Free Extract Research Articles

Microbiological Characteristics of Beef Sausage Enriched With Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Sepal Extract

ABSTRACTAdding plant extracts to sausage and other meat products is very important to improve their quality, safety, and durability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological properties of beef sausage enriched with roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) sepal extract. The total content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in hydroalcoholic extract of Roselle sepals was measured by Folin‐Ciocalteu test and aluminum chloride colorimetric method, and antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH method. Pectin was used to encapsulate the extract. The characteristics of capsules, including particle size, zeta potential, and capsule efficiency were measured. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of extracts were performed by tube dilution method. Microbial tests were performed on sausage treatment samples. Analysis of the obtained data was done using SPSS and Excel software. The study revealed that the total phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the extract were 174.6 mg of gallic acid per gram and 16.8368 mg of quercetin, respectively. The extract displayed the highest antioxidant activity at elevated concentrations. Particle size ranged from 16.833 to 640.534 μm. The zeta potential and capsule efficiency were found to be satisfactory. Compared to the encapsulated extract, the free roselle extract better inhibited Staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus), Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), and Escherichia coli (E.coli). During storage until day 20, these bacteria did not grow in the free or encapsulated extract groups. However, S. aureus appeared in the free extract group from day 25 and the encapsulated extract group from day 20. Roselle extract has antimicrobial properties that can improve the quality and safety of beef sausage during storage.

Microbial Succession and Effect of Fermentation on the Proximate Composition of Sweet Potato Tubers, Leaves and Vines

This study was aimed at determining the effect of fermentation on the proximate composition of sweet potato tubers, leaves and vines. The study involved the spontaneous fermentation of the substrates for five days (120h). Physico-chemical properties and microbial counts were determined during the fermentation period. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts were isolated and characterized. Proximate composition of the substrates were determined at the end of the fermentation period. The results obtained show that the aerobic plate counts range from 6.80x105±1.00x105- 8.40x106±1.00x105CFU/g, lactic acid bacteria count range from 1.70x105±1.30x105- 1.60x107±6.00x106 CFU/g and fungal count range from 2.50x105±8.00x104- 7.75x106±5.50x105 CFU/g. The counts were significantly different in most cases (p≤0.05). The lactic acid bacteria and yeast isolated and identified from the study include Lactobacillus plantarum, L. buchneri, L. delbrueckii, L. brevis, L. lactis, L. fructovorans, L. colloides, L. pentosus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Weisella confusa, Candida krusei, C. utilis, C. ciferii, C. spherical, C. rugosa, C. zeylanoides, C. guilliermondii, C. lipolytica, C. tropicalis, C. boidinii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhodoturulaminuta, R. glutinis, Kodamaeaohmeri, Kloekerasp. The results of the proximate composition show that there was increase in both Nitrogen free extract and metabolisable energy and decrease in protein content and ash content after fermentation. Findings from this study imply that fermentation of these substrates is characterized by a wide variety of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts with positive effect on the proximate composition of the substrates.

Anti-quorum sensing and anti-biofilm activities of Pasteurella multocida strains

A total of 52 Pasteurella multocida strains of capsular serogroups (A, B and D) were screened for anti-quorum sensing activity against Chromobacterium violaceum. Of which, 12 strains of serogroups A were found to possess anti-quorum sensing activity. Inhibition activity was highest for strain NIVEDIPm9 and lowest for strain NIVEDIPm30 based on zone of pigment inhibition. Further, cell free extract of NIVEDIPm9 strain showed highest anti-biofilm activity in reference E. coli strain and concentration dependent degradation activity of C6-AHL molecule. In whole genome sequence annotation of NIVEDIPm9 strain predicted the presence of four metallo-β-lactamases (MBL) fold metallo-hydrolase proteins. In docking studies, MBL1 and MBL3 proteins showed high binding affinity with autoinduce signalling molecules AHL compound of OH-C10, binding energy value were −6.3 and −6.2 kcal/mol. Interaction study of VAF and quorum sensing molecules showed that OmpA and HgbA proteins were stimulated by all the ten molecules (C4-AHLs, C6-AHLs, C10-AHLs, C14-AHLs, 3-oxo-C10-AHLs, 3OH-C10-HSL, C8-HSL, C10-HSL, C12-HSL, C14-HSL), while toxA gene was stimulated by OH-C10-AHL molecule, sodC gene was stimulated by none. In conclusion, we described the anti-quorum sensing activities of diverse P. multocida strains causing Pasteurellosis in livestock.

Bound phenolics extracts of jujube peel relieve cadmium-induced toxicity by reducing lipid accumulation of Caenorhabditis elegans.

To investigate the effect of bound phenolics extracts (BPEs) of jujube peel on relieving cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity and its mechanism, the behavioral deficits, lipid accumulation, and fatty acid synthesis-related gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans in Cd exposure group and BPEs improvement groups were determined and compared. The results showed that BPEs significantly improved Cd-induced behavioral deficits in C. elegans, and no significant differences could be found in low-dose (12.5µg/mL) and high-dose (100µg/mL) BPEs improvement groups. The treatment of BPEs effectively improved intestinal injury and lipofuscin and lipid accumulation. Especially, oil red O staining intensity in C. elegans treated with BPEs at 50µg/mL was reduced by 12.60%. BPEs significantly controlled the increase in content of C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2 induced by Cd by regulating the lipid accumulation in Escherichia coli OP50. Cd exposure induced lipid accumulation in C. elegans by upregulating oleic acid synthesis-related gene expression in E. coli OP50. Furthermore, BPEs treatment significantly downregulated the fatty acid synthesis-related gene expression in C. elegans and E. coli OP50. This research could reveal the mechanism of BPEs of jujube peel in relieving Cd-induced toxicity and provide a theoretical basis for the development of functional foods rich in polyphenols. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Jujube peel, a by-product of jujube processing, is usually discarded due to its coarse texture. However, jujube peel has been proven to possess abundant polyphenols, polysaccharides, and cyclic adenosine phosphate. In addition, in our previous research, bound phenolics extracts (BPEs) of jujube peel were found to perform better in lowering lipid accumulation than that of free phenolics extracts. This study further investigate the effect of BPEs of jujube peel on relieving Cd-induced toxicity and its mechanism on the base of our previous research. It could realize the comprehensive utilization of by-products of jujube processing.

Evaluation of the Enzyme Inhibition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Apricots, Plums, and Their Hybrid Fruits

The current study focuses on evaluating the enzyme inhibition (acetylcholinesterase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, pancreatin lipase), antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of the “Modesto” apricot, “Stanley” plum, and their hybrid the “Stendesto” plum–apricot. The “Stendesto” is the only successful plum–apricot hybrid in Bulgaria. A spectrophotometric approach was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity following four complementary assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC). The “Stendesto” plum–apricot revealed its enhanced antioxidant potential compared to its parental lines. Apart from the free phenolics extraction, two other techniques (alkaline and acid hydrolysis) were applied to reveal the biological potential of the studied fruit. Not only free but also bound phenolic extracts were able to inhibit α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase, while none of the extracts inhibited lipase or α-amylase. None of the apricot extracts had antimicrobial activity, while the other fruit had limited antimicrobial activity. The proposed results undoubtedly reveal that hybrid fruits possess enhanced biological activity compared to their parents. This is a first comprehensive evaluation of hybrid fruits with reference to parental lines. This makes them an interesting research topic that should be better explored.

Targeted breast cancer therapy using novel nanovesicle formulations of Olea europaea extract

Olive leaf is a byproduct of the olive tree that is rich in phenolic compounds with potential anticarcinogenic effects against various cancers, including breast cancer. Nevertheless, the ingestion or topical application of such plant extracts faces certain limitations. These limitations can be addressed by encapsulating the extracts in nanovesicles to enhance their release and bioavailability. This study aims to develop nanovesicles using Olea europaea leaf extract to exploit its potential anti-cancer properties. Soy lecithin was used to form liposomes for encapsulation of the olive leaf extract. In addition, ethanol and glycerol were added to form ethosomes and glycerosomes, respectively. The antiproliferative effect of both the free extract and the three formed nanovesicles was tested in MCF7 and MCF10A cell lines. To comprehend the mechanisms leading to reduced cell viability after exposure to olive leaf extract and its nanovesicles, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptotic stage were evaluated. The results suggest that both, the nanovesicles and the free extract, are antiproliferative agents against MCF7 tumour cells. However, when examining the impact of olive leaf extract and the formulated nanovesicles on MCF10A cells, no reduction in cell viability was observed. Our findings indicate that the anti-tumour effect of the extract and its nanovesicles may be due to increased oxidative stress, mediated by mitochondrial damage. The mechanism through which olive leaf extract exerts its antiproliferative effect on the breast cancer tumour line implies that apoptosis may be induced by the extract via the involvement of a mitochondria-dependent ROS-mediated pathway.

Comprehensive evaluation on phenolic derivatives and antioxidant activities of diverse yellow maize varieties

The main phenolic derivatives and antioxidant capacity of ninety-three yellow maize varieties were investigated, together with their color parameters. Sixteen phenolics were identified in the free extract by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, N′, N″-diferuloyl putrescine and N′, N″-dicoumaryl spermidine were the major phenolic derivatives. Fourteen phenolic compounds were found in the bound extract, with trans-p-coumaric acid, trans- and cis-ferulic acid being the predominant phenolic acids. The orange-yellow maize varieties presented the highest total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), along with significantly higher antioxidant potential. Correlation analysis showed that b* value (corresponding to yellow degree) was positively correlated with the total carotenoid content (TCC), phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05). Through Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA), the 93 maize varieties could be divided into three categories according to b* value and antioxidant activity. The heatmap visualization further underscored the component differences across various varieties, unveiling the intricate phytochemical profiles of these maize varieties.

Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Carcass Characteristics and Organoleptic Properties of Broiler Chicken Fed Cocoa Bean Shell

The high cost of conventional feed ingredients has forced poultry farmers to concentrate on more accessible and reasonably priced alternative feed sources having considerable nutritional potential. One of these alternative feed sources is cocoa bean shell (CBS), which is widely available, inexpensive, and nutritious. There is limited research on the application of fermentation of bovine rumen filtrate on CBS in poultry production. A feeding trial for 56 days was conducted to investigate the dietary effect of rumen filtrate fermented cocoa bean shell (RFCBS) as partial replacement for maize on the performance of broiler chickens. Fresh cocoa bean shell was mixed with rumen filtrate obtained at ratio 1:1, fermented for 24 hours and then dried. The dried fermented cocoa bean shell (FCBS) was incorporated into the experimental diets at varying levels; 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% respectively to formulate five experimental diets. Ross 308 broiler chicks (n=150) were randomly allotted into five treatments groups of thirty (30) birds per treatment and three replicates containing ten birds each in a completely randomized design (CRD). Data on performance indices, hematological, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and sensory evaluation collected during the experiment were subjected to ANOVA at α = 0.05. Results revealed that fermentation method employed had significant influence (P&lt;0.05) on the chemical composition of cocoa bean shell used in this study. The crude protein (CBS: 8.18% – FCBS: 5.10%), ash (CBS: 10.40% - FCBS: 9.08%), nitrogen free extract (CBS: 57.64% - FCBS: 57.07%) content of the cocoa bean shell reduced after being fermented but increased its crude fibre content from 10.27% to 15.26%. It also helped to improve the phytochemical constituents of CBS. Dietary supplementation up to 10 % FCBS had comparable weight gain, feed intake and the best feed conversion ratio. Birds fed 10% FCBS based diet had improved (P&lt;0.05) nutrient digestibility values when compared with other diets. Birds on 0 (2088.89g/b), 5 (2044.44g/b) and 10 (1944.44g/b) % FCBS had similar dressed weight but recorded significantly the highest value. Birds fed 10% FCBS based diet recorded the highest tenderness (8.33), juiciness (8.37), flavour (8.43), colour (8.30), aroma (8.37) and taste (8.00) values. Results indicated that the cost of the feed per kg (#2178.92 - 2229.23) decreased across the dietary treatments as the FCBS increased. It is concluded that FCBS can be incorporated up to 10 % in broiler chickens’ diet for better output in terms of weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass trait sensory evaluation and better health status of the birds.

Production performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal morphometry and serum biochemistry in dual purpose chicken fed diet incorporated withrice distillers grain with soluble

This study investigated the effects of rice distillers grains with solubles (rDDGS) on growth performance, production efficiency, carcass characteristics, nutrient metabolizability and serum biochemistry of dual purpose chicken (Kuroiler). Four diets were formulated with graded levels of rDDGS (0, 10, 14 and 18%). Each diet was allocated to 5 replicates with 10 birds in each at random. With the exception of 21 days, there was no difference in body weight gain, feed intake, or feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the treatment groups. The dietary levels of rDDGS had no effect on serum biochemical parameters. Dietary level of 14% rDDGS significantly increased dressing yield and thigh and drumstick percentage. The metabolizability of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, nitrogen free extract and organic matter was similar among the experimental groups. The addition of rDDGS had no negative effects on jejunum histo-morphometry. In the 18% rDDGS fed group, profit per kg live weight was comparatively higher. In conclusion, rDDGS may be added to dual-purpose chicken diets safely up to an 18% inclusion level as a substitute protein source for profitable production.

Milk Production, Milk Composition, Milk Fatty Acid Profile and Nutrient Digestibility of Mehsana Goats Fed Sunflower (Helianthus annus) Oil

A study was conducted during the month of December, 2020 to January, 2021 at Livestock Research Station, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat (385506), India to evaluate the effect of dietary sunflower oil supplementation on milk yield, milk fatty acid profile and nutrient digestibility of Mehsana goats. Eighteen lactating Mehsana goats were randomly divided into three treatment groups, viz. Basal diet (control), Basal diet+25 g animal-1 day-1 of sunflower oil and Basal diet+50 g animal-1 day-1 of sunflower oil for a period of 60 days. No significant differences (p&gt;0.05) were found in milk yield in terms of kg d-1, 4% fat corrected milk and energy corrected milk among the treatment groups. The milk constituents and their yields were not affected due to dietary inclusion of sunflower oil. Sunflower oil feeding at the dose of 50 g d-1 increased (p&lt;0.05) concentration of milk short chain fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the milk of goats. The intake and digestibility of nitrogen free extract was increased in sunflower oil supplemented groups. The intake and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract and crude fibre were similar (p&gt;0.05) among the treatment groups. it may be concluded that supplementation of sunflower oil at the dose rate of 25 and 50 g d-1 did not affect feed intake, milk yield, milk constituents and nutrient digestibility in lactating Mehsana goats. However, dietary 50 g d-1 of sunflower oil significantly increased concentration of milk short chain fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in goats.

Fostering a Synergistic Approach to Curriculum Development and TVET-Engineering Qualifications

The involvement of various stakeholders, aligning diverse interests, and evolving industry requirements are some areas that need careful consideration. The dynamics of power and authority between collaborating partners can affect the efficacy of the collaborative relationship; hence, further study is required to identify obstacles in such partnerships and propose solutions for overcoming them. This study aims to build a collaboration paradigm between the TVET engineering sector and the industry, emphasizingcurriculum development and TVET engineering credentials. This quantitative study employs a survey to collect information from 115 Malaysian technologists in three fields. Simple random selection ensures accurate demographic representation and an even distribution of bias. Four experts developed and validated a questionnaire. Data was evaluated using PLS-SEM 3.3.9 software, algorithms, bootstrapping, and blindfolding techniques. The measurement model evaluates the items' precision under validity and reliability requirements. The results indicate a significant relationship between the certification system and curriculum development. The model has a high predictive power value with a significant contribution from the free extract. The influence of size is likewise considerable, but the effect of curriculum TVET is minor. The findings provide valuable insights into the predictive validity of the model and its possible curriculum development applications. Adeliberate effort is required to overcome obstacles such as lack of coordination, scarce resources, and low public awareness.

Chemical Composition and In Vitro Protein Digestibility of Duckweed and Feed Ingredients

Duckweed is an aquatic floating plant with the potential to be used as animal feed due to its richness in protein, amino acids, starch, vitamin and minerals. Furthermore, duckweed has a high growth rate and reproducibility. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the chemical composition and in vitro protein digestibility of duckweed (Lemna, Wolffia and Spirodela) in comparison to other feed ingredients. The chemical composition was determined through proximate analysis including dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), ash and nitrogen free extract. The in vitro protein digestibility procedure simulates conditions similar to those in the swine digestive tract using synthetic enzymes to control pH, temperature and digestion time. In the results of chemical composition, Lemna and Wolffia were classified as protein sources, with high CP content (221.87 and 442.65 g/kg DM, respectively) and low CF content (63.30 and 109.11 g/kg DM), whereas Spirodela had low CP content (179.64 g/kg DM) and CF content (170.57 g/kg DM). The EE content in duckweed amounted to 16.74, 46.23 and 52.47 g/kg DM for Wolffia, Spirodela and Lemna, respectively. Additionally, high ash content was observed in Spirodela (212.40 g/kg DM), Wolffia (149.34 g/kg DM) and Lemna (142.06). For standardized ileal digestibility (SIDCP), the SIDCP of all feed ingredients were within the range of 32 to 96 %. With regard to duckweed, Lemna (72 %) showed significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) SIDCP compared to Wolffia (69 %) and Spirodela (39 %) due to the low contents of CF and ash. Based on nutritional values, Lemna and Wolffia were grouped with corn DDGS and brewer’s grain, indicating their potential as animal feed for sustainable livestock production. HIGHLIGHTS Duckweed exhibited high protein content, ranging from 179.64 to 65 g/kg dry matter. For in vitro protein digestibility, Lemna and Wolffia had high true digestibility, amounting to 79 and 75 %, respectively. Based on nutritional values, Lemna and Wolffia were grouped with corn DDGS and brewer’s grain, indicating their potential as animal feed for sustainable livestock production. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Anticancer Activities of Synthesized Niosome Nanoparticles Using Artemisia Annua Extract: Caspase3 and Caspase9 Apoptosis Gene Expression Analysis in Breast Cancer Cell Line (MCF-7)

Introduction: Pharmaceutical formulation of nanoparticles is widely used due to achieving targeted and stable drug release, improving drug solubility and reducing side drug reactions. One of the ways to improve the survival of cancer patients is the treatment using nanocarriers for anticancer drugs. The aim of this study was to synthesize encapsulated nisomes containing the extract of the Artemisia annua and investigate the anticancer and apoptotic effects against breast cancer cell lines. Methods: In this study, a Niosomes nanocarrier was made and then the extract of Gondwash herb was loaded into it. Its physical and chemical properties were confirmed using SEM, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential. Likewise, the encapsulation percentage and release pattern of the extract were investigated. Finally, its anticancer effects against the breast cancer cell line (MCF_7) were investigated and the expression level of apoptotic genes Caspase3 and Caspase9 was studied using Real Time PCR method. At the end, statistical analysis was done by GraphPad Prism software, and cytotoxicity and gene expression data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. Results: The findings showed that the synthesized nanocarrier newsom containing the extract had a spherical structure and its size was 208.1 nanometers, the encapsulation percentage was 62.35% and the surface charge was 22.5. Similarly, newsome nanocarrier containing the extract had significant anticancer effects compared to the free extract and increased the expression of caspase 3 and caspase 9 genes by 1.184 ± 0.34 (P&lt;0.05) and 1.68 ± 0.81, respectively. (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that the nisome containing the extract of the Gondwash herb increases the anti-cancer and apoptotic effects significantly, and therefore, with further studies in the future, nisome can be used as a targeted drug delivery system for anti-cancer purposes.

Biosynthesis of Copper nanoparticles using cell free extract of Trichoderma asperellum and its characterization

Biosynthesis of Copper nanoparticles using cell free extract of Trichoderma asperellum and its characterization

Development and optimization of thyme-pennyroyal essential oils based active nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) containing saffron extract with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties

The saffron extract-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) was synthesized by the double emulsion (W/O/W) method for application as a preservative to increase the oxidative and microbial stability of French dressing. The optimization of the NLC system was carried out using a combined D-optimal design methodology and effect of thyme (TEOs)/pennyroyal (PEOs) essential oils, and polyglycerol ester (PGE)/polyglycerol polyricinolate (PGPR) surfactants ratios (independent variables) were investigated on the mean particle size, polydispersity, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficacy (dependent variables). The optimal formulation (NLC opt) was obtained as 90/10 thyme/pennyroyal essential oils and 90/10 polyglycerol esters/polyglycerol polyricinoleate ratio, which resulted in the lowest PDI and particle size (0.38 and 66.87 nm respectively), highest zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency (−26.7 mV and %78.88 respectively). Different techniques including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were used for the characterization of structure and physicochemical properties of the different NLC systems and confirmed successful incorporation of SE into NLC. The DPPH test showed decrement of antioxidant activity during 30 days of storage and IC50 value was lower in the SE-NLC (0.68 mg/ml) than in the free extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa indicated that the SE did not have antibacterial properties. However, NLC formulations showed antimicrobial effect due to the presence of TEOs and PEOs essential oils. Peroxide value of control sample was the highest (8/35 O2/kg) and it was the lowest (3.75 O2/kg) in French dressing with SE-NLC.

Combined pulsed electric field-ultrasound assisted extraction of yarrow phenolic-rich ingredients and their nanoliposomal encapsulation for improving the oxidative stability of sesame oil

In this research, yarrow phenolic-rich extract was produced using pulsed electric field (PEF)-ultrasound assisted technology. The highest extraction efficiency (5.99 %) was obtained at 6.25 kV/cm of PEF and the sonication time of 60 min. As the PEF intensity and sonication time rose, the total phenolic content (TPC) and ferric-reducing power (RP) of the extracts increased. The PEF intensity of 2.70 kV/cm and sonication time of 45.83 min were the optimum extraction conditions resulting in the highest extraction efficiency, TPC, and RP. Then, this optimum extract was loaded into nanoliposomes. At higher extract levels, the encapsulation efficiency lowered, while the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential of the nanoliposomal samples elevated. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed the successful encapsulation of yarrow extract into nanoliposomal carriers; the sample containing the extract had the highest enthalpy (3600 J/g) and nanoliposomes loaded with yarrow antioxidant extract (0.11 mL/mg) was the optimum sample. Finally, the sesame oil containing 500 ppm free and nanoliposome extract, as well as the sample with 200 ppm BHT were evaluated for oxidative stability. The highest oxidation stability (14.21 h) belonged to the oil containing nanoliposomal yarrow phenolic extract.

Intake of NFE, Crude Fibre and Extract Eter of Male Kacang Goats in the Realimentation Phase after Experiencing Different Levels of Feed Restriction

This study aims to determine the intake of nitrogen free extract (NFE), crude fiber (CF), and extract eter (EE) of male Kacang goats in the realimentation phase after experiencing different levels of feed restriction. This study used the experimental method Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which consisted of 3 treatments and 5 replications that is T0 livestock without feed restrictions, T1: livestock are limited to 100% of basic life, T2: livestock are limited to 50% of basic life. Variables observed included NFE, crude fiber, and crude fat intake. The results showed that the NFE, CF and EE of male kacang goats in the realimentation phase of the 3 group were not different/ or significant (P &gt; 0.05). The intake of NFE each treatment is a T0 treatment 222,63±18,17; T1 210,12±29,79, and T2 186,72±34,89. The intake of CF (g/e/h) in treatment T0 56,32±2,47; T1 51,94±9,20; and T2 was 49,82±8,79. The intake of EE (g/e/h) in treatment T0 treatment of 10,19±1,10; T1 9,68±1,37; and T2 8,41±1,64. It can be concluded that the intake of NFE, CF and EE in the realimentation phase of livestock restricted feed 100% according to basic life and 50% below the main life is not much different from the Kacang goats which are given normal feed according to their needs.

Correction: Comparing free reference extraction pipelines

Correction: Comparing free reference extraction pipelines

Repair of genomic interstrand crosslinks

Genomic interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are formed by reactive species generated during normal cellular metabolism, produced by the microbiome, and employed in cancer chemotherapy. While there are multiple options for replication dependent and independent ICL repair, the crucial step for each is unhooking one DNA strand from the other. Much of our insight into mechanisms of unhooking comes from powerful model systems based on plasmids with defined ICLs introduced into cells or cell free extracts. Here we describe the properties of exogenous and endogenous ICL forming compounds and provide an historical perspective on early work on ICL repair. We discuss the modes of unhooking elucidated in the model systems, the concordance or lack thereof in drug resistant tumors, and the evolving view of DNA adducts, including ICLs, formed by metabolic aldehydes.

Unravelling the effects of extrusion and drying temperatures on the radical scavenging capacity of aquafeeds supplemented with mango and pineapple by-products

Antioxidant supplementation of aquafeeds with natural sources is a current research trend within the context of a circular economy. However, natural antioxidants are highly vulnerable to thermal conditions during feed manufacturing, particularly during extrusion and drying. This study examines the impact of extrusion and drying temperatures on the antioxidant properties of aquafeeds supplemented with natural antioxidants from mango and pineapple peels. A control dietary mixture and two dietary mixtures with 2 % inclusion of either mango (M) or pineapple (P) peel flour were subjected to different combinations of extrusion temperatures (110 °C, -H vs 25 °C - C) and drying temperatures (60 °C vs 35 °C). Ingredients, manufacturing process intermediate stages, and final diets were analysed for their natural antioxidant composition (vitamins, carotenoids, free and fibre-bound phenolic compounds) and antioxidant capacity via the DPPH+, ABTS•+ and ORAC assays, the latter of which is the most representative for biological models. Results show that incorporating 2 % of either pineapple or mango peel flour increases the antioxidant content and capacity of aquafeeds compared to a control diet subjected to the same manufacturing conditions. Phenolic compounds were more abundant and resistant to the feed manufacturing process than vitamins and carotenoids. Specifically, ORAC results for free and fibre-bound extracts in diet PH-60 (1674.3 and 1216.2 mg TE 100 g DM−1, respectively) were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the control CH-60 (694.8 and 422.8, respectively). Moreover, free extracts from diet PC-60 (1312.0 mg TE 100 g DM−1) and fibre-bound extracts from diets MH-60 and PH-35 (719.2 and 871.1 mg TE 100 g DM−1, respectively) were also significantly higher than the control (P < 0.001). A PCA analysis showed that pineapple diets with hot extrusion, as well as the mango diet with hot extrusion and hot drying, are more closely associated with higher antioxidant capacity in both free and bound extracts. Overall, fruit peel flours show promise as antioxidant supplements for mitigating oxidation in aquafeeds.