Formation Of Free Fatty Acids Research Articles

Removing Products of Thermal Degradation from Edible Oils by Zeolite and by Clinoptilolite - Comparison of Results

When edible oils are heated above 150°C, they undergo thermo-oxidative changes depending on a variety of factors, such as temperature, heating time, type of oil, etc. These changes cause a series of chemical reactions (hydrolysis, oxidation, polymerization, etc.) resulting in the formation of free fatty acids, an increase in the peroxide number and the acid number, a change of color and a decrease in the iodine number. This study investigates changes of the content of free fatty acids, the acid number, and the peroxide number in edible sunflower oil when heating at the temperature range from 110°C to 190°C for 30 minutes, as well as after the adsorption by a natural and a synthetic adsorbent (clinoptilolite and zeolite 4A). The results of the research show that these adsorbents are effective in removing the products of chemical reactions occurring in thermal degradation, which is particularly evident after the adsorption of oil heated at 190°C. Somewhat better results were achieved after the adsorption using clinoptilolite, with a 72 % reduction in the content of free fatty acids, 83 % reduction in the acid number, and 43 % reduction in the peroxide number. After the adsorption by zeolite 4A, the content of free fatty acids was reduced by 65%, the acid number by 76 %, and the peroxide number by 39 %. The results obtained open the possibilities of further research aiming at discovering the adsorbents which would be most suitable for the regeneration of used edible oils, after which they could be applied safely for different purposes.

Effect of stevia level on chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of dairy dessert (rasgulla) at different storage periods and temperatures

Stevia was evaluated for its effect on chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of rasgulla during room temperature and refrigerated storage. Rasgullas were prepared by incorporating defatted soy flour as binding material with different level of stevia in cooking and soaking syrups. Five different rasgulla samples were prepared by taking different sugar to stevia ratio in syrups along with control sample prepared from 100:0 (CR). All samples were stored at room and refrigerated temperatures for 6 and 30 days, respectively. Chemical changes were analyzed for pH, acidity of syrup, free fatty acid (FFA) content of rasgulla samples, and microbiological load of rasgulla samples at each 3rd and 5th day of storage at room and refrigerated temperatures, respectively. The stevia level showed significant protection against formation of FFA and acidity development. Microbiological loads were lesser in count at refrigerated temperature than that at room temperature at high level of stevia. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Rasgulla is a traditional dairy product enriched in nutrients. The demand of rasgulla is increasing because of its taste and distinct texture, but a major limitation is its perishable nature. To increase the shelf life of rasgulla, reformation of rasgulla has become a need. Stevia is a non‐nutritive sweetener and an antioxidant. Incorporation of stevia along with sugar at a different level in cooking and soaking syrups of rasgulla makes good dairy product for health‐conscious and diabetic persons. Besides, antioxidant activity (because of trolox and gallic acids) of stevia enhances the shelf life of the product. Study on the effect of stevia level on chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of rasgulla during different storage periods at room temperature and refrigerated storage is an attempt to establish the new dairy product.

Racial differences in distribution of fatty acids in prostate cancer and benign prostatic tissues

BackgroundIt remains controversial whether and which fatty acids are different between prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic tissues (BPT) in association with occurrence, progression and racial disparity between African American (AA) and Caucasian American (CA) populations.MethodsTotal fatty acids (TFA) and free fatty acid (FFA) were determined on fresh frozen prostatic tissues including 26 PCa and 21 BPT from AA and CA patients by Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS), respectively.ResultsIn all studied population, TFA in 8 out of 16 individual species, in total and in groups of saturated total fatty acid (STFA), mono-unsaturated total fatty acid (MUTFA), poly-unsaturated total fatty acid (PUTFA) and n-6 TFA were significantly higher in PCa than in BPT; FFA in 4 out of 10 individual species, in total and in groups of MUFFA, PUFFA, n-6 FFA and n-3 FFA were significantly higher in PCa than in BPT. The concentrations of most fatty acid parameters correlated with Gleason’s grade and clinical stage of PCa. As compared with CA men, AA men had higher concentrations of TFA, especially TFA with chains of 14–18 carbons than in BPT, and lower concentrations of TFA in PCa.ConclusionsIncreasing in prostatic fatty acids in the form of TFA and FFA correlated to occurrence, progression and racial disparity of PCa.

Microalgae as a Feedstock for Sustainable Fatty Acids: Factorial Design Study

AbstractMicroalgal oil from Nannochloropsis gaditana cultivated in a laboratory‐scale photobioreactor was submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis using Candida rugosa lipase. A 22 full factorial design was performed to evaluate the effects of the soy lecithin emulsifier concentration and the lipase loading on the formation of free fatty acids. As control, a similar set of reactions was carried out with macaw palm oil. The results showed similar hydrolysis yields for both feedstocks. The highest value was reached when the concentrations of soy lecithin and lipase were taken at their lowest and highest levels, respectively. The hydrolysate from microalgal oil showed that the majority of the fatty acids released by C. rugosa consisted of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.

The effect of sterilization modes used for pork preserved in polymeric consumer packaging on the destruction of fatty acids

The article is devoted to solving an actual problem aiming at substantiating the rational modes of sterilization of preserved meat in order to minimize destructive effects on the main components of the products, including fats. The authors emphasized mainly on the change of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) more specifically, essential fatty acids, which are under the close attention of researchers, both in our country and abroad. Particular attention is paid to the influence of sterilization modes on changes in the quality composition of fatty acids of meat lump in preserved pork. The article summarizes the new material on the effect of sterilization modes of preserved food on the degree of hydrothermal destruction of fat and the formation of free fatty acids on the total content of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In this article, the approach for assessing the degree of destruction of the fat component of preserved meat from the point of separation of volatile substances, the content of which, as studies have shown, either decreases with sterilization, is completely destroyed, or increases after sterilization. It is established that most of the compounds, the proportion of which decreases with sterilization, belongs to the class of carboxylic acids, including heptadecanoic, decanoic, eicosanoic and octanoic acids. The idea is that the main factors influencing the change in the initial chemical composition of the product lipids are the presence of moisture in the raw food, the sterilization temperature and the pressure. It is shown that the free fatty acids identified in the raw food: arachidonic acid and hexane are absent in the finished product. As a research task, the authors evaluated the effect of gentle sterilization modes on the safety of oleic acid, which can inhibit the formation of cholesterol plaques in the blood vessels, preventing the development of atherosclerosis. A small amount of nervonic acid was found with a dietary value. It was shown that irrespective of the sterilization modes, γ-linolenic acid was preserved, which contributes to the strengthening of the structure of cell membranes. In conclusion, analysis results obtained indicated a shallow destructive change in the fat content of the preserved food under the influence of gentle thermal loads.

Abstract 5299: Role of short chain free fatty acid receptors in colorectal cancer

Abstract One of the well established risk factors for colorectal cancer is dietary profile. A well recognized negative association of dietary fiber with colorectal cancer warrants further understanding of the underlying mechanism. Bacterial fermentation of dietary fibre results in formation of short chain free fatty acids in the gut. There are two receptors for these fatty acids one of which has been implicated in colorectal cancer. Free fatty acid receptor 2 has been associated with development of colorectal adenoma in a mouse model. We analyzed the differential expression of FFAR2 gene in colorectal cancer patients. Further, we generated genetically engineered colorectal cancer cell line with reduced level of expression of these receptors. These engineered cells were found to have enhanced rate of cell proliferation. In order to understand the mechanism of increased proliferation, we explored the involevement of glucose uptake and cAMP pathways. While there was an increased level of glucose uptake in engineered cells, there was no evidence of involvement of Protein kinase A mediated cAMP pathway. Further studies are needed to fully establish the connection between dietary fibre, gut microbiota and colorectal cancer. Citation Format: Amal AlGhamdi, Saeed AlMahri, Maaged AlAkiel, Sameer Mohammad, Mohammad Aziz. Role of short chain free fatty acid receptors in colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5299.

Influence of Drying Methods on Primary Processing Techniques of Cocoa Beans Based on Free Fatty Acid Content

<p>A systematic study was conducted to standardize the fermentation periods, methods and the performance of drying methods (natural sun drying and artificial oven drying) in the development of free fatty acid content in cocoa beans. Cocoa beans were subjected to different days of fermentation, starting with one day up to seven days and various fermentation methods (basket, heap and sack method). Heap method at seventh day of fermentation attained the best results with maximum per cent of fully fermented beans and lowest free fatty acid content (<1.75%). After fermentation, the cocoa beans were sun-dried and oven dried. The pH of sun dried beans ranged from 4.71 to 5.91, while that of oven dried beans was between 4.53 and 5.89. The sun dried beans contained higher moisture content than artificially oven dried beans and the bean recovery was also more in sun dried beans. The lipase activity prone to free fatty acid formation was higher in oven dried cocoa beans than sun dried beans. However the free fatty acid content was increased in both sun dried and oven dried cocoa beans (1.26 and 1.47%) compared to fermented cocoa beans, but it remains below the permissible limit of 1.75%.</p>

Eicosapentaenoic acid and/or aspirin for preventing colorectal adenomas during colonoscopic surveillance in the NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme: the seAFOod RCT

BackgroundThe omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and aspirin both have proof of concept for colorectal cancer (CRC) chemoprevention, aligned with an excellent safety profile.ObjectivesThe objectives were to determine whether or not EPA prevents colorectal adenomas, either alone or in combination with aspirin, and to assess the safety/tolerability of EPA, in the free fatty acid (FFA) form or as the triglyceride (TG), and aspirin.DesignThis was a randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial trial.SettingThe NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP).ParticipantsPatients (aged 55–73 years) identified as ‘high risk’ (i.e. those who have five or more colorectal adenomas of < 10 mm in size or three or more colorectal adenomas if one is ≥ 10 mm in size) at screening colonoscopy.InterventionsThe interventions were capsules containing 2000 mg of 99% EPA–FFA or 2780 mg of 90% EPA–TG (equivalent to 2000 mg of FFA) taken daily, or identical placebo capsules; and 300 mg of aspirin taken daily, or an identical placebo, enteric-coated tablet. Both were taken for ≈1 year until surveillance colonoscopy. All participants and staff were unaware of treatment allocation.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the number of participants with one or more colorectal adenomas [adenoma detection rate (ADRa)] at surveillance colonoscopy. Outcomes were analysed for all participants with observable follow-up data by an ‘at-the-margins’ approach, adjusted for BCSP site and by the need for repeat baseline endoscopy. Secondary outcome measures – these included the number of colorectal adenomas per patient [mean adenomas per patient (MAP)], ‘advanced’ ADRa and colorectal adenoma location (right/left) and type (conventional/serrated).ResultsBetween November 2011 and June 2016, 709 participants were randomised, with 707 providing data (80% male, mean age 65 years). The four treatment groups (EPA + aspirin,n = 177; EPA,n = 179; aspirin,n = 177; placebo,n = 176) were well matched for baseline characteristics. Tissue EPA levels and tolerability were similar for FFA and TG users. There was no evidence of any difference in ADRa between EPA users (62%) and non-users (61%) [risk difference –0.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI) –8.8% to 6.9%] or for aspirin users (61%) versus non-users (62%) (risk difference –0.6%, 95% CI –8.5% to 7.2%). There was no evidence of an interaction between EPA and aspirin for ADRa. There was no evidence of any effect on advanced ADRa of either EPA (risk difference –0.6%, 95% CI –4.4% to 3.1%) or aspirin (risk difference –0.3%, 95% CI –4.1% to 3.5%). Aspirin use was associated with a reduction in MAP [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.78, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.90), with preventative efficacy against conventional (IRR 0.82, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.94), serrated (IRR 0.46, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.87) and right-sided (IRR 0.73, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.88) lesions, but not left-sided (IRR 0.85, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.06) adenomas. There was evidence of chemopreventive efficacy of EPA on conventional (IRR 0.86, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.99) and left-sided (IRR 0.75, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.94) adenomas, but not on total MAP (IRR 0.91, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.05) or serrated (IRR 1.44, 95% CI 0.79 to 2.60) or right-sided (IRR 1.02, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.22) adenomas. EPA and aspirin treatment were well tolerated, with excess mild/moderate gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs) in the EPA alone group. There were six GI bleeding AEs.ConclusionEPA and aspirin treatment were not associated with a reduction in ADRa. However, both agents displayed evidence of chemopreventive efficacy, based on adenoma number reduction, which was specific to adenoma type and location, and is compatible with known anti-CRC activity of aspirin.LimitationsLimitations of the trial included the failure to recruit to the target sample size of 853, and an unexpected switch of EPA formulation mid-trial.Future workA future objective should be to understand the mechanism(s) of action of EPA and aspirin using the trial biobank. Established trial infrastructure will enable future trials in the BCSP.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN05926847.FundingThis project was funded by the Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation (EME) programme, a MRC and NIHR partnership.

Identification and characterization of a novel anti-inflammatory lipid isolated from Mycobacterium vaccae, a soil-derived bacterium with immunoregulatory and stress resilience properties.

Mycobacterium vaccae (NCTC 11659) is an environmental saprophytic bacterium with anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, and stress resilience properties. Previous studies have shown that whole, heat-killed preparations of M. vaccae prevent allergic airway inflammation in a murine model of allergic asthma. Recent studies also demonstrate that immunization with M. vaccae prevents stress-induced exaggeration of proinflammatory cytokine secretion from mesenteric lymph node cells stimulated ex vivo, prevents stress-induced exaggeration of chemically induced colitis in a model of inflammatory bowel disease, and prevents stress-induced anxiety-like defensive behavioral responses. Furthermore, immunization with M. vaccae induces anti-inflammatory responses in the brain and prevents stress-induced exaggeration of microglial priming. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying anti-inflammatory effects of M. vaccae are not known. Our objective was to identify and characterize novel anti-inflammatory molecules from M. vaccae NCTC 11659. We have purified and identified a unique anti-inflammatory triglyceride, 1,2,3-tri [Z-10-hexadecenoyl] glycerol, from M. vaccae and evaluated its effects in freshly isolated murine peritoneal macrophages. The free fatty acid form of 1,2,3-tri [Z-10-hexadecenoyl] glycerol, 10(Z)-hexadecenoic acid, decreased lipopolysaccharide-stimulated secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 ex vivo. Meanwhile, next-generation RNA sequencing revealed that pretreatment with 10(Z)-hexadecenoic acid upregulated genes associated with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) signaling in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, in association with a broad transcriptional repression of inflammatory markers. We confirmed using luciferase-based transfection assays that 10(Z)-hexadecenoic acid activated PPARα signaling, but not PPARγ, PPARδ, or retinoic acid receptor (RAR) α signaling. The effects of 10(Z)-hexadecenoic acid on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated secretion of IL-6 were prevented by PPARα antagonists and absent in PPARα-deficient mice. Future studies should evaluate the effects of 10(Z)-hexadecenoic acid on stress-induced exaggeration of peripheral inflammatory signaling, central neuroinflammatory signaling, and anxiety- and fear-related defensive behavioral responses.

Chemical kinetics of a two-step transesterification of dyacrodes edulis seed oil using acid-alkali catalyst

A chemical kinetic model for acid-alkali catalyzed methanolysis of high free fatty acid (FFA) underutilized African pear seed oil (APSO) is presented for the first time. A two-step: esterification followed by transesterification in a stirred batch reactor was carried out over 100 min, at 55–65 °C temperature range. Physico-chemical properties of the methyl ester was determined and discussed in accordance with relevant international methods and specifications. Composition of the reaction mixtures were determined using GC-FID and Karl Fischer titration methods. Integrated Gauss-Jordan elimination method on 4.03 GNU Octave software, 2016 version was efficient, simple and a fast approach in determining the rate constants. Rate constants of the forward and backward reactions of esterification were 0.732, 1.255, 2.031 and 0.549, 0.845, 1.421 L/g min respectively while those of the forward and backward reactions of the triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides hydrolysis were 0.442, 0.0476 and 0.0493; 0.0476, 0.0851, and 0.1347; 0.1049, 0.2010 and 0.3319 and 0.0241, 0.0430 and 0.0597; 0.0113, 0.2172 and 0.2540; 0.0517, 0.1011 and 0.1570 L/g min respectively. Activation energy of the forward and backward esterification and transesterification reactions respectively were higher than the reverse reactions which indicates that the formation of free fatty acid (FFA), triglycerides and diglycerides were faster. Rates of reactions were found to increase with temperature and mixing rate (200, 400 and 800 rpm). The hydrolysis of monoglycerides to diglycerides, diglycerides to triglycerides and triglycerides to diglycerides at 55 °C, 60 °C and 65 °C respectively were ascertained as the rate determining steps.

Berberine alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet in mice by activating SIRT3.

Berberine (BBR) shows promising effects in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by influencing various metabolic aspects. Inhibition of mitochondrial β-oxidation (β-OX) participates in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 3 (SIRT3) has been reported to regulate mitochondrial β-OX by deacetylating its substrate, long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (LCAD). This study aimed to explore whether BBR can promote mitochondrial β-OX and the role of SIRT3 as well as the mechanisms underlying the effects of BBR on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). BBR can significantly improve systematic and hepatic lipid metabolism in HFD-fed mice. Metabolomics analysis revealed that β-OX was inhibited in HFD-induced mice, as indicated by the reduced production of short and medium carbon chain acyl-carnitines, the activated form of free fatty acids, via β-OX, which was reversed by BBR intervention. Exploration of the mechanism found that BBR intervention reversed the down-regulation of SIRT3 and decreased the LCAD hyperacetylation level in HFD-fed mice. SIRT3 knockout (KO) mice were used to identify the role of SIRT3 in the BBR's influence of β-OX. The beneficial effects of BBR on systemic and hepatic metabolism were profoundly attenuated in KO mice. Moreover, the promotive effect of BBR on β-OX in HFD-induced mice was partially abolished in KO mice. These results suggested that BBR alleviates HFD-induced inhibition of fatty acid β-OX partly through SIRT3-mediated LCAD deacetylation, which may provide a novel mechanism and support BBR as a promising therapeutic for NAFLD.-Xu, X., Zhu, X.-P., Bai, J.-Y., Xia, P., Li, Y., Lu, Y., Li, X.-Y., Gao, X. Berberine alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet in mice by activating SIRT3.

A Single-dose, Comparative Bioavailability Study of a Formulation containing OM3 as Phospholipid and Free Fatty Acid to an Ethyl Ester Formulation in the Fasting and Fed States

PurposeFormulations of ω (OM)-3 with adequate bioavailability in the low-fat fed state are advantageous in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia (HTG), as these patients are advised to adhere to a low-fat diet. The OM3-containing prescription drugs approved by the US Food and Drug administration (FDA) provide OM3 in either ethyl ester (EE) or free fatty acid (FFA) forms. The OM3 FFA form and formulations with micelle-forming ability have shown improved bioavailability versus the EE form. OM3 phospholipid (PL)/FFA, a krill oil–derived OM3 mixture containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) present as PL esters and FFA, is being developed for the treatment of severe HTG. Both forms of OM3 in OM3-PL/FFA are believed to be digested and absorbed more efficiently as compared to OM3 in EE. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the relative bioavailabilities of EPA and DHA from a single 4-g dose administration of OM3-PL/FFA to those the FDA-approved HTG drug OM3-EE in the fed (high-fat meal) and fasted states. The effects of food on the bioavailability of both drugs were also tested. MethodsThis open-label, randomized, 4-way crossover bioavailability study was conducted in 56 healthy adults who were randomly assigned to receive a single 4-g dose of OM3-PL/FFA or OM3-EE in the fasted and fed (high-fat meal) states. The relative bioavailabilities of EPA and DHA were compared between the 2 formulations using pharmacokinetic analysis. FindingsIn the fasted state, the AUC0–72 and Cmax of EPA + DHA were 5- and 2.7-fold higher, respectively, with OM3-PL/FFA versus OM3-EE. These values were 3- and 4-fold lower in the fed state with OM3-PL/FFA versus OM3-EE. On administration of OM3-EE, the AUC0–72 and Cmax of EPA + DHA were 25- and 11-fold higher, respectively, in the fed versus the fasted state. A much lower increase (1.7-fold) in the AUC0–72 of EPA + DHA was observed on administration of OM3-PL/FFA in the fed versus the fasted state, with similar Cmax values. ImplicationsThese results demonstrate that the bioavailabilities of EPA and DHA with OM3-PL/FFA, as FFA and conjugated to PL, are far less affected by the fat content of a meal as compared to the EPA and DHA EEs in OM3-EE. These findings suggest a potential clinical advantage with OM3-PL/FFA, since patients with HTG are advised to follow a fat-restricted diet.

The glycerophosphocholine acyltransferase Gpc1 is part of a phosphatidylcholine (PC)-remodeling pathway that alters PC species in yeast

Phospholipase B-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) results in the formation of free fatty acids and glycerophosphocholine (GPC) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPC can be reacylated by the glycerophosphocholine acyltransferase Gpc1, which produces lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and LPC can be converted to PC by the lysophospholipid acyltransferase Ale1. Here, we further characterized the regulation and function of this distinct PC deacylation/reacylation pathway in yeast. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, we show that Gpc1 and Ale1 are the major cellular GPC and LPC acyltransferases, respectively. Importantly, we report that Gpc1 activity affects the PC species profile. Loss of Gpc1 decreased the levels of monounsaturated PC species and increased those of diunsaturated PC species, whereas Gpc1 overexpression had the opposite effects. Of note, Gpc1 loss did not significantly affect phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine profiles. Our results indicate that Gpc1 is involved in postsynthetic PC remodeling that produces more saturated PC species. qRT-PCR analyses revealed that GPC1 mRNA abundance is regulated coordinately with PC biosynthetic pathways. Inositol availability, which regulates several phospholipid biosynthetic genes, down-regulated GPC1 expression at the mRNA and protein levels and, as expected, decreased levels of monounsaturated PC species. Finally, loss of GPC1 decreased stationary phase viability in inositol-free medium. These results indicate that Gpc1 is part of a postsynthetic PC deacylation/reacylation remodeling pathway (PC-DRP) that alters the PC species profile, is regulated in coordination with other major lipid biosynthetic pathways, and affects yeast growth.

A comparative study on quality parameters of pumpkin, melon and sunflower oils during thermal treatment

Current paper reveals the impact of thermal treatment on the quality of two seed oils – pumpkin and melon compared to the quality of the most used oil – sunflower oil. Conventional and microwave heating were used for processing the oils. The duration of the thermal treatment was 9, 12 and 18 min for the conventional heating. The microwave heating was performed with two microwave powers of the equipment (600 W and 900 W) for 3, 6, 9 and 12 min. At every stage of the thermal processing were determined acid and peroxide value, the absorbance of the oils at 232 and 268 nm, tocopherol and fatty acid composition. It was observed that the degree of oxidation of the examined oils during microwave and conventional heating increased with the duration of the thermal process and the power of the microwaves. Also, the two methods of heating had a little impact on the processes leading to the formation of free fatty acids. Total tocopherols of the melon seed oil were more stable to thermal treatment. The amount of linoleic acid decreased in the pumpkin and sunflower oils during microwave treatment, while that of oleic and palmitic acid relatively increased. The biggest change in the fatty acid composition of both oils was found during microwave heating at 900W. The changes in fatty acid composition of thermally treated melon seed oil were insignificant. Overall, melon seed oil was observed to be more thermally stable than pumpkin and sunflower oils.

Comparison of oxidation status and antioxidant capacity of meat from surgically castrated and immunocastrated pigs, entire males and sows

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of castration (surgical and immunological) and sex on lipid hydrolysis, oxidation and antioxidant capacity in selected muscles/cuts of pigs. Nine muscles/cuts from four groups of pigs (surgically castrated, entire males, immunocastrated and sow) were analysed. Free fatty acids (FFA) were analysed using standard methods according to CSN EN ISO 660. Thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) were determined as malondialdehyde (MDA) equivalents and antioxidant capacity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method . The highest content of FFA was observed in sows, detected to be significantly (P < 0.001) higher than in entire males. The highest content of TBARS was found in entire males; the content was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in sows. Generally, the highest values of DPPH inhibition were detected in samples of surgically castrated pigs whereas the lowest values were observed in samples of entire males. Antioxidant capacity in musculus longissimus dorsi and backfat of surgically castrated pigs was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in other evaluated groups of pigs. The study confirmed the differences in FFA and TBARS formation between analysed groups of pigs, probably due to differences in the fatty acid composition. The results of our study indicate that methods of castration have an effect on the antioxidant capacity of pork. These findings are of value to the meat industry.

Effects of polysaccharide from Angelica sinensis on some related indexes of free radical and energy metabolism after strenuous exercise in rats

The root of Angelica sinensis is a well-known Traditional Chinese Medicine. Present study was designed to evaluate the effect of polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis (APS) on the some related indexes of free radicals and energy metabolism after strenuous exercise. The animals were divided into three groups, namely the sedentary control (SC), exercise control (EC), and exercise APS treated (200 mg/kg.d, EAT) group. At the 28th day, the rats in the EC and EAT group performed three-stage incremental exercise until exhaustion. After exhaustion exercise, a series of biochemical parameters including blood glucose, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA) and free fatty acid (FFA) were measured. The results showed that APS increased exhaustion times, blood glucose levels, FFA levels in plasma and the levels of SOD and GPx in liver, which were accompanied by corresponding decreases in the MDA levels in liver. The present findings indicate that the antifatigue mechanisms of APS may be attributed to the following aspects: 1) APS can enhance antioxidant enzymes activities and inhibit the production of lipid peroxidation products, which can protect the body from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. 2) APS can affect carbohydrates metabolism, which has the effects of increasing hepatic and muscle glycogen stores and maintaining homeostasis of blood glucose levels. 3) APS can affect fat metabolism, which can regulate the formation of FFA and the utilization of fat oxidation. APS can be used as a nutritional supplement in exercise training.

Mechanism of Free Fatty Acid Formation during Frying Oil Deterioration

Mechanism of Free Fatty Acid Formation during Frying Oil Deterioration

Metformin inhibits both oleic acid-induced and CB1R receptor agonist-induced lipid accumulation in Hep3B cells: The preliminary report.

Fatty liver is characterized by excessive accumulation of triglycerides within hepatocytes. Recent findings indicate that natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver is regulated, in part, by endogenous cannabinoids. Metformin is an oral hypoglycemic medication which inhibits gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in hepatocytes and limits lipid storage in the liver through the inhibition of free fatty acid formation via induction of activated protein kinase activity (AMPK). Both endocannabinoids and metformin may modulate hepatosteatosis; therefore, it was interesting to examine whether metformin may affect lipid accumulation in hepatocytes by acting on cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, in in vitro study. Hep3B cells were incubated with or without metformin (Met), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and oleic acid (OA). Cells without any of the examined substances served as negative control. Cells treated only with OA served as positive control. The quantity of intracellular lipids was assessed using Oil-Red-O staining. Selective CB1R agonist, arachidonyl-2-chloromethylamide (ACEA), and CB2R agonist, AM1241 (2-iodo-5-nitrophenyl)-[1-(methylpiperidin-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone, were also used to treat Hep3B cells. In some experiments, antagonist for CB1R, AM6545, or SR144528 as selective antagonist of CB2R were used. In the study, Met decreased lipid accumulation in cells treated with OA and inhibited CB1R agonist–induced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. The CB2R agonist–induced hepatic lipid accumulation was not inhibited by metformin. The results indicate that metformin may interact with endocannabinoid system in the liver by inhibiting CB1R agonist–stimulated fat accumulation in hepatocytes.

Applying latent heat of condensation for deceleration of free fatty acid formation in brown rice by humidified hot air fluidized bed dryer

Applying latent heat of condensation for deceleration of free fatty acid formation in brown rice by humidified hot air fluidized bed dryer

Increased plasma levels of the lipoperoxyl radical-derived vitamin E metabolite α-tocopheryl quinone are an early indicator of lipotoxicity in fatty liver subjects

Lipid peroxidation is one of the earliest pathogenic events of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this context, an increased oxidation of the lipoperoxyl radical scavenger α-tocopherol (α-TOH) should occur already in the subclinical phases of the disease to compensate for the increase oxidation of the lipid excess of liver and possibly of other tissues. However, this assumption remains unsupported by direct analytical evidence.In this study, GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS procedures have been developed and applied for the first time to measure the vitamin E oxidation metabolite α-tocopheryl quinone (α-TQ) in plasma of fatty liver (FL) subjects that were compared in a pilot cross-sectional study with healthy controls. The protein adducts of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and the free form of polyunsaturated free fatty acids (PUFA) were measured as surrogate indicators of lipid peroxidation. α-TQ formation was also investigated in human liver cells after supplementation with α-TOH and/or fatty acids (to induce steatosis).Compared with controls, FL subjects showed increased (absolute and α-TOH-corrected) levels of plasma α-TQ and 4-HNE, and decreased concentrations of PUFA. α-TQ levels positively correlated with indices of liver damage and metabolic dysfunction, such as alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin and triglycerides, and negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol.Fatty acid supplementation in human hepatocytes stimulated the generation of cellular oxidants and α-TOH uptake leading to increased α-TQ formation and secretion in the extracellular medium - both were markedly stimulated by α-TOH supplementation.In conclusion, plasma α-TQ represents an early biomarker of the lipoperoxyl radical-induced oxidation of vitamin E and lipotoxicity of the fatty liver.