionally, we show the two distinct doses of combined exercise led to generally similar patterns of responses, with the longer duration TRAD dose resulting in a higher magnitude of change.

Carbon-13-isotopomics and metabolomics of fatty acids from triacylglycerols: overcoming the limitations of GC-C-IRMS for short- and medium-acyl chains.

Carbon-13 isotopomics of triacylglycerol (TAG) fatty acids or free fatty acids in biological matrices holds considerable potential in food authentication, forensic investigations, metabolic studies, and medical research. However, challenges arise in the isotopic analysis of short- and medium-chain (C4 to C10) fatty acid methyl esters (SMCFAMEs) through gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). The high volatility of these esters results in losses during their preparation, leading to isotopic fractionation. Moreover, the methoxy group added to acyl chains requires the correction of δ13C values, thereby increasing the uncertainty of the final results. Analyzing free fatty acids (FFAs) addresses both issues encountered with SMCFAMEs. To achieve this objective, we have developed a new protocol enabling the isotopomics of individual fatty acids (FAs) by GC-C-IRMS. The same experiment also provides the FA profile, i.e., the relative percentage of each FA in the TAG hydrolysate or its concentration in the studied matrix. The method exhibited high precision, as evidenced by the repeatability and within-lab reproducibility of results when tested on TAGs from both animal and vegetal origins. Compared to the analysis of FAMEs by GC-C-IRMS, the current procedure also brings several improvements in alignment with the principles of green analytical chemistry and green sample preparation. Thus, we present a two-in-one method for 13C-isotopomic and metabolomic biomarker quantitation within quasi-universal TAG compounds, encompassing the short- and medium-acyl chains.

Influence of temperature and heating duration on the thermal stability and flow characteristics of oil extracted from undersized crawfish (Procambarus clarkii) using non‐solvent method

AbstractUndersized crawfish (UC) have less economic value for sale in live or processed tail meat markets. Therefore, this study's objectives were to extract crawfish oil (CO) from UC and determine the impact of temperature and heating duration on CO's thermal stability and flow properties. However, extracting oil from these undersized specimens could potentially add value to the crawfish industry. Crawfish minced meat (CMM) was obtained by passing cooked and chilled UC through a pilot scale deboning machine. CO was extracted by agitating CMM at 70°C for 30 min, followed by centrifugation at 10,000×g. CO was analyzed for inherent physicochemical characteristics, heating time (0–8 h), temperature (45–85°C) effects on peroxide value (PV) and astaxanthin (ASX) content, and flow properties at 5–35°C. ASX content, PV, water activity, bulk density, specific gravity, and free fatty acid values in CO were found to be 1.52 ± 0.06 mg/g oil, 0.22 ± 0.07 meq/kg, 0.56 ± 0.02, 0.88 ± 0.00, 0.90 ± 0.00 g/mL, and 0.11 ± 0.04%, respectively. ASX content in CO showed no significant change within or between same‐temperature and different‐temperature heated samples after 8 h. PV increased significantly from 0 to 8 h of heating at all tested temperatures (45, 65, and 85°C; Δ = 0.31, 0.51, and 10.76 meq/kg, respectively). CO had pseudoplastic characteristics below 30°C and Newtonian flow from 30 to 35°C. The Arrhenius equation suitably described the relationship between temperature and apparent viscosity of CO. This study characterized a seldom‐researched oil (CO containing ASX) and provided insight into its ability to resist thermal degradation.

Advantages of UHT in retaining coconut milk aroma and insights into thermal changes of aroma compounds

Coconut milk products are susceptible to bacterial damage, necessitating sterilization methods that often compromise nutrient and aroma integrity. This study investigates the effects of different thermal sterilisation methods on coconut milk aroma using headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). We assessed the impact of pasteurisation (PAS, 70 °C, 25 min), high-temperature sterilisation (HTS, 121.1 °C, 15 min), and ultra-high temperature sterilisation (UHT, 130 °C, 5 s) through clustered heat maps and correlation analyses. Significant differences were observed (p < 0.05), with 37 and 52 substances detected by HS-GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC-MS, respectively, identifying 12 key aroma compounds. UHT treatment primarily reduced 8 acids, maintaining a compositional structure and sensory profile similar to raw coconut milk. PAS and HTS treatments decreased the sensory intensity of overall coconut milk aroma, creamy, and floral notes, correlating with the presence of 2-heptanol, nonanal, 4-methylvaleric acid, and 2-tridecanone. These methods increased cooked notes, associated with 5-methyl-3-heptanone, 3-butyn-1-ol, hydroxyacetone, and acetoin. Rancidity was linked to acids such as isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, and heptanoic acid, with high temperatures effectively reducing these compounds. Prolonged temperature changes in PAS and HTS accelerated lipid oxidative degradation and the Maillard reaction, involving free fatty acids in the formation of alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and lactones. These findings provide a theoretical basis for studying coconut milk flavour deterioration.

Decidualized Endometrial Stromal Cells Promote Mitochondrial Beta-Oxidation to Produce the Octanoic Acid Required for Implantation.

Decidualization denotes the morphological and biological differentiating process of human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs). Fatty acid pathways are critical for endometrial decidualization. However, the participation of fatty acids as an energy source and their role in endometrial decidualization have received little attention. To identify fatty acids and clarify their role in decidualization, we comprehensively evaluated free fatty acid profiles using liquid chromatography/Fourier transform mass spectrometry (LC/FT-MS). LC/FT-MS analysis detected 26 kinds of fatty acids in the culture medium of decidualized or un-decidualized HESCs. Only the production of octanoic acid, which is an essential energy source for embryonic development, was increased upon decidualization. The expressions of genes related to octanoic acid metabolism including ACADL, ACADM, and ACADS; genes encoding proteins catalyzing the first step of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation; and ACSL5 and ACSM5; genes encoding fatty acid synthesis proteins were significantly altered upon decidualization. These results suggest that decidualization promotes lipid metabolism, implying that decidualized HESCs require energy metabolism of the mitochondria in embryo implantation.

Optimization of soya enriched burfi by using response surface methodology and its impact on biochemical parameters in albino rats

Increasing interest in soya based dairy products is growing due to their health benefits. This study aims to formulate soya-enriched burfi by varying levels of milk fat, soya cake powder (SCP), and sugar based on sensory and textural characteristics using response surface methodology. The optimised formulation consisting of 4.59 % milk fat, 19.24 % SCP, and 26.93 % sugar. Burfi formulations were developed with 10 % SCP (G3), 20 % SCP (G4), and control burfi (G2) which undergo analysis for chemical parameters (moisture, fat, protein, ash, total carbohydrate, free fatty acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, thiobarbituric acid, and peroxide value), microbiological counts (total plate count, coliform, yeast & mold), growth metrics (FI, BWG & FE) and biochemical impact on albino rats fed with burfi (G3 and G4). Results showed that the soya-fed groups (G3 and G4) experienced less weight gain and an increase in albumin (4.05 %), globulin (5.33 %), and total protein (4.05 %), while levels of total cholesterol (5.36 %), triglycerides (5.17 %), creatinine (2.78 %), glucose (2.70 %), aspartate aminotransferase (8.15 %), and alanine transaminase (15.71 %) were reduced as compared to the control burfi group (G2). The study demonstrated that incorporating soya into burfi significantly enhances its nutritional and functional attributes, making it a promising functional food.

Deleterious role of free fatty acid and ceramide species in the alterations induced by epicardial fat from diabetic patients on cardiomyocyte function

Deleterious role of free fatty acid and ceramide species in the alterations induced by epicardial fat from diabetic patients on cardiomyocyte function

Study of Phytochemical Attributes of Ashwagandha Ghrita from Desi Cow Milk

Background: The dairy industry constantly works to manufacture healthier products to fulfill consumer demand. Ashwagandha therapeutic and medical qualities are highly recognized. The current study examines the phytochemical attributes of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) ghrita from desi cow milk. Methods: The Ashwagandha ghrita was prepared by following the guidelines of the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS). Cow ghee contains 0.20% moisture, 99.85% milk fat and 0.20% free fatty acids as oleic acid. The butyro refractometer value is 41, the Reichert-Meissel value is 31, the Polenske value is 1.18, the Peroxide value is 0.75 and DPPH is 75.6. The Ashwagandha ghee contains 0.18 % moisture, 99.82% milk fat and 0.40% free fatty acids as oleic acid. It has a Butyro Refractometer value of 42, Reichert-Meissel value of 32, Polenske value of 1.19, Peroxide value of 0.80, DPPH of 83.98, total phenolic content (GAE/ml) of 62.85 µg and phytosterol content of 0.33 mg/g. Result: During investigation, it was found that the nutritional profile of Ashwagandha ghrita is better as compared to cow ghee. The sensory evaluation (flavor, texture, color, freedom from suspended solid and overall acceptability) was found significant (p less than 0.05) which was evaluated by a trained panel. Ashwagandha may be used as a natural ingredient for the development of Ashwagandha ghee with high antioxidant activity.