Free Expression Research Articles

Sex on Camera: A Postmodern Feminist Critique on Pornography

Pornography has been a topic of ongoing debate, particularly among feminist thinkers, regarding its implications for women's subjugation and oppression versus its potential as a means for women to express their sexuality, empower themselves, and exercise autonomy. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of pornography from diverse cultural, religious, and legal perspectives. Additionally, it explores the divergent feminist viewpoints on pornography, examining their respective issues and inconsistencies. On one side, anti-pornography feminists argue that pornography inherently serves as an oppressive tool that degrades and subjugates women. On the other side, pro-pornography feminists assert that pornography can empower women and facilitate the exploration and appreciation of their own sexuality. By employing these feminist perspectives, the study offers a critical analysis of pornography through a postmodern lens. Postmodernism emphasizes the importance of considering diverse perspectives based on varying experiences and conflicting narratives of women involved in pornography. In this study, the researcher distinguishes between the concept of pornography and its associated industry. As a concept, pornography is regarded as a catalyst for women's self-actualization and the free expression of their sexuality, thus representing a form of sexual liberation. However, as an industry, pornography can give rise to problems such as sex trafficking and exploitation, with women often being the victims. Consequently, the study emphasizes the need for certain boundaries or standards that prioritize women's autonomy, safety, and well-being. These limitations or standards are considered essential in enabling women to find meaning in their pursuit of self-actualization and the expression of their own sexuality.

Analysis of Freedom of Expression in the Digital Age in the Issue of Electronic Information and Transaction Law in Indonesia

This research is to analyze freedom of expression in the digital era in Indonesia and to analyze the problems of the Electronic Information and Transaction Law regarding freedom of expression in Indonesia. The research method used in this research is library research. In this study, the authors used a qualitative research approach. A qualitative research approach allows researchers to explore and analyze issues related to freedom of expression in the digital era in greater depth. This research uses SWOT analysis to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that are relevant in the context being studied through documents related to freedom. expression and the ITE Law in Indonesia. Analyzing data by identifying the main themes or finding patterns that appear in relevant journals or articles. The results of this research explain how important freedom of expression is in the digital era which has the potential to be a force for society in conveying opinions and views openly and freely. This can strengthen democracy and generate constructive criticism of government policies, as well as the policies of other institutions. freedom of expression by utilizing advances in digital technology in the current digital era provides opportunities for the community to maximize its role as government control. Freedom of opinion in the digital era is also regulated by Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions which provide further protection for privacy and user personal data in the digital era.

Dual-channel early rumor detection based on factual evidence

Social media facilitates people's free expression and communication, but it also provides a platform for the generation and dissemination of rumors. In order to curb the spread of rumors in time and minimize their harm, early rumor detection methods were born and became a research hotspot. Early rumor detection requires a balance between accuracy and timeliness, but most existing methods only focused on accuracy and neglected efficiency. In this regard, we analyze a large number of Internet rumors and found that some rumors have been repeatedly spread after a small amount of modification. Such old rumors can be quickly and easily identified through factual evidence, while other new rumors require more clues and time to crack. Based on this insight, we propose a dual-channel early rumor detection model named ERD-DC (Early Rumor Detection-Dual-Channel), which leverages deep learning algorithms. Specifically, ERD-DC consists of two distinct channels, a fast channel referred to as channel-E (channel-Easy) and a slow channel named channel-D (channel-Difficult). In the ERD-DC, posts are divided into ‘easy-to-identify’ and ‘difficult-to-identify’ based on the availability of relevant evidence online. Subsequently, both types of posts are directed to their respective channels for detection. Channel-E focuses on identifying easy-to-identify rumors through a straightforward and swift post-evidence matching process, primarily aimed at enhancing timeliness. In parallel, channel-D is tasked with uncovering difficult-to-identify rumors, leveraging a more comprehensive analysis of user behaviors and posts transmission structures to elevate overall accuracy. Experimental results on two real datasets demonstrate that ERD-DC outperforms other state-of-the-art models significantly in early rumor detection with an accuracy rate of 84%.

“A Paper Agitation”: The All India Newspaper Editors’ Conference, the Indian State, and the Struggle Over the First Amendment

ABSTRACT The addition of the First Amendment to the Indian Constitution is considered a crucial moment in the constitutional history of liberty of speech and expression, and by extension, freedom of the press, in postcolonial India. Aimed at limiting the right to free speech and expression through several caveats, the attempt to pass the amendment roused fierce press protest led by the All-India Newspaper Editors’ Conference (AINEC). Such protest notwithstanding, the Nehru government succeeded in passing the amendment through Parliament. This article seeks to revisit the months of April to July 1951 to understand how the press and, in particular, its primary organization—AINEC—understood the threat to their liberty and organized against it. In particular, the arguments put forth by AINEC and the methods applied by its leaders to unify the press shall be studied through the letters, meetings, and editorials of AINEC and its major functionaries. The reactions these endeavors elicited, in turn, shall be studied to explain why the attempted unity, and the larger protest, ultimately failed, and what this failure can explain about the limits of press unity and the difficulties of opposing a nationalist government in early postcolonial India.

Sosialisai Stop Hoax: Saring Sebelum Sharing Di SMP Negeri 2 Kandis, Kelurahan Simpang Belutu Kecamatan Kandis, Kabupaten Siak

Easy access to social media has several impacts that can be detrimental to other people. Freedom of opinion is now being misused by irresponsible people, for example by spreading fake news or hoaxes. The flood of information makes it difficult for audiences to determine true information from false information. This research aims to determine the literacy understanding of students at SMP Negeri 2 Kandis regarding hoax news and the factors that influence the development of hoax news. This program used qualitative research with descriptive and discussion methods. This research took place at SMP Negeri 2 Kandis, Simpang Belutu subdistrict. The final results of this program are hoax news can be an influence on the views of young students and the student’s ability to evaluate fake news still at the initial category. There are several influencing factors, among others: fanaticism towards news sources, emotional factors regarding the situation of an incident, factors that are easily influenced and factors that limit the ability to test the truth.)

Building a Fortress Against Fake News

Given the prevalence of fake news in today’s tech-driven era, an urgent need exists for an automated mechanism to effectively curb its dissemination. This research aims to demonstrate the impacts of fake news through a literature review and establish a reliable system for identifying it using machine (ML) learning classifiers. By combining CNN, RNN, and ANN models, a novel model is proposed to detect fake news with 94.5% accuracy. Prior studies have successfully employed ML algorithms to identify false information by analysing textual and visual features in standard datasets. The comprehensive literature review emphasises the consequences of fake news on individuals, economies, societies, politics, and free expression. The proposed hybrid model, trained on extensive data and evaluated using accuracy, precision and recall measures, outperforms existing models. This study underscores the importance of developing automated systems to counter the spread of fake news and calls for further research in this domain.

The Electoral System of Modern Russia: history and prospects for development

The institution of elections ensures the free expression of the citizens’ will. However, the electoral system in Russia is going through a difficult period faced with the need to adapt to the current global reality and the growing influence of network communications. Its modernization will largely depend on understanding its history. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive historical and political analysis of the development of the electoral system in modern Russia. The results show that the current electoral institution had a significant impact on the formation and consolidation of the Russian political system at the beginning of the 21st century and on overcoming the consequences of the post-Soviet political transformation. The paper offers a review of the key approaches to overcoming the current problems of the electoral system, including the introduction of modern information and communication technologies into the electoral process, as well as issues of consolidating these technologies, electronic voting mechanisms and digital communications in Russian electoral law.

Non-Local Q-Tensor Approach for Description of Elastic Deformations of Nematic Liquid Crystals at Sub-Micron Scale

Within the framework of phenomenological approach, a generalized concept of a non-local order parameter, that have the form of a traceless correlation tensor function or a tensor integral operator, is introduced. The main relationships, which determine the equilibrium orientational states and the phase transitions of a deformed nematic liquid crystal, are described. The resulting expression for the free energy is quadratic with respect to the gradients of the order parameter tensor. The limiting transition of the non-local order parameter to the local one leads to an expression that complements the classical Oseen–Frank theory of elasticity. The considered model includes eight independent elastic constants. Three of them relate to "bulk" constants analogous to Frank constants, another three ones relate to "surface" constants, and the remaining two constants determine the anisotropic effect of the gradient of the scalar order parameter on the director field. The constants are necessary for the consideration of a liquid crystal state near defects, as well as for the description of orientation effects caused by the inhomogeneity of order parameter. It is shown that in the free energy expression, the "surface" terms contribute to the director orientation in the case of a non-constant scalar order parameter, even in the approximation of rigid boundary conditions.

Effect of Learning Management Using Interactive Teaching Mode on Students’ Learning Achievement and Creative Ability of Chinese Contemporary Oil Painting

Background and Aim: The societal and economic growth, demand for cultural arts rises. Art education, seen as human heritage, fosters personal growth and creativity. Traditional teaching is teacher-centered, limiting student innovation amid globalized challenges. Oil painting education faces traditional constraints. Research explores interactive teaching's impact on Chinese oil painting students’ learning achievement and creative ability. To enhance oil painting education, innovative methods meet student needs, elevating outcomes. Interactive teaching betters oil painting education, boosting results, creativity, participation, and communication. It improves traditional methods, fostering proactive learning, and creativity, and offering suggestions for better meeting oil painting students' needs. Materials and Methods: To assess students’ learning achievement, researchers compared exam scores before and after tests. To evaluate creative ability, an observation record sheet documented students' performance in four aspects, with scores converted to student percentage scores. A benchmark of 70% was set for high-level creative ability, and data was collected accordingly. Through comparative analysis, this study explores students’ learning achievement and creative ability under interactive teaching methods. Results: From the study, it was found that: 1) Pre-interaction teaching, students averaged 14.18 in oil painting performance. After interactive teaching, scores significantly rose to 27.20 (t=125.004*, p=0.01); 2) Following the adoption of the interactive teaching model, the average score for students' oil painting creations was 85.40, with a standard deviation of 7.168. This score exceeded the benchmark of 70% for high-level creativity (with a maximum score of 100). Conclusion: Interactive teaching significantly enhances the student’s learning achievement and creative ability in contemporary Chinese oil painting students. It ignites interest, fosters teacher-student and peer interactions, and deepens mastery of oil painting knowledge and skills. The results underscore the positive impact of interactive teaching on oil painting education, providing strong support for educators. Under this approach, students' oil painting creativity notably improves, offering more opportunities for free expression, feedback, and guidance from teachers and peers.

Constitutional Law Regulation of the Use of Digital Technologies in Video Surveillance over Elections and Referendums

Elections and referendums are the main ways of free expression of the will of Russian citizens concerning political and other issues of importance to society. The significance of these forms of citizen participation in the life of Russian society presupposes the existence of legislative mechanisms for their regulation. At the same time, the introduction of modern technologies that make it possible to exclude the possibility of falsifications and other violations of election and referendum procedures is of particular importance. Video surveillance is one of the digital technologies that can increase the confidence of citizens in these methods of their free expression. The paper is devoted to constitutional law regulation of the use of digital technologies in video surveillance over elections and referendums. The paper considers in detail a set of regulatory and legal sources, on the basis of which the use of video surveillance systems in voting premises at polling stations is regulated. The author analyzes legislative acts that explain the specifics of the use of video surveillance during elections and referendums, mainly federal laws, as well as resolutions of the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation. In conclusion, the author dwells on the prospects and effectiveness of the use of modern digital technologies in the implementation of video surveillance over the course of elections and referendums.

EKSISTENSI PENGGUNA FINSTAGRAM SEBAGAI BENTUK KEBEBASAN REMAJA BEREKSPRESI (STUDI ANALISIS ETNOGRAFI VIRTUAL)

The development of the civilization of the times, the increase in technology and the internet in the world of life has also expanded by showing its existence not only in the real world but also in the virtual world. This has led to various efforts made as a form of channeling people's existence in actualizing themselves on various platforms on social media, one of which is Instagram. Social media users are then managed with different purposes so that a phenomenon that still occurs today is Finstagram or the management of two Instagram accounts by a user with the aim of managing the image and impression on the general public on the main account, and showing freedom of expression without being burdened by the image on the second accountbased on the concept of dramathurgy theory. The purpose of this research is to find out the motivation and factors of finstagram so that it can be a channel for freedom of expression. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques carried out by distributing questionnaires and interviews to be analyzed using cyber media analysis techniques with micro and macro levels based on virtual ethnographic analysis studies. The results of the study found that informants in utilizing the finstagram phenomenon to maintain the image and impression they manage but still channel their free expression without being burdened by the image they manage on the main account by managing two accounts with significant goals, and based on the experience of researchers as ethnographers, finstagram has functionality, namely interpretation, linkage, transmission of value, entertainment, information, and manipulate to persuade. They are with efforts and efforts to maintain their existence through various ways in the real world and the virtual world.

ANALISIS PENERAPAN NILAI DEMOKRASI DALAM PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN PANCASILA DAN KEWARGANEGARAAN DI KELAS X IPS SMA NEGERI 1 KERINCI

This study aims to describe the application of democratic values ​​in learning Pancasila and citizenship education (PPKn) in class X IPS SMA Negeri 1 Kerinci. This research is focused on the application of democratic values ​​through learning Pancasila and Citizenship Education in class X IPS SMA Negeri 1 Kerinci. Democratic values ​​in learning include the value of cooperation between students, self-confidence, freedom of opinion, mutual respect and respect for differences of opinion. This research was conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Kerinci in March 2023 to completion. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive research type. The sampling technique that researchers used in this study was the snowball sampling technique. Data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions are data analysis techniques that researchers use in this study. The results of this study are that SMA Negeri 1 Kerinci in class X IPS 1 and 2 the application of democratic values ​​in Civics learning is not fully good enough, this can be seen from the many student behaviors that do not reflect democratic attitudes. The behavior of students in learning activities in class X IPS at SMA Negeri 1 Kerinci is not fully in accordance with the indicators from Zamoni, there are several indicators according to Zamoni which students have not been able to apply in the learning process such as cooperation between students which is still in a poor category, then also attitudes respecting opinions between individuals who are still classified as not good enough, from this, class X IPS has not fully implemented democratic values. So that during the learning process it can be seen that the democratic values ​​highlighted by students are not fully good. On the other hand, the method used by the teacher is the same method every time so it is possible for students to become bored and boring

Judge’s Right to Freely Express Own Views in the Context of Establishing the Authority of the Judicial Power in Society

The author of the article has studied peculiarities of exercising the right to freely express own views by a judge in the context of establishing the authority of the judicial power in society, taking into account the provisions set forth in the Consultative Council of European Judges Opinion No. 25 dated from December 2, 2022 on the freedom of expression of judges. It has been determined that the right to free expression of own views is the right of a person to freely, without any influence, express own thoughts, judgments, beliefs in any form, which are formed on the basis of established knowledge, ideas, outlook and worldview about certain objects, phenomena, facts, etc., to assess them, in particular, to give support, criticism, characteristics. It has been established that the Consultative Council of European Judges adheres to a broad view of the personal scope of the right to freedom of expression of judges as an individual right, noting that the institutional and state nature of the judge’s position gives an ambivalent nature to the freedom of expression of a judge. It has been argued that the ambivalent nature of the freedom of expression of a judge means the simultaneous coexistence of judge’s conflicting opinions, assessments, etc., as well as the obligation to find the necessary balance between private interests and the interests of society in ensuring the authority of the judicial power. The ambivalent nature of the freedom of expression of a judge determines the establishment of additional restrictions on exercising the right to freely express own views, in addition to the general restrictions established by the Constitution of Ukraine, the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The CJEU Opinion No. 25 (2022) on the freedom of expression of judges singles out the restrictions of freedom of expression of views / controversial cases in regard to statements related to litigation; statements regarding public debates; statements regarding matters of interest to the judicial power as an institution; public criticism of the judicial power / colleagues of judges; current political mandate / former political mandate. It has been proved that the main criteria for imposing a legitimate restriction on the right to freedom of expression of views are rule of law and necessity in a democratic society. Such approaches are used by the European Court of Human Rights when hearing cases om violation of a judge’s right to free expression of own views, including in the context of a judge’s public criticism of legislative reforms related to the judicial power, or information on issues related to the judicial power, or criticism of judges who are colleagues. Key words: judge’s right to freely express own views, judicial power, authority of the judicial power, restrictions of the constitutional right, ambivalent nature of the freedom to express own views by a judge, judicial ethics.

The problem of ensuring freedom of conscience and religion by law enforcement agencies of Scandinavian countries in modern conditions: public law aspect

The article deals with the problems of legal regulation of relations in the Scandinavian states in the field of freedom of conscience and religion. The reason for addressing this topic was the public actions on the burning of the Koran that took place in Denmark and Sweden in 2023, which demonstrated the inability of law enforcement agencies and civil society of the Nordic countries to prevent a violation of public order, as well as the violation of fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual. The object of the study was both the legislation of the Kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden regulating relations in the religious sphere, and law enforcement practice. The article is based on the latest empirical data and research results, most of which have not been translated into Russian. As a result of the analysis of the current legislation of the Scandinavian states, it was concluded that the norms of public law do not correspond to the level and nature of public relations in the religious sphere. The norms of international and European law incorporated into the national legislation of the Scandinavian countries are also ineffective. An additional obstacle is the traditions of a society that recognizes everyone's right to free expression of opinions and thoughts. In order to prevent public events in the religious sphere that are openly extremist in nature, it is necessary to modernize the relevant legislation of the Scandinavian states. At a minimum, it is necessary to expand the powers of law enforcement agencies to ban such events as threatening the national interests of the Nordic countries.

LGALS3BP is a potential target of antibody-drug conjugates in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of intracellular and vesicular LGALS3BP in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients and available cell lines to explore its potential as a target for antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) therapy. Free and vesicular LGALS3BP expression levels were evaluated in cancer tissues from a cohort of OSCC patients as well as in a panel of OSCC cell lines through immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, Western Blot analysis, and ELISA. LGALS3BP resulted in being highly expressed in the cytoplasm of tumour cells in OSCC patient tissues. A strong correlation was found between high LGALS3BP expression levels and aggressive histological features of OSCC. Biochemistry analysis performed on OSCC cell lines showed that LGALS3BP is expressed in all the tested cell lines and highly enriched in cancer-derived extracellular vesicles. Moreover, LGALS3BP high-expressing HOC621 and CAL27 OSCC cell lines showed high sensitivity to the ADC-payload DM4, with an IC50 around 0.3 nM. The present study highlights that LGALS3BP is highly expressed in OSCC suggesting a role as a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for ADC-based therapy.

Certain aspects of defamation in sports

Introduction. The paper highlights and analyzes the concept of defamation under general legislation and sports law, features of interpretation, consideration of disputes and bringing to sports disciplinary responsibility by sports justice bodies. The purpose of the paper is to determine the specifics of defamation disputes in sports and the consideration of these cases in the bodies of sports justice. Results. It has been established that sports regulations regulate the institution of defamation by directly or indirectly prohibiting it. Sports regulation can manifest itself both through the prohibition of defamation and through obligations to show respect to colleagues, to protect the dignity of people and not to participate in any form of harassment or persecution. In most cases, actual defamation in sports leads to prosecution for harming the reputation of the sport or sports organization. Consideration of this category of disputes is carried out by quasi-arbitration bodies, which are formed by sports federations. During the consideration of disputes by the bodies of sports justice, the question arises whether defamatory judgments are evaluative and whether it is possible to bring disciplinary responsibility for such statements. As a result of the study, it was established that the right to freely express one's views and beliefs does not allow defamatory statements. Also, free expression of one's thoughts can simultaneously be a violation of sports regulations. Conclusion. Defamation in sports is the dissemination of information that does not correspond to reality and degrades the honor, dignity, business reputation of a natural person, business reputation of a legal entity or sports in general. A person may be subject to sports disciplinary responsibility even in the absence of a statement from the injured person, in particular, if such behavior is qualified as behavior that harms the reputation of the sport or the federation.

Framing Berita Kasus Tuduhan Pelanggaran UU Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE) terhadap TikTokers Bima Kritik Lampung di Media Online Detik.com dan Kompas.com

Social media provides freedom of opinion and expression for its users. In Indonesia, the use of social media is regulated in the 2008 ITE Law. This study examines the reporting of one of the ITE Law controversy cases in the form of accusations of hate speech containing SARA against Bima Yudho Saputro who criticized Lampung as "Dajjal". The purpose of this study is to find out how the media Detik.com and Kompas.com in framing news cases of alleged violations of the ITE Law using Robert N. Entman's framing device. This research includes framing analysis research with qualitative approach methods. The results of this study are seen from the Define Problem framing tool, the media Detik.com and Kompas.com trying to define cases of alleged violations of the ITE Law by Bima as cases that do not need to be brought into the realm of law, evidenced by headlines that tend to write responses from several parties. Diagnose Causes, a framing developed by Detik.com and Kompas.com media is a report of violations of the ITE Law against Bima. Make Moral Judgement, it is seen Detik.com highlight the statement of the family responding to the case as a lesson for various parties, while Kompas.com highlight statements from various parties who consider the report against Bima to be a criminalization of human rights and a violation of democratic values. Treatment Recommendation, Detik.com and Kompas.com highlight the resolution of existing problems by writing down the attitude of the Lampung Regional Police regarding the Bima case.

STYLISTIC USE OF ANTONYMS IN HAMO SAHYAN’S POEMS

Within the framework of the article, the stylistic expressive possibilities of antonyms become the object of study, based on the examples taken from Hamo Sahyan’s poems. As noted by Professor S. Melkonyan, for the definition of stylistic patterns and rules, examples and their variety are of particular importance. Rich examples of interesting expressions of stylistic features of semantic groups (synonyms,antonyms, homophones, homographs) can be found in Hamo Sahyan’s poems. The purpose of the article is to study antonyms as a type of semantic group, to study their use in Sahyan’s fiction speech as a way of expressing poetic emotions, feelings and thoughts. Antonyms are words and expressions which have opposite meaning, and found together in the same corresponding segment of speech are endowed with expressive meaning and emotional nuances. Examples selected from Hamo Sahyan's creative heritage are rich material for studying the stylistic meanings of antonyms. The main and important stylistic value of antonyms is that due to their use contrast is created in speech. The oxymoron is not the result of ordinary contrasts. It is a phrase, the components of which express opposite, often mutually exclusive and incompatible features. An oxymoron differs from a contradiction. The connection of the components of the latter is free and can have different expressions. Linguistic and verbal (contextual) antonyms have different stylistic values.

The Chicago Trifecta

The purpose of this article is to discuss practical solutions to the threat to free inquiry at universities coming from the illiberal left. Based on my experiences at the University of Chicago, I propose that all universities should adopt and enforce rules requiring that: (1) the university, and any unit of it, cannot take collective positions on social and political issues; (2) faculty hiring and promotion be done solely on the basis of research and teaching merit, with nothing else taken into consideration; and (3) free expression be guaranteed on campus, even if someone claims to be offended, hurt or harmed by it. Faculty need to work together with students, alumni, journalists and politicians to get this done.

Fakenews is much more than fake content

The goal of this article is simple. In the context in which there is more and more talk about the concept of fakenews, there are also efforts to instrumentalize and operationalize it. Rightly so, from media to commerce, from social networks to propaganda, the phenomenon is at the heart of the communication processes we use today, but also at the heart of the problems we face as societies. Unfortunately, fakenews is a much more subtle concept than people think and the big question is whether this phenomenon can be approached legally, without violating the right to opinion and free expression. Our article deals precisely with these subtleties of the concept and puts them in parallel with the normative basis that we now have as a reference. What can and cannot be done in this area ultimately depends on our ability to correctly understand the manifestations of what we call fakenews.